History of IDonetsk. Likomkhulu Donbass nembali yayo

Kutshanje, igama "IDonetsk 'ukuba izigidi zabantu ezinxulumene football kuzo zonke iimbombo zaseYurophu. Kodwa 2014 yayilixesha ubunzima ngenxa yale dolophu, bantu bawo phambili le zalwa ziinkampani kubahloli olujoliswe ebantwini. Njengokuba umntu wathi enkulu; ukuze aqonde langoku ukuqikelela ikamva, simele sijonge elidlulileyo. Ngoko ke, abo bafuna ukuqonda iziganeko eziye zenzeka kwiinyanga zakutshanje kwimpuma Ukraine, ininzi into ukubalisa ibali IDonetsk. Ngoko xa kwaye ukuba sikwini na esi sixeko yasekwa kwaye kutheni abantu bakhe abafuni ukuba angenise abasemagunyeni eKiev, eqhuba imigaqo-anti-Russian?

prehistory

Ngomhla kummandla Donbass zabantu ezinkulu ziye baphila ukusuka kudaladala. Oku kungqinwa ezafunyanwa ngabembi bufunyenwe ngethuba zembiwa ezenziwe kwezinye iindawo esixekweni ngexesha leminyaka yokugqibela. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwakukho zokuhlala yamaSkitiya, Cimmerians, amaSarmatia, ngamaGoth okwethutyana okanye ngokusisigxina, yaye kamva, intwana nokuxubana. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ukusuka 13 kwinkulungwane ye-16, abantu bashiya le ndawo ngenxa abasemathanga kunye entsha yokuhlala apho yaqala ukubonakala emva belizwe beza phantsi kolawulo Don Cossacks.

Imbali IDonetsk ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 ukuya 19 ekuqaleni

Active azinze isitya umlambo Kalmius kunye namazwe ezikufutshane yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngokwemiyalelo uCatherine II. Ngo-1760 kwi kummandla kwisithili mihla Kiev of IDonetsk oko yasekwa Alexander Sloboda, owathi kamva waba elalini. Ehlabathini ngexesha elifanayo ebumelwaneni naziphi zokuhlala Krutoyarovka kunye Grigorievka. abemi babo, kunye nezolimo Sizibandakanye amalahle kwemigodi, imali enkulu leyo yaziwa emva kokuba phezu lomlanjana Kurdyuchya watyelela hambo, wathumela okuhlola izimbiwa yi uPeter Omkhulu. Ngo-1820 i kwimigodi yokuqala encinane ngekulungile ecaleni Alexander. Kwaba ngoko aqala imbali IDonetsk njengoko kwelinye lamaziko amalahle kwemigodi inkulu eYurophu.

Isiseko Yuzovka

Ngowe-1841, 3 Alexander shaft zam yakhiwa, yaye ngenkulungwane ye-19, inani leenkampani abazibandakanya amalahle lwemigodi kummandla lifikelele 10. Emva kweminyaka embalwa urhulumente yoBukhosi baseRashiya asayina isivumelwano S. V. Kochubeem. Phantsi kwemiqathango yale ntengiselwano kwi Donbas ukuba isityalo enkulu ekuveliseni yimiqolo zentsimbi kwafuneka ukuba yakhiwe. Ngowe-1869 Kochubey concession Abathengiswa 24 lamawaka eekhilogram obalaseleyo usomashishini waseBritani John Hughes, owaqalisa ukwakhiwa sesityalo metallurgical kufuphi kwilali Oleksandrivka. Ukongeza, waseka Yuzivka zokuhlala abasebenzi isityalo esitsha. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa imbali seDonetsk, unyaka isiseko ithathwa ukuba th 1869. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, ende yamaziko, Ngokufutha bafakwa ukusebenza, kunye Hughes Mill lelinye lamaziko zoshishino ezibalulekileyo Russia. Kwiminyaka nje eli-15 abemi metallurgists kweminquba landa ngokuphindwe 50, yajika yaba umzi mveliso, esebenze kusungulwe, esibhedlele, indawo iihotele ezimbalwa kunye nesikolo. Kukho nokuba uphethe eyakhe yakhe, njengokuba besinokutsho namhlanje, i ebumelwaneni elite apho ayehlala, iinjineli kunye nezinye iingcali, owafika e Yuzovka ukusebenza phantsi ikhontrakthi. Bendawo wayibiza ngokuba lithanga yaseBritani, yaye ayenomona yabemi balo, nto leyo ezazikho obutofotofo isidalwa ezifana namanzi kunye nombane.

IDonetsk: imbali isixeko emva October Revolution

Ngawo onke amaxesha, amaqela abasebenzi basemgodini ngayo yayahluke intsebenziswano kunye nombutho, akumangalisi ukuba ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha kwimiboniso ubunzima basebenzi bafuna eziphuculweyo iimeko zokusebenza kunye amaholo aphezulu. Ngokukodwa, ngo-1892, 15,000 mgodini ababenza ingxabano, nto leyo zicinezelwa kabuhlungu ngurhulumente. Akumangalisi ukuba ngoMatshi 1917, ukhetho seDonetsk yiSoviet of yamaSekela Workers ', yaye emva kokuba iziganeko Oktobha e Petrograd, umzimba self-elilawulayo bayivakalisa inkxaso yabo urhulumente ukhokelwa Vladimir Lenin. Emva koko, esi sixeko ngokuphindaphindiweyo udlule kwesinye isandla kunye kuphela ngoDisemba 1919, yaba yinxalenye ye-USSR. Yaye ngoko mephu ngasempumalanga Ukraine, imida ngqo beli lizwe kunye RSFSR, kuba zinokuphikiswa. Into yokuba inxalenye enkulu yabantu, nabezopolitiko ezininzi zizifundiswa baye bavakalisa amathandabuzo amakhulu semthethweni IDonetsk lobunikazi Ukrainian.

Stalino

Izithombe IDonetsk kwiminyaka yokuqala eSoviet zibonisa ukuba nokuba ke isixeko waqala ukwakha olunzulu. Ngenxa yoko, emva kokuba iqanjwa Stalino ngo-1924 yakhiwa kukho nelokishi "Standard" ngenxa steelmakers kunye mgodini, yaye ngowe-1932 yamkelwa yeyokuqala ezimbalini master plan IDonetsk. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwabemi ngenxa yokugunyaziswa kwamashishini amatsha mveliso. Ngoko ke, ngo-1938, ibe igqityiwe kwaye ifakiwe nemida umzi kwiilali ezikufuphi elinesibini, ukudala laseKirov, kunye nesithili Petrovsky uyazazi of IDonetsk (Ukraine).

Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ekuqaleni angels labemi Stalino yaba bantu 50,000, kukho utyando 223 amashishini mveliso, kuquka ilawulwe Union, awamnika 7% wamalahle, 5% intsimbi kunye-11% of coke yenani lilonke kwezi ntlobo kwizinto eziveliswa kule USSR.

IDonetsk ngexesha umsebenzi

NgoJulayi nango-Agasti 1941 kwiyunithi ngokunomkhethe kunye Division 383rd wasemgodini Yaba kwasekwa, ngubani inxaxheba ezithethelela. Noko ke, ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha ngo-Stalino kuquka ukusekwa Wehrmacht kunye nomkhosi Italian. Ngoko ke, njengazo zonke Ukraine, IDonetsk waba umsebenzi. "Abasemagunyeni ezintsha," into yokuqala bakhawuleza ukubuyisela lwemigodi mveliso namashishini, iimveliso eyayibalulekile ukuphumeza uloyiso emfazweni. Kwangaxeshanye, amaJamani walungelelanisa aqala kubahlali yamaYuda, ezo zatshatyalaliswa kamva kwaye aphoswe emhadini 4-4 bis kunye yoxinaniso nkampu amabanjwa yiSoviet emfazwe. esebenza Kwakhona kwaqeqeshwa ukufa ekujongwe ukuba ukucinezela izenzo lokungathobeli igunya elaliwumile. Ingakumbi kwakusazeka ukuba kwimeko ukubulawa ijoni yaseJamani wayalelwa ukuba ukudubula phantsi 100 ukusuka phakathi abemi, nokuba isini kunye nobudala. Noko ke, imilinganiselo efana musa ukunika loo yoko, ebalwayo kwi ngamaNazi, yaye Stalino esetyenziswa ngempumelelo ngaphezulu kwe-20 iiyunithi yabanqolobi kunye namaqela ngabom, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu yotshaba.

wenkululeko Stalino kunye neminyaka post-imfazwe

September 8, 1943 njengenxalenye ye-operation Donbas, wangena amajoni eSoviet umzi. Ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi Stalino yagqitywa, eyathatha 700 iintsuku. Phantse nangoko waqala umsebenzi ukuphinda-ukuseka ishishini, leyo ebesoloko neqhayiya IDonetsk. Imbali umzi kule minyaka izayo izele iziganeko umdla, ikakhulu ezinxulumene kokugunyaziswa imigodi ezintsha, mveliso kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

Ngowe-1961 kwagqitywa ukutshintsha igama laloo mzi. Ngokutsho isigqibo seBhunga Ephakamileyo, waba eyaziwa ngokuba seDonetsk, igama lomlambo Seversky Donets. Emva kweminyaka eli-17, lo mzi waba abemi ngaphezu kwesigidi, lelona elikhulu yesihlanu kweli lizwe. Ngaba utshintsho olubalulekileyo banikwa kunye nemephu IDonetsk apho eliqela kwiindawo ezintsha.

Imbali umzi njengenxalenye ozimeleyo Ukraine

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ngowe-1991 kummandla IDonetsk okokuqala wathetha ukuyilwa lokuzimela. Nangona kunjalo, e Kiev yamkela Declaration of the Rights of Peoples Ukraine wamqinisekisa lo labemi Russian abathetha ulwimi lwasemzini beso mmandla, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukulibala malunga izibheno wesizwe, ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha endazivayo eKiev. Ngoko ke, de 2014 seDonetsk kunye seDonetsk map mmandla, okanye mandithi emdeni kwimpuma Ukraine ne-Russia, ihleli injalo njengakwimihla USSR.

Njengenxalenye yale Dni

Zaqalwa yaqala emva kokuba iziganeko odumileyo euromaidan eyayiseKiev. IDonetsk kwi ifoto ethathiweyo kwixesha ukususela phakathi-Matshi ukuya ekupheleni kuka-Apreli 2014, uya kubona amashumi amawaka abaqhankqalazi inxaxheba kuqhankqalazo nxamnye nezenzo koogunyaziwe Kiev kunye nokuqeshwa iirhuluneli ezintsha kwimimandla. Ngokukodwa, abahlali Aprili 6 babamba Isakhiwo liBhunga leNgingqi of yamaSekela Abantu, yaye ngosuku olulandelayo kwi ukunakwa eendaba ihlabathi Ukraine. IDonetsk saba likomkhulu le self-wavakalisa IDonetsk yaBantu Republic. Ngaphezu koko, lo mhla wamiselwa ngemini zimvo apho abahlali ukuba impendulo yombuzo of self-determination of the Dni. Ekugqibeleni, ukuthanda uninzi Iwabemi May 12 seDonetsk azimeleyo IDonetsk Abantu Republic enziwe. Oku kwalandelwa imisebenzi zomkhosi ebandakanya izixhobo ezikhulu zokudubula. Nangakumbi, lo mzi waba rhoqo bavele, moya yayo iye yaba kwindawo yokulwa kakhulu, kwaye ke imephu yezithili empuma Ukraine yaqala ukuvela kumabonakude kunye iimpawu ezibonisa indawo yangqubana Fighters Donbass Ukrainian wamajoni kunye nokhuseleko nemikhosi.

Namhlanje, kwimimandla lwaseMpuma Ukraine izenzo mawabeke, kwaye kuthenjwa ukuba abahlali IDonetsk yonke Dni ekugqibeleni akwazi ukubuyela kubomi yomphakathi.