Atom elinoxolo: ifoto, uphawu. Ingaba ingaphezulu uxolo? Ingaba kukho ikamva le-atom uxolo?

Ekupheleni Second World War nemizi Japanese ka iHiroshima Nagasaki, le iziqhushumbisi ezimbini enyukliya wona. Le isixhobo intsha luyingozi kakhulu kwimbali yabantu. Eqhubekayo enyukliya iingalo uhlanga phakathi eSoviet Union kunye United States nzulu uloyiko zoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe into zenyukliya. Noko ke, ukongezelela zikhali, kwaye kwakukho atom uxolo. Ngelo binzana kuthetha amandla enyukliya.

Umgaqo ukusebenza NPP

Ukusebenza nayiphi na impendulo Inyukliya ke ngokucandeka ye atom. Ibangelwe, kuyimfuneko ukubamba bombardment neutron of neyuranium-235 nuclei. Amasuntswana zincinane yahlulwe amaqhekeza aseleyo, kanjalo kuphume omkhulu-gamma reyi kunye nobushushu.

ingaphezulu Peaceful sinokuhlala ngoxolo kuphela phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo, kumelwe ukuba NPP. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-kuvuka neutron ngokucandeka adala ngayo kwitsheyini elitsha. Ongalawulekiyo kuphahla nuclei kukhokelela-dubulo. Lo mgaqo oxhasa ukusebenza iziqhushumbisi atomic. izityalo Amandla elilawulwa inkqubo efanayo, kwaye amandla agqithisileyo bangene ijelo luncedo kubantu.

Uranium-235

amafutha enyukliya phambi kokuba kusetyenziswe ibekwe kweentonga ezizodwa. Oku egcinwe ngohlobo ngeengqalutye ezenziwe uranium oxide. Kufuneka iqondwe ukuba le nto ayikho iyunifomu. 3% of macwecwe kuquka neyuranium-235 (xa indlela yahlulwe omnye), kunye (abahlukaniswa olu Isotope) ezishiyekileyo njengoko 238.

Kutheni sifanele sibe nolwalamano olunjalo? Ukugcina inkqubo phantsi kolawulo. Ukusebenza ngokucandeka reactor iqala indlela. Ekuhambeni sophuhliso wayo neyuranium-235 lifinyele. Kwangaxeshanye, oko kwandisa isixa iimveliso ngokucandeka. Le inkunkuma yenyukliya. Eziyiyo ingxaki enkulu kokusingqongileyo, ke ngoko, kufuneka zilahlwe ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ingaba ingaphezulu uxolo? Njengoko kubonakala ubuchwepheshe echazwe, kuphela xa ngokuthe ngqo imithetho kunye nemveliso uxwebhu.

IMVELAPHI ukubonakala

Nuclear (atomic) amandla yavela ngenkulungwane XX phakathi. Ukususela ngoko, amakhulu izityalo amandla enyukliya (isebenza okwangoku 442) zakhiwa ehlabathini. ingaphezulu enoxolo inikeza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-eneji efunekayo eFransi, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden kunye South Korea. E Western Yurophu, izityalo amandla enyukliya ukujikelezisa malunga esithathwini omnye umbane.

Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-1939, xa uranium ngokucandeka yabhaqwa eJamani. Uphando German unomdla kakhulu kwi USSR. Izazinzulu kanye kwacaca ukuba inkqubo ephandle kuphela evumela ukuba izixa kakhulu amandla. Ukuba iingcali wakwazi ukufunda ukulawula indlela abasabela ezintsonkothileyo, bekuya ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi iingxaki zoqoqosho. Lokuqala Uphando eSoviet enxulumene-atom ngoxolo, eyayibanjelwe uRian (Radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences), phantsi kwesikhokelo yamachiza baziincamisa Igor Kurchatov.

Le uhlanga nuclear

Umsebenzi izazinzulu Soviet iphazamisekile ngenxa yokunqongophala oovimba i-USSR abajonga ngayo uranium. Ukongeza, ngo-1941, iMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kunye kwesayensi kwafuneka ukulibala. Kungenxa yoku, i-ajenda yaye abamba kwi-UK, USA ne Germany. Indida amanga neqiniso ukuba amandla enyukliya iye yavela ngokuba walihlumela projekthi militarist. Kakade ke, amazwe eyalwa kwindawo yokuqala ukuzama ukufumana esona sixhobo sinamandla, uze emva koko cinga ngendlela enoxolo ukusebenzisa bakufumeneyo.

I-reactor lokuqala zovavanyo yenyukliya laphehlelelwa US ngoDisemba 1942. inkokeli Project i-nzulu Italian uEnrico Fermi. Kwi-USSR, i-reactor yokuqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni 1946 kwi-Institute of Atomic Energy. Ngeli xesha ke wathatha i-US kuqhuma iHiroshima Nagasaki. ESoviet Union wadala ezabo atom ngo-1949, yaye hydrogen - ngo-1953. Imfazwe waphela, kunye izazinzulu baqalisa ukuba alungiselele reactor yenyukliya ukubaleka kuqoqosho lwesizwe eSoviet Union.

NPP Construction

Isityalo amandla enyukliya yokuqala ehlabathini yasungulwa ehlotyeni kunyaka 1954. Yaba Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, ibekwe kummandla ukulungela ukusebenza. EUnited States kancinane emva kwexesha waza waqalisa ukuphumeza iprojekthi energy atomic. Ngowe-1956, baseMerika okokuqala waphumelela usebenzisa reactor ukufumana umbane. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kwamazwe amabini izityalo ezitsha amandla enyukliya ezisekelwe. Ngamnye kubo ukubetha omnye amandla irekhodi.

Kwincopho zophuhliso samandla enyukliya weza kwisiqingatha sesibini 1960. Emva koko, inani leeprojekthi yokwakha amandla enyukliya baqalisa ukunciphisa. Kwi-US Congress kunye noluntu lwezenzululwazi sele kuqalile ingxoxo kwimiba enxulumene nokhuseleko atom ngoxolo. Noko ke, ngenxa imveliso umbane 1986 kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya zafikelela uphawu-15% ye umthamo eziveliswa zizityalo ngamandla aqhelekileyo.

uphawu amandla enyukliya

Ngowe-1958 e Brussels, abambe omnye Wehlabathi Fair, wavula Atomium. Ngaphezu ingqikelelo kuyilo womzobi Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium ibukeka njengoko ukwanda intsimbi crystal emkhusaneni ezilithoba athom adityanisiweyo. ubunzima lokwakheka - kweetoni 2.400, kwaye ukuphakama kweemitha 102. Iindwendwe onokuthi ulufumane ezintandathu izigaba ezilithoba. Ezi athom imifuziselo mkhulu ezilikhulu billion izihlandlo, uqhagamshele omnye komnye amabini Imibhobho imitha-23. Ngaphakathi kwazo wendlela kunye escalators.

Photo of the "atom zoxolo", owayebonakele e Brussels, phakathi kwexesha enyukliya, yagcwala ehlabathini lonke, yaye Atomium waba uphawu lwe-eneji lonke enyukliya kunye ingcamango yokuba izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu wotshintsho kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuze kuzuze uluntu, hayi imfazwe kunye intshabalalo. umdla wabakhenkethi Belgian okhankanywe ngababhali abadumileyo yiSoviet zamabali abazalwana Strugatsky kwinoveli "ngoMvulo liqala ngoMgqibelo". uphawu ingaphezulu ngoxolo kuvela uluhlu imizobo, kwakunye iipowusta, enikelwe amandla enyukliya.

factor lokusingqongileyo

Ingxaki ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo ngu inkunkuma eqhumayo uba kungxamiseke ngakumbi ngonyaka ngamnye. Umzekelo, kwi-atom mihla ngoxolo Russian isebenzise abasebenzi kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya 10. Zonke ezi amashishini kufuneka ingqalelo eyodwa arhente lokusingqongileyo kunye norhulumente.

Kwi European Union kunyaka ngamnye oluhlala amawaka 50 cubic metres kwenkunkuma eqhumayo. Ingxaki ephambili kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba inkunkuma enjalo kuhlala yingozi amawaka eminyaka (umzekelo, ixesha kuwohloka neplutoniyam-239 eminyaka 24,000).

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma

Namhlanje, kukho izinto ezininzi malunga nendlela engcono balahle inkunkuma yenyukliya. Ingcamango yokuqala kukudala koovimba eziphezu emazantsi olwandle. Kuyinto indlela nzima ukusebenza. Izikhongozeli kufuneka ibe kwindawo enzulu kakhulu, ukongeza, inokonakalisa yangoku elwandle.

Ingcamango yesibini kuthathwa NASA, abonelela ukuthumela inkunkuma yenyukliya emajukujukwini. Loo ndlela ekhuselekileyo eMhlabeni, kodwa igcwele nenkcitho ngokugqithiseleyo. Kukho nezinye izimvo: kumazwe angaphandle inkunkuma kwiziqithi uninhabited gqiba kubo sikumkhenkce Antarctica. Kodwa elamkelekileyo kakhulu ngoku ingqalelo ukhetho yokwakha iindonga ngokobuninzi eweni komhlaba. Izifundo ezinxulumene nale mbono, qhubeka kubanjwa eJamani naseSwitzerland.

Isifundo of Chernobyl

Kangangexesha elide, amandla enyukliya yayigqalwa kuso. Kuba amashumi eminyaka, i-atom ngoxolo kwi USSR kunye namanye amazwe baqhubeka ukwanda kwezoqoqosho zabo. Noko ke, ngo-1986 kwakukho Intlekele eChernobyl, nto leyo eye kunyanzeleka uluntu uhlaziye sengqondo yayo izityalo amandla enyukliya. Kwisikhululo, ecaleni kwe Pripyat,-dubulo kwenzeka, iziphumo apho ngokutshatyalaliswa reactor kunye nokukhululwa kokusingqongileyo izixa ezikhulu zezinto eziyingozi radioactive.

Amazwi odumileyo eSoviet "atom enoxolo emzini zonke" ukuba sengozini. Kwiinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa abantu-30 emva kwengozi wafa. Noko ke, imiphumo yokwenene zokukhanya wathi kamva. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, engcungcutheka sisifo esibi kwafa inqwaba yabantu. Amawaka abemi Soviet bekukho kuloo ndawo eyosulelekileyo. iindawo ezinkulu Belarus, Ukraine naseRashiya ziye ezivakala ezolimo. Le ngozi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya kwakhokelela ukuqhambuka lumo ngokunxulumene amandla enyukliya. Emva kokuba ntlekele, izitishi ezininzi ziye zavalwa kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Nangona kwama-30 iminyaka amanyathelo okhuseleko kwezi iinkampani iye yangcono, kwakubekwe ntlekele efanayo EChernobyl nto yenzeke kwakhona. Kwimeko yeengozi, kokubini ngaphambi nasemva eChernobyl: ngo-1957 - kwi-United Kingdom (Windscale), ngo-1979 - kwi-US (Three Mile Island), ngo-2011 - eJapan (Fukushima). Namhlanje, i IAEA iqokelele iinkcukacha ngeziganeko ngaphezu 1000 ngokugqithiseleyo kwizikhululo. Oonobangela neengozi: Imposiso abantu (80%), ngaphantsi ngokufuthi - iziphako design. E Fukushima eJapan, ingxingwa kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yenyikima enamandla itsunami elandelayo.

Amathuba saMandla seNyukliya

Umbuzo wokuba ingaba kukho ikamva lamandla enyukliya zoxolo, ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho imbono kunzima kwaye uphakamisa iimpikiswano ezininzi ziingcali. Ngenxa inani elikhulu yeemeko nezingavisisaniyo ikamva layo engacacanga kunye mfiliba. uqikelelo wakutshanje ukhupha International Energy Agency, esithi ukuba zilulo ngoku isabelo umbane eziveliswa zizityalo ngamandla enyukliya, baya kuwa 2030 kwi-15% ukuya ku-9%.

Kude kube kamva nje, amandla enyukliya zifunwa kuquka ngenxa amaxabiso aphezulu oyile. Noko ke, ngo-2014 bawa kabukhali. Ngoko ke, kukho enye indlela amandla enyukliya cheapened. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba atom abantu ngoxolo unika kuphela umbane (oko kukuthi, enoba ukusetyenziswa kabanzi ayikwazi ukususa ngokupheleleyo umphakathi ukuxhomekeka energy).

Oyile okanye umbane?

Ioli, nangona zonke, kubalulekile ukuba kushishino kunye nezithuthi. Malunga ne-40% ye-eneji walidla eUnited States, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni resource. Ukususela ukuxhomekeka oyile nako ukuphelisa Japan kunye France (nangona bethatha usebenzisa NPP). Ngoko ke kukho ikamva le-atom esinoxolo, okanye aphumelele ukuhlala phantsi komthunzi 'igolide black "? Ezi ntsingiselo zibonisa ukuba isityalo ukuze abe ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto kutshanje baye banikwe amandla enyukliya ithuba elitsha.

Sithetha imbonakalo nezithuthi zisebenzisa ipetroli ayikho, kunye nombane. Namhlanje, izithuthi ezo ngakumbi ukufumana US kunye neemarike zaseYurophu. Emva kwamashumi eziliqela izithuthi yombane kuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Yaba ngeli xesha ukuhlangula uqoqosho lwehlabathi eze atom kwakhona ngoxolo. NPP nako ukusombulula ingxaki neemfuno eziguqu-yokwanda ngamazwe ezahlukeneyo umbane.

energy fusion

Kukho omnye mbono, apho atom zoxolo ungenza hlula kwezoqoqosho. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ezinxulumene ukuba ukusebenza eziphila ekhuselekileyo izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Lo mbuzo ukuntsonkotha yokungcwabela inkunkuma eqhumayo kunye lwezibaso zavelisa ingcamango fomato kubenzi benyukliya ezo entsha atomic. amashishini ezinjalo iya kukhuseleka ngokupheleleyo kokusingqongileyo. Kodwa phambi kokuba netheknoloji atom elinoxolo izakubekwa imveliso, iingcali kuya kufuneka ukuba uhambe umgama omde.

Namhlanje kwiprojekthi yenyukliya sele amaqela esebenzela kumazwe 33. Globality Ukwenziwa ne izibaso yenyukliya ibangelwa nobuninzi yeenzuzo. Asinto ekhuselekileyo kuphela kokusingqongileyo, kodwa pholisa. I-resource eziyimfuneko izazinzulu - deuterium, nto leyo zivela olwandle. Eyona lobuchwepheshe Isikhululo umahluko mbawula evela NPP kukuba kwamashishini amatsha fusion (ngokucandeka yenyukliya lwenziwa kwi yangaphambili amandla enyukliya) ziya kwenzeka. Mhlawumbi kule bugcisa ikamva atom ngoxolo.