Oko kukuthi mycorrhiza eziphilayo?

Kwindalo, kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezinomdla kakhulu ukunceda abantu abaphilayo. Zombini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, umngundo, iintsholongwane kunye nabanye. Iyamangalisa indlela ubugcisa kunye unique bume yendalo! Omnye kuphela ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba iintlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, kuba kucacile ukuba ukohluka.

Enye yezi imimangaliso yendalo ingabizwa ngokuncedisana umdla phakathi izikumkani ezahlukeneyo - gribokoren - into enceda sisinde kukhuphiswano komsindo ukuba izondlo. Yintoni gribokoren okanye mycorrhiza? Siya ukwandisa le nto kweli nqaku.

Fungus: jikelele Izimilo

Eyokuqala nyathelo jikelele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ngoobani aba awafanele yaye yintoni abamele? Eziphilayo, kukho icandelo ekhethekileyo uqeqesho eqhiwukileyo, ebe ijolise ukuba bawafundisise la izinto eziphilayo. Ibizwa ngokuba mycology. Ngokutsho idatha yakutshanje, njengokuba namhlanje kukho ngaphezu ikhulu lamawaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo fungi njenge kwiseli kunye multicellular.

nani kakhulu, kokukhona ukuba ubukumkani indalo ephuhlisa inani phambili ngokukhawuleza. iyantlukwano Special ukufikelela iintlobo olwaye lwamfimfitha kunye saprophytic.

Amakhowa abe kwisigxina esikhethekileyo kwinkqubo somgquba ihlabathi ngenxa yobukho eziliqela iimpawu uphawu ubume kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ngoko ke, bonke bephela amanyene ubukumkani enye.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo nomngundo

Ziziphi ezi mpawu? Yonke into emilise abameli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuze ixesha elide linyanzela zizazinzulu deadlock. Emva kokuba eziveliswe unique nentsonkothileyo, ukudibanisa nje iimpawu eziphilayo malunga ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko ke, ukuba imisebenzi ngokubanzi, amakhowa edibanisa kunye nezityalo ziquka:

• ukukwazi ukuba nokulungelelanisa le iivithamini kunye hormone zezityalo ngaphakathi emzimbeni;
• ukukhula unlimited apical ubomi;
• yokuphila eqhotyoshelweyo (Ukungakwazi ukuhamba);
• phambi kodonga enamandla iseli;
• izinto zokutya yi sokufunxa.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimpawu ukuba eziphilayo ekuthethwa bafana nezilwanyana:

• indlela heterotrophic ngokutya (oko kukuthi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oganikhi khompawundi esele zenziwe, ukuba akanakuba self-kudibaniso ngaphakathi emzimbeni);
• ubukho esiseleni eludongeni ngechitin esimbaxa ekudleni ukusuka enamakhulu ziquka crustacean, izinambuzane kunye nezinye izilwanyana izidalwa.

Indibaniselwano yezi mpawu kuvumela ukuba siqwalasele amakhowa abantu ezizodwa, endingafanelekileyo ukuba bangenelele a zasendle ebukumkanini eyahlukileyo.

Kumbutho we isicwangciso ngundo

The main phawu kwi isakhiwo eziphilayo ekuthethwa - it hyphae eyenza mycelium kunye fruiting nezidumbu basidiomycetes ngaphezulu. Kokuba zibhityile intambo, abamhlophe okanye ngaphaya kwawo, apho iqanjwa iiseli ezahlulwe zokwahlula. Kukhulu hyphae branched, zingumtya nethunga, coalesce kwaye enze uthungelwano enkulu komhlaba - mycelium. Ngaphandle, nabo benza umzimba fruiting in fungi aphezulu - emlenzeni kunye nomnqwazi.

Onke amanye amalungu hyphae kuphela ukuze kwakhiwe mycelium. Last kuyimfuneko kukufakwa izondlo, ukuzala kwezityalo, kunye nenkqubo ukuyilwa ibihlungu ngokwesondo.

It mycelium inxaxheba kukwenziwa gribokornya. Ngoko ke, yintoni na mycorrhiza, kucacile, ukuba uyazi yintoni efuziselwa umzimba ngokwawo. Kuyinto indibanisela fungi komhlaba kunye Iingcambu zezityalo eziphezulu. A uhlobo intsebenziswano eyinzuzo elinganayo, inceda kusinda zombini iinkampani.

Ngoko ke, lo hyphae le mycelium ngundo ibunjiwe, oko ogubungela kunye iingcambu yaye ayila mycorrhiza okanye gribokoren. Le ke inkalo ephambili isakhiwo nohlobo lwe inani elikhulu labameli ingqalelo ubukumkani yobomi.

Yintoni mycorrhiza eziphilayo: definition

Xa siqwalasela a unique zeziganeko ukusuka yenzululwazi uluvo oluthile, singakwazi kuphela kwakhona bamangaliswa ukuyazi eziphilayo izidalwa kwi ukufaneleka ukuba kusinda. Nika eqondile ingcamango oko kukuthi mycorrhiza eziphilayo, ungasebenzisa le nkcazelo. Le nama phakathi nomngundo kunye nezityalo, nto leyo yenziwa ngumntu eziqhubekekayo olusondeleyo phakathi mycelium kunye neengcambu kokusingqongileyo ngokufihlakeleyo.

Igama elithi "mycorrhiza" yaphakanyiswa ngo-1885 yi ngabaphandi Frank. Ubukho le nto yaziwa kwiminyaka emine ngaphambili. Oko kukuthi mycorrhiza ngundo, wachaza 1881 Russian sesayensi Fi Kamensky. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala wafunda waza wachaza gribokoren.

Phantse zonke izityalo eziphezulu bangene kubudlelwane efanayo kunye nomngundo, yaye hayi kuphela kwabo babefudula bebona uhlanganise ehlathini, kodwa ezincani, nokuba komhlaba. ngokuncedisana Oko ke iye yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaye yingenelo bobabini, ukuba ukunqongophala kwezityalo mycorrhizal kuthathwa ukuba abe ngaphandle kwindalo.

Ziziphi iindidi fungi ikwazi isenzeko phantsi kuxutyushwayo?

1. Basidiomycetes (gimenomitsety, Gasteromycetes).
2. Ascomycetes (ezininzi iintlobo).
3. Zygomycetes (ezinye iintlobo).

Zeziphi izityalo ziyakwazi ukungena nama kunye mycelium le ngundo?

1. Phantse bonke abameli ingaphelelwayo ezinxulumene iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo (zengca, amatyholo, imithi).
2. kunqabile kakhulu annuals.

Musa ezingeyo gribokoren ezo abameli ukuba bahlala phezu kwamanzi kunye nezinyuko zayo.

ngezigaba

Siye safumanisa ukuba mycorrhiza, inkcazelo kwayo lona. Ngoku cinga gribokornya kwenzeka iintlobo, kuba ujika ukuba akukho ilula kakhulu. Kukho kucalulo ebonisa utshintsho kule ngokuncedisana.

iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo fungi mycorrhizal kungathiwa:

• endotrophic ( "endo" - ngaphakathi);
• ectotrophic ( "ecto" - ngaphandle);
• engumxube, okanye endoektotrofnaya.

Makhe siqwalasele uhlobo ngalunye utshilo.

mycorrhizae endotrophic

Yintoni mycorrhiza uhlobo endotrophic? Yeyona intsebenziswano phakathi ngundo kwesityalo iingcambu, apho mycelium yinto jikelele ngaphandle, kodwa ngaphakathi ako ngokupheleleyo. Hyphae ukungena iseli epithelial nokuphuhlisa ngaphakathi ngokwawo iingcambu, owanyayo ayo zezityalo. Ngelo xesha linye ezinye mycelium iyapheliswa kwaye uya ukutya.

Umdla elizayo ukuba ifungi endophytic kudluliselwa kwi ngohlobo imbambano njengelifa zohlobo olufanayo zezityalo. iimbambano okt engena umungu ukusuka apho ukungena imbewu, kwaye umzimba isityalo esitsha ukususela ekuzalweni sakhiwa ngundo-endofit.

Ubukho mycelium kwi ingcambu aluchaphazeli uphuhliso yayo yesiqhelo, eyayizalwa njalo njalo. Mkhuhlane iya kunivuza ngaphandle kwaphela.

Ekzotrofnaya mycorrhizae

Ngomhla umbuzo oko uhlobo mycorrhiza ekzotrofnogo, impendulo icacile. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukugqiba ukuba buqapheleke ngaphandle ukwakheka. It ngokwenene. Amakhowa ektofity abe aphuhliswe kakuhle, enamandla, mycelium eyayizalwa. Hyphae ngoko angenziwa uyisongele neengcambu izityalo, kuvela uhlobo inshorensi. Kulo mzekelo, Kwaneenwele ezi ingcambu kufa njengoko engeyomfuneko.

Umntu ngamnye strings itoti hyphae ndzulu sesityalo, kodwa abazange bayifumane ngaphakathi iiseli phantsi nesigubungelo laphu. Olu hlobo gribokornya kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo kwasekwa phakathi kwemithi neenkowane agaricales. Yiyo loo nto abaninzi edliwayo iindidi zabantu nifumana yonke imizalwane ngomthunzi isithsaba komthi.

mixed mycorrhizae

Yintoni mycorrhiza uhlobo ingxubevange? Oku ngokuncedisana eyodwa endo- kunye ektogribov kunye neengcambu izityalo ngexesha elifanayo. Uhlobo gribokornya luqhelekileyo. Elinye igama - endoektomikoriza.

Kucacile ukuba eyona yale meko kuxhomekeke kwii ngaxeshanye hyphae ngaphakathi iiseli iingcambu kanjalo bakha kwintsunguzi cover babo ngaphandle. Amaninzi, le ngokuncedisana apho phakathi pileate agaricales amakhowa kunye neentlobo zemithi. Umzekelo: Aspen, boletus, amanita, ngundo emhlophe kunye nezinye.

iintlobo ezininzi ayisekho ngaphandle mycorrhizae, ngoko asikalifumani iindlela ukukhuliswa ngumntu.

Meaning mkhuhlane mycorrhizal ubomi

Ngoku siyazi into mycorrhizae. Yaye ixabiso layo kufuneka ukuba zigcinwe ziyimfihlo. Kucacile ukuba indima ephambili - ukutshintshisana kwezondlo phakathi eziphilayo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Zeziphi izityalo ngenxa yale ngokuncedisana?

1. Kwandisa indawo umphezulu sokufunxa ngenxa hyphae eyayizalwa ezininzi.
2. Mkhuhlane ibonelela ngamanzi kunye neetyuwa.
3. Isityalo ifumana iihomoni, iivithamini.
4. Mushroom kufuneka iikhompawundi ezininzi ifomu na ke ingxenye izityalo (umz, potassium, calcium, isodiyam, phosphorus, njalo njalo).

Xana a ngundo ngezityalo?

1. organic, ikakhulu ekudleni.
2. acid.
3. Ezinye phytohormones zingangeni nokukhula.

Ngenxa yoko, mycorrhizae - kubhaliwe ngokupheleleyo win-win INTSEBENZISWANO rhoqo kubalulekile kuwo omabini amacala.