Njalo Hubble. Ukwandiswa iphela. UMthetho Hubble kaThixo

Ukuba umntu ucinga ukuba igama elithi "agcwayele" sicacisa zemidlalo ngokugqithileyo, umlinganiswa "antisupruzhesky" nto bayikholelwayo. Kukho ukutyhilwa kakhulu ezinomdla kakhulu. Umzekelo, uMthetho i khozimologi.Sonke Hubble sibonisa ukuba kumnyele ukufumana ...!

iintlobo ezintathu mafu

Khawube: ezimnyama, esikhulu cleaner iinkqubo inkwenkwezi ngokuzolileyo ngokucotha kude omnye komnye: "Sala kakuhle! Usale! Sala. " Mhlawumbi, eceleni "lwesihloko ombambazelayo" nibuyele ubungqina yenzululwazi. Ngowe-1929, i-ngeenkwenkwezi inelona futhe likhulu isazinzulu ngenkulungwane XX yaseMelika Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) bafika kwisigqibo sokuba kukho ukwanda okuthe iphela.

Man, ubomi bakhe bonke abadala ukuba ngokwenzeka ubume bendawo yonke, wazalelwa Marshfield (Missouri). Ngezikhonkwane zobutsha nomdla ngeenkwenkwezi, kodwa ekugqibeleni waba igqwetha eqinisekisiweyo. Emva kokugqiba kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, uEdwin wasebenza eChicago, e-Observatory York. In leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi (1914-1918 gg.) Walwa. iminyaka eziphambili kuphela nizihlabe emva ixesha lokuvula. Namhlanje, ihlabathi yenzululwazi, wonke ubani uyazi ukuba le rhoqo Hubble.

Endleleni eya kwafunyanwa

Emva kokubuyela ukusuka ngaphambili, ISAZINZULU waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe Astronomical Observatory Mount Wilson (California). Wabalelwa ukusebenza apho. Xa uthando ngeenkwenkwezi, lo mfana wachitha ixesha elininzi ujonge ubungakanani olumbaxa iilensi ezinjengeetelescope 60 ne-100 intshi. Ngelo xesha - abakhulu, kumnandi! Kwizixhobo, nabasunguli wayesebenzela phantse elishumi, ukuqinisekisa kunokwenzeka ukukhulisa kunye nomfanekiso ecace kakhulu.

Khumbula, umda obubonakalayo iphela kuthiwa Metagalaxy. Yena uza kurhulumente ngexesha the Big Bang (sikhethekileyo khozimologi.Sonke). ilungiselelo Modern uthi amaxabiso constants abonakalayo yohlobo olunye (okt isantya wokukhanya, intlawulo samabanga aphantsi, njalo njalo). Kukholelwa ukuba Metagalaxy yokuhlala iminyele 80 billion (figure emangalisayo izandi ngakumbi ngolu hlobo: 10 ngeebhiliyon neenkwenkwezi 1 quadrillion). Imilo, ubunzima kunye nobukhulu - ukuba indalo yahluke ngokupheleleyo kunokuba ifunyenwe kwi noMhlaba.

lubizwa Cepheid

Ukungqina umbono ukucacisa ukwandiswa iphela, kuthatha uthelekiso elide uphando entsonkothileyo nzulu kunye izibalo. Xa eko Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX elo joni lokugqibela ekugqibeleni wakwazi lokuhlela mafu waphawula ngokwahlukeneyo iMilky Way. Ngokutsho ukufunyanwa lakhe, kungajikeleza, okweqanda kwaye engaphumi (iintlobo ezintathu).

Kwinkqubo yethu elikufutshane inkwenkwezi, kodwa hayi isantya elikufutshane nebula Andromeda, uEdwin wabona Cepheid (udidi leenkwenkwezi eliguquguqukayo). umthetho Hubble likaThixo ngonaphakade kufutshane nokubunjwa yayo yokugqibela. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi kubalwa umgama ukuya kwezi zixhobo kunye nobukhulu kumnyele inkulu Group Local. Ngokutsho izigqibo zakhe Andromeda iquka malunga omnye ezigidi iinkwenkwezi (amaxesha 2.5-5 iMilky Way).

njalo

Abanye abaphengululi, echaza uhlobo Cepheids, thelekisa nabo iibhola yerabha sawa. Bona ke ngoko ukwanda, ngoko ukuncipha, kufutshane ngoko, ngoko ukuhambisa kude. Apho uqina iphiramidi kuyahlukahlukana. Xa ucinezelo lobushushu "umhambi" kwandisa (nangona kumphezulu liyancipha). iinkwenkwezi eliguquguqukayo na pendulum engaqhelekanga ukuba, kungekudala emva koko uyeke.

Njengabantu abanye nebula, Andromeda zibandakanya zizazinzulu njenge isithuba kwisiqithi jikelele, sifunda kumnyele wethu. Ngowe-1929, uEdwin wafumana: sesiqhelo ebabusisakha iminyele kunye nomgama wazo zihlobene, ezi linearly zixhomekeke. lomlingani iye yachazwa, ichazwe in km / s MPC (MPC). Oku kwaziwa ngokuba rhoqo Hubble. Ukwandisa yonke - ukutshintsha njalo. Kodwa ngexesha elithile kuzo zonke iingongoma iphela yindlela enye. Ngowe-2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / iMPC.

Yayo inkqubo iphela, chavelela uqhubeka, andisiweyo, Wehla qho lokuqwalasela. Le nkqubo ngenkuthalo babefunda ngeenkwenkwezi phambi kokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngowe-1942 koko wabubhekisa isebe ballistics yangaphandle Aberdeen Ukuzingqina Ground (USA). Ingaba umhlobo phupha, mhlawumbi, le nto eliyimfihlakalo emhlabeni yesayensi? Akunjalo, wayefuna 'ngokwezandi "kwimithetho ezimbombeni efihliweyo leminyele ezikude! Ngokuphathelele izimvo zopolitiko, lo ngeenkwenkwezi obala yinkokeli yesiThathu Reich Adolf Hitler. Ekupheleni yobomi bakhe wayesaziwa Hubble ukusetyenziswa umbandezeli enamandla izixhobo ezibulala abaninzi. Kodwa emva fu.

Velikiy Edvin

constants abaninzi ngeenkwenkwezi kuyalungiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha, kukho izinto ezintsha. Kodwa ayinakuze ithelekiswe uMthetho yokwanda indalo kaThixo. Le ngeenkwenkwezi edumileyo ngenkulungwane Hubble XX (ukusukela ngexesha Copernicus noontanga bakhe wayengekho!) Ngebande elinye kunye umseki physics uvavanyo yi UGalileo kunye nombhali imveliso ezintsha ubukho lweenkqubo ogcwele uWilliam iHerschel.

Kwanangaphambi uyaziwa komthetho Hubble kaThixo, umbhali wayo yaba lilungu le-National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, kamva zezifundiswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iye iimbasa ezininzi. Abaninzi baye ukhe weva ngalo yinyaniso yokuba ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, yaphehlelelwa nezijikeleza kwaye zisebenza ngempumelelo telescope isithuba "Hubble". Eli gama wentaba phezu kwenyanga, omnye iiplanethi ezincinane Bajikeleza phakathi iMars Jupiter (asteroid).

Bekuya kuba yinto elungileyo ukuba zithi kuphela ngeenkwenkwezi yaye wayefuna ukuba ziyaluthundeza igama lakhe, kodwa kukho ubungqina engangqalanga ukuba Edwin wayethanda ukutsala ingqalelo. Gcina ifoto apho ndiziphendulela sizenza ecaleni iinkwenkwezi movie. Nje ngezansi uya kubalisa nemizamo yakhe ukuba 'alungise "inqanaba kwimpumelelo leNobel Peace Prize, ngakumbi yaye ngaloo ndlela kungena kwimbali yonke.

indlela noHenrietta Leavitt

Le sesayensi British odumileyo Stiven Hoking kwincwadi yakhe "A Imbali Emfutshane Ixesha", wabhala ukuba "ukufunyanwa ukuba yonke yanda, liye laba revolution inkulu yengqondo kwinkulungwane XX". Hubble nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuba kwindawo eyiyo ngexesha elililo. Mount Wilson Observatory yayiliziko kusakhelwa umsebenzi oxhasa i yokuma ezintsha (kamva ngokuba ngokuma). Teleskopu kakhulu ezinamandla on Earth ihuka wayesandul abeke ukusebenza.

Kodwa ukusoloko Hubble alufane kuvulwa kuphela ngokusekelwe amathamsanqa. kwakufuna umonde, unyamezelo, ukukwazi ukufumana angi zemfundo. Ngoko ke ngeenkwenkwezi American Harlou Shepli wanikela imodeli Galaxy. Yena wayesele esaziwa zezenzululwazi, ukuchaza ubukhulu iMilky Way. Kuyinto indlela esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yokuqingqa umgama Cepheids usebenzisa indlela sibhalwe ngo-1908 ngu Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Oku kucwangcisa umgama ukuya into, ngokusekelwe ukwahluka ibhanile ukukhanya iinkwenkwezi ezikhanya (Cepheid variables).

Akukho uthuli kunye negesi, kunye nezinye iminyele

Harlou Shepli wayekholelwa ukuba ububanzi minyaka kumnyele ukukhanya 300,000 (malunga izihlandlo ezilishumi ngaphezu kwexabiso obuvumelekileyo). Noko ke, Shapley, ezifana izazi ezininzi ngelo xesha, wayeqinisekile ukuba iMilky Way - oku yonke indalo. Nangona kucetyiswa ezenziwe William iHerschel kwinkulungwane XVIII, wabe inkolelo eqhelekileyo ukuba yonke nebula izinto ezikufuphi kakhulu - nje ndawo uthuli negesi esibhakabhakeni.

Bangaphi kukrakra, nobusuku obubandayo wachitha Hubble ehleli iteleskopu enamandla ihuka phambi kokuba kubonisa ukuba Shapley engalunganga. Ngo-Oktobha 1923, uEdwin ubonile nebula M31 (Andromeda) "qwele 'intloko waza wacebisa ukuba akakulandeli iMilky Way. Emva kokuba kugqitywe uviwo ngenyameko amacwecwe yokufota, leyo yathinjwa kwindawo efanayo ngaphambili uphando ngabanye ngeenkwenkwezi, kuquka Shapley, uEdwin waqonda ukuba Cepheid.

Wasisusa Cosmos

Hubble wasebenzisa indlela Shapley yokulinganisa umgama neenkwenkwezi yomahluko. Ndafumanisa ukuba oko kuthetha ukuya kwizigidi zeminyaka ukukhanya eMhlabeni ukuba kude ngaphaya iMilky Way. Le ngokwawo iqulethe zizigidi zeenkwenkwezi. Ayaziwa Universe iye yandiswa kakhulu imini, yaye - ngengqiqo - kwafunyanwa yonke!

Iphephandaba "New York Times" wabhala wathi: "Ukufunyanwa mafu Ukonakala ziinkqubo star uGqr Hubbel (suppliers) uxhasa umbono benjengeenkomo bona ngokwabo." Yonke Island "efana neyethu." Discovery yayibaluleke gqitha ihlabathi ngeenkwenkwezi, kodwa mzuzu inkulu Hubble kwakusekho ezizayo.

akukho static

Njengokuba besesitshilo, uloyiso "uCopernicus №2» wafika ngowe-1929, xa ezithathwa yonke nebula eyaziwa walinganisa sesiqhelo zabo spectra bokukhanya ekhutshwa. ukufunyanwa kwabo okumangalisayo kukuba zonke iminyele liyancipha kuthi ngesantya umlinganiselo yomgama ezandayo ukusuka Milky Way, kothusa ihlabathi. umthetho Hubble kaThixo uyekwa ingcamango bemveli nendalo emile, waza wabonisa ukuba yona ke izele okuhambisa. Einstein yena, Wathoba intloko yakhe phambi amagunya ezimangalisayo lokuqaphela.

Umbhali e-worldwork theory ka wayilungisa quadratic, obo sigwetyelwe ukwandiswa iphela. Ngoku, Hubble wabonisa ukuba Einstein wayenyanisile. ixesha Hubble - uguqulo lonikezelo lwe rhoqo Hubble (t _H = 1 / H). Eli lixesha uphawu ukwandiswa iphela ngalo mzuzu.

Uqhuma wabaphangalalisa

Xa rhoqo kwi-2016 Unyaka elilinganayo 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / iMPC, ukwanda ngoku luphawulwa la manani alandelayo: (4,61 ± 0,05) · 10 ¹⁷ s okanye (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ iminyaka. Kwakhona, nentwana ezihlekisayo. Lokuhle bathi: kulungile ukuba kumnyele "uyachithachitha." Ukuba nicinga ukuba aye omnye komnye, kungekudala kuza ku Big Bang. Kodwa ke apha baqalisa ukuzalwa iphela.

Galaxy "indulumbane" (ndaqalisa ukuhambisa) kumacala awahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye. Ukuba umlinganiselo nokususwa wayengekho ngokomlinganiselo kumgama - ingcamango dubulo ngamampunge. Enye rhoqo uvumelane - Umgama Hubble - nemveliso isantya _{amaxesha ukukhanya: D H = CT H = c} / H. UMgaqo-nkqubo we - (1,382 ± 0,015) · Oktobha ²⁶ m okanye (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ Septemba iminyaka elula.

Kwaye kwakhona kwi ibhaloni sawa. Kukholelwa ukuba nkqu ngeenkwenkwezi abasoloko utolike ngokuchanekileyo ukwandiswa iphela. Inxalenye iingcali ucinga ukuba olunyuswe njengebhola irabha, engazi naziphi na ukulinganiselwa emzimbeni. Ziwe ngokwabo na ihamba kude kuthi, kodwa "bazifake kwizinto 'umbhodamo yangamacandelo ezisisigxina. Abanye bathi iminyele ekude 'ukuqubha "siyinxalenye yeyona Big Bang, kodwa esenjenjalo ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ndikwazi kuba kaNobel Nobel

Hubble wayezama ukufumana Prize Nobel. Kule 1940, nokuba waqesha-arhente zeentengiso (namhlanje iya kubizwa umphathi PR), waza wadlulela ityala. Kodwa imigudu yaba lilize; akwabakho isigaba izazi. Edwin wafa ngowe-1953, ngethuba yophando lwenzululwazi. Kuba nobusuku ezininzi waphawula izinto extragalactic.

latest iphupha lakhe yebhongo wahlala kufezeke. Kodwa sisazinzulu ngokuqinisekileyo kuvuya ukuba njengentlonipho teleskopu sithuba igama. Abazalwana isizukulwana engqondweni kuqhubeka nokujonga indawo enkulu kunye emangalisayo. Nangoku ibamba iimfihlelo ezininzi. Zingaphi ezifunyaniswe ezizayo! Nezakhi esihlala Hubble, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo, uya kunceda umntu ukususela izazinzulu abaselula ukuba babe "uCopernicus №3».

ukuphikisana Aristotle

Yintoni noba okanye bungangqinwa, njengoko xa eluthulini Yaphaphazela yeza ithiyori Infinity, iphakade ukungaguquleki isithuba esirhangqe uMhlaba, leyo exhaswa Aristotle? Wayesithi ke wolingano kunye nemfezeko iphela. Umgaqo khozimologi.Sonke kuqinisekiswa: yonke kwemali, izinto ziyatshintsha.

Kukholelwa ukuba phezu ezigidi zeminyaka amazulu ezingenanto kunye mnyama. Ukwandiswa "athwale" kumnyele solundi cosmic, apho ukukhanya abakwazi ukufikelela kuthi. njalo Hubble Ngaba ingqinelana ukuba ingaba yonke engenanto? Kuza kwenzeka ntoni inzululwazi ngokuma? Izakulahleka? Konke oku kungamampunge.

redshift

Okwangoku, le teleskopu "Hubble" uye wenza umfanekiso lowo uzingqinayo ukuba yanto lwendalo nangoku bakude. Xa indawo yokusebenzela ebudeni linoluvo lokuba ukufunyanwa oluxabisekileyo uEdwin Hubble, kodwa hayi umthetho. Noko ke, oko phantse ngoko ekuhlaleni ixesha zenzululwazi. Kokuma "shift ebomvu" ayikho nje kukuphumelela ilungelo lokuba khona, kuyinyaniso, yaye ngenkulungwane xxi.

Kwaye namhlanje, ukujonga umgama ukuya iminyele, ngokusekelwe Scientist superotkrytie. Lokuhle bathi ukuba nokuba kumnyele wethu iya kuba "miss 'kuphela asinazo. Kuya kubakho amawaka ezigidi zeenkwenkwezi ezincinanana kunye langa. Oku kuthetha ukuba esondele kuthi uya kuqhubeka "ilizwe parallel" ekufuneka ukuba zihlolwe.