Asidi Carboxylic iipropati emzimbeni. Neetyuwa ze asidi carboxylic

Phantse zonke izindlu iviniga. Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba kusekelwe acetic acid. Kodwa ivela umchiza umbono? Yintoni enye organic kolu ngcelele kukho yaye ziziphi iimpawu zabo? Zama ukuqonda lo mba kwaye sihlolisise litheni carboxylic acid monobasic. Ingakumbi kweli khaya lisetyenziswa acetic nje kuphela, kodwa avela eziliqela nezinye, kwaye kuphela kwezi asidi ngokubanzi ziindwendwe rhoqo kuyo yonke imizi.

IKlasi ka-asidi carboxylic: a isishwankathelo jikelele

Ngokwembono chemistry zesayensi, eli udidi lwe iikhompawundi ziquka mpilo ukuba abe iqela othile athom - a carboxyl iqela olusebenzayo. It has ifomu -COOH. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ngokubanzi yonke mda monobasic carboxylic acid, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: R-COOH, apho R - yinto yamasuntswana ezinkulu, nto leyo enokubandakanya naliphi na inani athom carbon.

Ngokutsho oku, kwinkcazelo yale yeklasi iikhompawundi nga kunikwa oko. Carboxylic acid - le mpilo emvelo eziquka amaqela enye okanye esebenza ngakumbi -COOH - amaqela carboxyl.

Into yokuba ezi izinto ngco ukuba asidi, uchaza nokushukumisa hydrogen atom kwi carboxyl. Electron konga edyokhweni isasazwe, ekubeni ioksijini - iqela kakhulu electronegative. Ukususela kule ubuhlobo O-H ngamaza ngamandla yehayidrojini uba basemngciphekweni kakhulu. It lula zingasasazwa off, engena ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ngoko ke Iimpawu acid ahambelanayo ukunika indlela efanayo:

• ਫ਼ੂਜਿੰਗ inkqubo - nto enemibala;
• litmus - ebomvu;
• jikelele - ebomvu;
• i methyl - ebomvu kunye nabanye.

Ngenxa atom hydrogen, carboxylic acid umboniso oxidizing izakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bezinye athom ivumela ukuba ukubuyisa nokuthatha inxaxheba nezinye iindibano ezininzi.

ngezigaba

Kukho iimpawu ezininzi eziphambili, ezo zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela carboxylic acid. Eyokuqala kuzo - ke indlela ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngokutsho kule inkalo zizakubalulwa:

• Alicyclic acid. Umzekelo: quinic.
• Elimnandi. Umzekelo: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Umzekelo: acetic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, kunye nabanye.
• Heterocyclic. Umzekelo: nicotine.

Ukuba sithetha links molecule, amaqela amabini asidi kungathiwa:

• imida - zonke amaqhina kuphela, eyodwa;
• unsaturated - phambi kabini, esinye okanye ezininzi.

Kwakhona uphawu yokuhlelwa unako ukukhonza amaqela nje ezisebenzayo. Ngoko ke, kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo.

1. Monobasic - kuphela iqela elinye -COOH. Umzekelo: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, kunye nabanye.
2. Dibasic - ngokulandelelana, amaqela amabini COOH. Umzekelo: oxalic acid, malonic acid, kunye nabanye.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic, kunye nabanye.

Kamva kweli nqaku siza umda kuphela asidi monobasic carboxylic, aliphatic.

History of izovela

Winery sakhula namaxesha amandulo. Njengoko eyaziwayo, omnye iimveliso zayo - acetic acid. Ngoko ke imbali udumo yale yeklasi iikhompawundi enemvelaphi yayo ukususela kwixesha uRobert Boyle kunye Ioganna Glaubera. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukufumana phandle ixesha elide kunye umchiza uhlobo ezi iimolekyuli.

Kangangexesha elide alawule vitalists izimvo, ezazingakholelwa kungenzeka ukuyilwa organic ngaphandle eziphilayo. Kodwa ngo-1670 AD Ray ikwazile ukufumana ummeli yokuqala - methane okanye formic acid. Wakwenza oku ngokufudumeza igutyana kwi iimbovane eziphilayo.

umsebenzi Kamva benzululwazi kunye Kolbe Berzelius wabonisa ithuba synthesizing ezi zihlanganisi ezintweni ezingaphiliyo (neyanamhlanje wamalahle). Ngenxa yoku ifunyenwe acetic acid. Ngaloo ndlela carboxylic acid ziye zahlolwa (iipropati emzimbeni, isakhiwo) kunye nesiqalo yokuvulwa onke amanye amalungu imingcelele iikhompawundi aliphatic.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Namhlanje, isifundo eneenkcukacha abameli babo bonke. Kuba nganye kwezi mpawu zifumaneka kuzo zonke parameters, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kushishino yaye kwindalo. Siza kuhlolisisa oko okwenza asidi carboxylic, iimpawu ezibonakalayo nezinye iparameters.

Ngoko ke, kukho uphawu iparameters eziliqela ezisisiseko.

1. Ukuba inani athom kwekhabhoni kwikhonkco ayidluli ezintlanu, oko wavele ukunuka, ulwelo eshukumayo ezililize. Ngentla ezintlanu - enzima, izinto olunamafutha, ngakumbi - nzima, angwevu, anencindi.
2. Ukuxinana kwamalungu amabini okuqala mkhulu kunalowo. Zonke ezinye elula ngaphandle kwamanzi.
3. abilayo: oluphezulu umxokelelwane, kungona amanqaku. Ukuma branched ngaphezulu, ngezantsi njalo.
4. Melting point: kuxhomekeke ukubekwa inani athom kwekhabhoni kwikhonkco. Y iphezulu nditsho odd ngezantsi.
5. Emanzini, nto iyachithakala kakuhle kakhulu.
6. Ngaba uyakwazi zokubumba obusenyongweni hydrogen.

Ezi mpawu zicacisiwe yi isakhiwo yolingano-macala, kwaye yiyo isakhiwo emkhusaneni, amandla ayo. Le molecule ilula kwaye structured, izikhombisi ngasentla ukuba anike carboxylic acid. Iipropati Physical ezi zihlanganisi kuvumela ukuchaza endle kunye neendlela zabo ukusetyenziswa kushishino.

iipropati chemical

Njengoko sele ezimiselwe ngasentla, iinkcukacha acid ukuze ubonise iimpawu. zibalulekile ukuze kuyondelelaniswe woshishino iikhompawundi ezininzi abasabela ngayo. Libhekisela iimpawu imichiza ibalulekileyo oluno monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Imiboniso iimpawu emuncu, ngamanye esinxibelelana oxides ezisisiseko kunye hydroxides zabo. Kunye nesinyithi elula waphendula ngokuthi inkqubo eqhelekileyo (ngamanye amazwi, kuphela ezo ukuya hydrogen kolu thotho electrochemical).
3. Isakudityaniswa nee-asidi ngaphezulu eyomeleleyo (zingaphiliyo) uziphethe njenge kwisiseko.
4. Ekwaziyo azezi utywala zaseprayimari.
5. indlela ekhethekileyo - esterification. Le intsebenziswano kunye alkoholi ukwenza imveliso entsokothileyo - Ester.
6. decarboxylation reaction, okt nokuphelisa kwemolekyuli compound carbon dioxide.
7. Ekwaziyo zakudibana halides ngezinto ezifana phosphorus nesalfure.

Ngokucacileyo, njengoko carboxylic acid ezininzi. Iipropati Physical, kwakunye lwekhemikhali, kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka kunokuthiwa ngokubanzi amandla njengoko asidi, bonke emvelo ezi kunokuba ababuthathaka kuthelekiswa noogxa babo ezingaphiliyo. constants zabo dissociation musa igqithe ixabiso 4.8.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisisiseko Akanakwamkela carboxylic acid ebekiwe.

1. Kwimeko elebhu oko kwenziwa igcwala:

• alkoholi;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• ILEBHU;
• ukutshatyalaliswa alkenes.

2. haydrolisis:

• esters;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - Ukungabikho CO ₂ molecule.

4. Xa ezwi kwimizi ikhutshwa phandle igcwala of hydrocarbon kunye athom carbon ngakumbi kwikhonkco. Le nkqubo luqhutywa ngokwamabakala ezininzi ukuze ivelise ezininzi kuThixo byproducts.

5. Ezinye asidi ezithile (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, njl) elungiswe iindlela ezithile ngokusebenzisa izithako zemvelo.

Basic umda compound asidi carboxylic: iityuwa

Neetyuwa ze asidi carboxylic - khompawundi ebalulekileyo esetyenziswa kolu shishino. Baya kubangelwa impefumlelwano latter:

• ezimbiwa;
• oxides esisiseko;
• oxides amphoteric ;
• alkalis;
• hydroxides amphoteric.

Ingakumbi ebalulekileyo phakathi kwabo zezo kwakheka phakathi kwealkali iintsimbi sodium kunye potassium kunye asidi umda eliphezulu - palmitic, stearic. Emva zonke iimveliso lwale ntsebenziswano - isepha, ulwelo kunye aqinileyo.

isepha

Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko sokungamelani onjalo: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

kubangela imveliso - sodium stearate - oko ngemvelo imidlalo eqhelekileyo osetyenziselwa ukuhlamba impahla.

Ukuba palmitic acid indawo, yaye iintsimbi potassium aya kujika potassium palmitate - isepha ukuhlamba izandla. Ngoko ke, siya kuchaza ngokuzithemba ukuba neetyuwa ze asidi carboxylic - oku ngokwenene iikhompawundi ebalulekileyo yendalo ephilayo. Bona lemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa cwe yandile. Ukuba unokuyithelekelela indlela isepha eninzi uchitha wonke umntu on Earth, kulula ukucinga yaye ezi esikalini.

Esters ye asidi carboxylic

Iqela elikhethekileyo iikhompawundi, nto leyo eye indawo yayo kophawu oganikhi khompawundi. Olu udidi lwe esters. Bona akhiwa indlela asidi carboxylic kunye alkoholi. Isihloko leendibano ezinjalo - basabela esterification. umbono jikelele angamelwa kule nxaki:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Product kunye radicals ezimbini i Ester. Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yokuba indlela a carboxylic acid, utywala, Ester kunye namanzi uye utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, hydrogen amagqabi ukusuka molekyuli asidi ngendlela zesiqinisekiso kwaye udibana neqela hydroxy ukusuka utywala ukuba bahlukane off. Ngenxa yoko, kwemolekyuli amanzi yenziwe. Ngokwamaqela eseleyo kwi acid olukhulu ithatha ukusuka utywala uyila molecule Ester.

ngoko kubalulekile ezi khemikhali yaye yintoni Yintoni na ixabiso lorhwebo kwiimveliso zabo? Eyona nto kukuba esters zisetyenziswa:

• ngokutya okunesondlo;
• flavour;
• Icandelo labalandeli sisiqhumiso;
• pende;
• candelo ivanishi, ipeyinti, iiplastiki;
• amayeza kunye nokunye.

Kucacile ukuba endle lokusetyenziswa avulekela ngokwaneleyo ukuze ithethelele imveliso kweli shishini.

Ethanoic acid (acetic)

Lo mda monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, leyo yenye yezona zinto zithandwa ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso ehlabathini lonke. ifomula wayo - CH ₃ COOH. nokwanda enjalo ke isandla iipropati yayo. Ngapha koko, intsimi ukusetyenziswa libanzi kakhulu.

1. It is a additive ukutya phantsi ikhowudi ye-260.
2. Oku kusetyenziswa kwishishini yokutya ukuze asindiswe.
3. Oku kusetyenziswa amayeza ngenxa Yindibanisela imithi.
4. Component ekulungiseleleni iikhompawundi odoriferous.
5. Zesinyibilikisi.
6. Inxaxheba kwinkqubo bokushicilela, amalaphu aqhelekileyo bokudaya.
7. Awona macandelo kuyimfuneko kwemichiza syntheses ngayo ezininzi izinto.

Xa ubomi isisombululo wayo-80 ekhulwini ekuthiwa Undoqo acetic, nokuba yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano ngayo kwi-15%, uya kufumana iviniga nje. Net 100% glacial acetic acid kuthiwa.

formic acid

Ummeli lokuqala kunye elula kule klasi. Formula - HCOOH. Kwakhona a additive ukutya phantsi ikhowudi ye-236. imithombo yayo yendalo:

• iimbovane neenyosi;
• iMofi;
• naliti;
• iziqhamo.

Ukweyona lokusetyenziswa:

• ngokuba ukulondolozwa kunye nokulungiselela feed yezilwanyana;
• Isetyenziswa ulawulo izinambuzane;
• ukuze abe yidayi amalaphu iindawo etchant;
• nje kuphela;
• bleach;
• amayeza - kuba kweentsholongwane izixhobo kunye nezixhobo;
• ukuvelisa carbon monoxide elabhoratri.

Kwakhona kutyando le Isisombululo acid isetyenziswa ebulala.