NPP: umgaqo ukusebenza kunye nefowuni. Imbali kwisityalo samandla enyukliya

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-omabini, iingqondo best uluntu sele usebenza nzima imisebenzi ezimbini kwaoko; ngomhla ekudalweni ezabo atom, yaye malunga nendlela ungasebenzisa amandla atom ukulungiselela iinjongo uxolo. Ngoko ke kwabonakala izityalo amandla enyukliya yokuqala ehlabathini. Yintoni Umgaqo zesityalo samandla enyukliya? Kwaye apho ehlabathini kunazo ezi zityalo?

Imbali neempawu samandla enyukliya

"Amandla - intloko yonk '- ukuze ushwankathele ilizwi odumileyo, banikwe izinto injongo kwenkulungwane xxi. Ekubeni elilkunyeelayo ngamnye inkqubela uzobe olwenziwe uluntu kufuneka ibe ngakumbi inani layo. Namhlanje, amandla kwi "atom zoxolo" lisetyenziswa kuqoqosho kunye nemveliso, hayi nje kuphela kweli candelo eneji.

Umbane eveliswe ekuthiwa-NPP (umgaqo leyo ilula kakhulu kubume bayo), ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini, ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, amayeza kunye nezolimo.

amandla enyukliya kuthiwa kushishino enzima, nto leyo kwizicatshulwa ubushushu nombane ukususela kumandla entshukumo ye atom.

Xa kwabonakala isityalo samandla enyukliya kuqala? Umgaqo esebenza ngayo gunya, izazinzulu Soviet bebephanda emva kwi-40. Hi ndlela leyi, nqo kwaye basungula ezabo lokuqala atomic. Ngaloo ndlela ingaphezulu waba ngaxeshanye yaye 'zoxolo ", yaye iyabulala.

Ngowe-1948 I. V. Kurchatov wacebisa ukuba urhulumente waseSoviet baqalisa ukwenza umsebenzi ngoko nangoko kwi nezokukhupha amandla enyukliya. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, eSoviet Union (in Obninsk) iqala ukwakhiwa isityalo yokuqala samandla enyukliya emhlabeni.

Umgaqo umbane Inyukliya efanayo, kodwa uqonde ukuba akukho nzima. Oku kuza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

NPP: operation (ifoto kunye nenkcazo)

Ukusebenza nasiphi isityalo samandla enyukliya yi yokusabela eyomeleleyo olwenzeka xa ngokucandeka zenyukliya atom. Kule nkqubo, ngokufuthi ebandakanya atom neyuranium-235 okanye neplutoniyam. Kernel atom iyahlula neutron engena kuwo evela ngaphandle. Oku kuphakamisa neutron ezintsha namaqhekeza ngokucandeka, leyo babe namandla kakhulu entshukumo. Nje le amandla kwaye imveliso engundoqo kunye ephambili ngemisebenzi nasiphi isityalo samandla enyukliya

Ngoko ke unako ukuchaza siseko ukusebenza reactor samandla enyukliya. Kwifoto elilandelayo ungabona ibukeka njani ukusuka ngaphakathi.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko zamandla enyukliya:

• isiteshi amandla reactor aphezulu (olufinyeziweyo - RBMK);
• reactor amanzi amanzi (PWR);
• fast wayengumfuyi reactor (BN).

Ngokwahlukeneyo kuyimfuneko ukuchaza siseko ukusebenza kwe NPP xa iyonke. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo malunga nokuba isebenza njani iza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku elilandelayo.

Lo mgaqo uyasebenza of NPP (scheme)

isityalo amandla enyukliya isebenza phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye kwemiqathango echazwe ngokungqongqo. Ukongeza i-reactor yenyukliya (enye okanye ngaphezulu), kubume yenyukliya kwaye kuquka nezinye iinkqubo, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu. Yintoni Umgaqo zesityalo samandla enyukliya? Ngokufutshane ke linokuchazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo.

Eyona elementi nayiphi enyukliya - a reactor yenyukliya apho kukho zonke iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko zonyaka. Malunga oko kwenzekayo kweli reactor, siye wabhala kwicandelo odlulileyo. amafutha Nuclear (ngokuqhelekileyo, amaxesha amaninzi oko neyuranium) ngohlobo ngeengqalutye ezincinane ontsundu kufakwa embizeni enkulu.

Amandla akhululiweyo ngexesha abasabela obukhoyo phakathi reactor yenyukliya, aguqulwa abe bubushushu mazigqithiselwe njengesipholisi (ngokuqhelekileyo, amanzi). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba medium transfer ubushushu kule nkqubo kwaye ifumana idosi ethile radiation.

Ngapha koko, ubushushu ukusuka njengesipholisi idluliselwa amanzi zesiqhelo (ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - jiko), nto leyo ngenxa abilayo. umphunga wamanzi apho oko kwasekwa, yokubolekisana samanzi. Nale generator yokugqibela inxibelelene, yaye elenza amandla ombane.

Ngoko ke, lo mgaqo yokusebenza ye NPP - yeyona mveliso thermal efanayo. Umahluko kuphela nje indlela le ndlela yenza zomphunga.

Geography amandla enyukliya

Amazwe aphezulu mihlanu ukuveliswa amandla enyukliya ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. South Korea.

Kulo mzekelo, eUnited States, ovelisa ngonyaka malunga 864 billion kWh, ukuvelisa ukuya kwi-20% ombane-langa.

Zonke 31 ithi ilungu yehlabathi ukusebenza izikhululo zamandla zenyukliya. kuphela ezimbini (Antarctica Australia) bakhululekile ngokupheleleyo amandla enyukliya kuzo zonke amazwekazi nazo kulo mhlaba.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, 388 reactor zenyukliya alawula ihlabathi. Noko ke, 45 kubo sele kwisiqingatha sonyaka akuthethi umbane. Uninzi zamandla zenyukliya ibekwe Japan kunye eUnited States. Gcwalisa yindawo yabo linikwa kwi imaphu elandelayo. Green imele amazwe kunye reactor zenyukliya ezikhoyo, unikwe inombolo yabo zizonke State ethile.

Uphuhliso samandla enyukliya kumazwe ahlukeneyo

Lilonke, njengokuba ka-2014 kuphuhliso amandla enyukliya kukho ukuhla jikelele. Iinkokheli kulwakhiwo nucliye amazwe amathathu Russia, India neChina. Ukongeza, iqela ithi ezingenazo izityalo namandla enyukliya, uceba ukwakha kubo kwixa elizayo. Kwabo ziquka Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia kunye nenani kumazwe North-Afrika.

Kwelinye icala, iqela States Siqalise ukunciphisa inani lezityalo zamandla enyukliya. Ezi ziquka Germany, Belgium ne Switzerland. Kwaye kwamanye amazwe (Italy, Austria, eDenmark, Uruguay) amandla enyukliya akuvunyelwa kwinqanaba mthetho.

Eyona engundoqo Iingxaki zamandla enyukliya

Ngophuhliso amandla enyukliya kunxulunyaniswe yingxaki ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo. Le Ungcoliseko thermal ekuthiwa. Ngoko ke, ngokubona ziingcali ezininzi, isityalo amandla enyukliya sinokwenziwa shushu ngaphezu kwamandla efanayo izityalo amandla thermal. Ingakumbi yingozi ukufudumeza ungcoliseko lwamanzi ephula iimeko zendalo lobomi izinto eziphilayo ekhokelela ekufeni iintlobo ezininzi iintlanzi.

Enye ingxaki etsolo ezinxulumene amandla enyukliya, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko nuclear ngokubanzi. Ngokuba lixesha uluntu lokuqala kufuneka acinge nzulu malunga ngxaki emva iChernobyl intlekele ngo-1986. Umgaqo eChernobyl operation amandla enyukliya Akukho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka nezinye izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Noko ke, ayizange ndikhusele umkam enkulu yingozi kakhulu, nto leyo ebangele ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ukuba lonke eMpuma Yurophu.

Ngaphezu koko, ingozi yokuba amandla enyukliya nto ayipheleli iingozi ezenziwe ngabantu. Ngoko ke, kukho iingxaki ezinkulu kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya.

Izinto eziluncedo amandla enyukliya

Kunjalo, abaxhasi samandla enyukliya babiziweyo eziluncedo ecacileyo kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya. Ngokukodwa, i-World Nuclear Association kutshanje likhuphe ingxelo yayo kunye data umdla kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, inani abonzakeleyo ezihamba imveliso omnye gigawatt of kokwenziwa kwamandla enyukliye ombane, amaxesha 43 ezincinane ngaphezu izityalo eziqhelekileyo wamandla oshushu.

Kukho nezinye, kubalulekile, iinzuzo. ezizezi:

• cheapness lwemveliso kombane;
• Ukucoceka ecological amandla enyukliya (ngaphandle longcoliseko thermal);
• ukunqongophala georeferencing okungqongqo izityalo zamandla enyukliya imithombo amafutha enkulu.

endaweni yesiphelo

isityalo samandla enyukliya yokuqala ehlabathini yakhiwa ngo-1950. Umgaqo umbane Inyukliya kwisahlulo atom encediswa neutron. imali omkhulu wamandla wakhululwa kule nkqubo.

Ibiya kuthetha ukuba amandla enyukliya - inzuzo kuphela ngoluntu. Noko ke, imbali iye maphupho ngenye indlela. Ngokukodwa, yintlekele ezimbini ezinkulu - yengozi Soviet eChernobyl samandla enyukliya yezityalo ngowe-1986 kwaye yengozi mveliso Japanese Fukushima-1 ngo-2011 - yabonisa iingozi ezinokubangelwa i-atom "zoxolo". Yaye kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini namhlanje, waqalisa ukucinga malunga nokulahlwa buso okanye epheleleyo samandla enyukliya.