Iintlobo lokuqaphela. Iintlobo kunye neentlobo esweni statistical

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda oko ke iifom ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo kunye neendlela lokuqaphela. Kuyinto umbuzo yesabelo-mali sazo kwi-manani. Sinikezela kuqala ingqalelo iintlobo imigqaliselo ezisetyenziswa kweli sebe ulwazi. Imfuneko ukukhetha ukhetho yokuqokelela idatha kufunyaniswa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi esweni. Ahluke kakhulu kwindlela apho iinyaniso zithathelwa ingqalelo xa kwexesha. Xa lento uyijonga, ezi ndidi zilandelayo nimana: i ecwangcisiweyo, ngamaxesha kunye esisixa.

I indlela, ngamaxesha kunye nexesha elinye-surveillance

Ephawula ngendlela, oluqhutywa ngokuqhubekekayo njengoko kukho ezibonisa isenzeko umdla ekuthiwa ngoku. Oku kusekelwe equlathe ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuba abalinganiswa ngokwanelisayo ngokupheleleyo lo mkhuba amaxwebhu zaseprayimari.

esweni Periodic yenziwa ngokusebenzisa kumathuba athile rhoqo. Ngokomzekelo, ubalo lwabantu.

Ukuba mkhanya yenziwa kumaxesha ngamaxesha, akukho periodicity engqongqo, okanye nokuba yenye-off, kube ukuqwalaselwa kwexesha elinye-a.

esweni Discontinuous eqhubekayo

Iintlobo amazwi manani ababiwa zisekelwe kwingcaciso umahluko ngokwemigaqo engenangxelo yabemi. Ukwahlula kule nkalo, discontinuous kunye ngokuqhubekayo. Le yokugqibela kuthiwa, nto leyo ethatha ingqalelo zonke iiyunithi lwabantu ekujoliswe ngaphandle kokukhetha. Noko ke, akusoloko kufanelekile yaye kunokwenzeka intlangano yakhe, ingakumbi xa kufikwa ulawulo esemgangathweni. esweni rhoqo kulo mzekelo kukhokelela kukuba umda wokusetyenziswa production enterprises mass ngaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, kuyimfuneko ukwenza waphawula olungagqibelelanga (discontinuous). Sithabathela ingqalelo kuphela inxalenye iiyunithi wabantu kunika uluvo lokuba isenzeko liphela, iimpawu ezahlukileyo.

Ukuqhubeka kunye nezi fom, iintlobo kunye neendlela lokuqaphela, siphawula ukuba kusakhelwa non-okuqhubekayo ngala mathuba alandelayo:

1) ifuna iindleko zonxibelelwano ngaphantsi kakhulu nabasebenzi xa kuthelekiswa into eqinileyo, kuba lunciphisa inani leeyunithi zophando;

2) ukuqokelela idatha kwinkqubo ebanzi kunokwenzeka kwaye ixesha elifutshane evulekileyo ngokupheleleyo emisiwe ingakumbi anomdla ndawonye ukufeza isifundo esinamandla ngayo;

3) i data mkhanya zisetyenziselwa yokulawula izinto discontinuous balungiselelwa okuqhubekayo;

4) olu hlobo kufuneka limele (ummeli).

Ukukhethwa iiyunithi mkhanya xa noncontinuous

Ephawula Discontinuous ezihlobene ngokucacileyo units inxalenye ethile, nto leyo evumela ukufumana iimpawu ezizinzileyo iimeko nakuluntu ngokubanzi. Kulo mkhuba kwamanani, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iindlela lokuqaphela. Umgangatho discontinuous, kakade, obuphantsi iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kunye oluqhubekayo. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, kunokuba ukuqwalaselwa non-rhoqo kuphela.

Units ekumele ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba bachongwe ngendlela yokuba, esekelwe kwiinkcukacha eziqokelelwe kuwo ukuze enze ingcamango ekunene malunga nesenzeko umdla xa iyonke. Ngenxa yoko, omnye iimpawu eziphambili waphawula discontinuous kukuba nobuninzi leeyunithi yokukhetha ihlelwe ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:

- monographic;

- umzimba omkhulu;

- isampula;

- lemibuzo.

Indlela main umzimba

Ukukhethwa iseti ethile leeyunithi, leyo kulawula lo msebenzi behlolisisa lubandakanya indlela uluhlu engundoqo. Noko ke, oku akunjalo ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa xa isicelo imbonakalo discontinuous kunye nendlela yokubona oku akuthethi ukunika ukhetho nje ezo zinto abamele uluntu ngokubanzi, onke amalungu ayo. Ukhetho nge umzimba omkhulu wenziwe xa kuthathwa kakhulu, aggregate likhulu zicenge ngokwesiseko ifundwa ubunzima lwabo bebonke.

isampula yesaveyi

Ukuze ufumane nobuninzi yinxalenye uphawu lonke leeyunithi zayo, esebenzisa ngokuqaphela ukukhetha, esekelwe phezu kwemimiselo isampulu. Kulo ngobuwena, uhlobo random ngokukhetha kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko yeziphumo, ulumkisa icala.

incazelo monographic

Thina ukongeza iintlobo zokugada inkcazelo monographic. It is a uhlobo oluthile amazwi manani. Esi sisifundo eneenkcukacha a esithile into generic, leyo umdla ngokwemiqathango nakuluntu ngokubanzi.

Ezi ntlobo eziphambili lokuqaphela non-oluqhubekayo.

labantu jikelele kunye novavanyo

Generalizing le ezininzi izikhombisi kwi indlela isampulu nendele isiseko inxalenye (kunokuba ezincinane - malunga ne-5-10%). Kulo labantu apho ekukhetheni i-units inxalenye, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba jikelele. Inxalenye iyunithi iye ezikhethiweyo ibizwa ngokuba isampuli iyonke (ngenye indlela - isampuli). Uphononongo usebenzisa indlela isampulu lwenziwa nge inkcitho ubuncinane kwezibonelelo zabasebenzi, kwaye kwixesha elifutshane. Oku kunciphisa iimpazamo zobhaliso kuphucula ukusebenza.

Ukusetyenziswa indlela yeesampulu xa kusenziwa

Ichaza iintlobo eziphambili leembono, asinako kuhlala phezu isampuli, leyo ethandwa kakhulu. Nguye kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ulawulo lomgangatho imveliso kunokuba yingozi kuphela. Olu hlobo isasazwa kwi-manani zesebe kunye norhulumente (isifundo iintsapho zabasebenzi mali, abalimi, abasebenzi, kunye neemeko zokuhlala). Kwakhona zithandwa urwebo (ukusebenza iintlobo ezintsha ihambo yayo, imfuno empahleni abemi) kunye nabanye.

indlela Ukusanpulwa - enyanisweni, iqela elikhulu iindlela, ezahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye. Njengomgaqo, zisekelwe kumgaqo ukhetho random yabemi.

Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa indlela yeesampulu

Imizekelo kokuma babonise ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa uyakhetha kwaye uya ukuqonda ngcono iimpawu zayo. Eyona kuthiwa Kwathi namhlanje kuba non-rhoqo kuba kusekelwe kumgaqo kweesampula random. unit nganye kunye ukhetho random na amathuba afanayo yokuba zavavanywa. Ngexesha lokuhamba ilotto, umzekelo, isicelo lo mgaqo kuba into onokuyizuza ngokwenza amathuba alinganayo ikhona onke amatikiti. Xa draw nayo kusetyenziswa ukhetho ejikelezayo. . Ukuba abafundi amawaka 10 khetha 1000 ukwenzela ukuba ukufunda intsebenzo yabo, oko kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngeziqwenga iphepha bhala amagama abafundi umane ndaxhwitha 1000.

Ukuphindaphinda-free kunye novavanyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo

Njengoko ukuphindaphindwa-free, kwaye ingaphinda-phindwa isampuli ejikelezayo. Ukuziqhelisa, amaxesha amaninzi kusetyenziswa phindo-free, esele ifakiwe kwiyunithi isampuli le nto ibuyiselwe umva kwezo ndawo jikelele, yaye inani ucutho kutshanje lonke ixesha. Lottery sisondela ithathe indawo kwesi skim. Le yunithi ekhethiweyo xa kwakhona ukukhethwa ibuyiswa kubemi ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, inani le yokugqibela kuhlala ingatshintshanga kwinkqubo isampula yesaveyi. Xa sibhenela umzekelo lwethu kunye nabafundi, siya uqaphele oku kulandelayo: kulo mzekelo, uxwebhu zoqhagamshelwano kunye negama elinye ngozi ekhethiweyo, waphinda wabuyela uzakubuyela kwakhona kwaye ufumane isampulu.

Iindlela wezazi yokukhetha

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba akukho izinto ezifana ikomiti ukuhlolwa ekuhleleni okanye umntu alinakusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyimfuneko ukuba lo mgaqo ukhetho ejikelezayo ohlonelwa. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa ukuphunyezwa kwayo kudla ngokuba nzima. Kukho manani, esilawulwa ekukhetheni i-ziingcali iindlela. Le meko ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, oko kwenzeka xa kukhethwa impahla ukubala indices ixabiso, okanye ukusekwa nokwakhiwa "iingobozi" yokuvavanywa iindleko zokuphila. Ngaba ngcono kakhulu ukuchana kwiimeko ezinjalo, eli ligatya indlela ikhethe. Nangona kunjalo, eli cala uphando ilahlekile maxa wambi kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo bugs esweni, kuba kuxhomekeka kulo mzekelo kwi iziqinisekiso ingcali.

Mechanical (yokuhlola) Ukukhethwa

Amaxesha amaninzi, xa kusenziwa, mechanical (ngendlela) Ukukhethwa. Masithi, ukususela 10 amawaka. Abafundi kufuneka asuse iwaka. Kulo mzekelo, ukwenza oko; bonke abadlali bethu bacwangciswe ngokwe-alfabhethi uze emva koko uthabathe zonke isishumi kubo.

Ukususela lekhefu kulo mzekelo ilingana no-10, kwenziwa-10% yovavanyo (10,000 umahlule ngo-1000). Ukuba ku ezilishumi phezulu umfundi lesithathu (ungakhetha ulabele), okhethiweyo kulo mzekelo iza kuba 13, 23, 33th ... 9993rd. Ukhetho ngendlela, siyabona ukuba iseti jikelele zoomatshini yahlulwe inani lamaqela, kwaye iyunithi omnye amkelwe ngaphandle ngamnye (kulo mzekelo - umfundi enye). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba mechanical (inkqubo) Ukukhethwa kusoloko uphindaphindo-free. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukuba iyunithi ekhethiweyo xa isasazwa ngokulinganayo kuluntu lonke.

Iindlela amazwi manani

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi iindlela kunye iintlobo ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani. Ophelileyo, siye nje sesibonile, ngoku vula ekufundweni iindlela. Inyaniso kukuba lo ezahlukeneyo mkhanya nga kuchongwa kungakhathaliseki iindlela nokufumana imithombo yolwazi ephambili. Xa lento uyijonga, ngokuqaphela bamaxwebhu owahlukileyo, uphando kunye waphawula ngqo.

Ngqo - kuba iwotshi, nto leyo yenzelwa ngokubala, ngokulinganisa iinqobo ezithile iimpawu yezixhobo readout ngabantu bayithwale (ebizwa ngokuba zobhaliso).

Ngenxa yokuba ingenakusetyenziswa kulophulo ezinye iindlela kunye neentlobo esweni zamanani, kuliwa ngokusoloko esebenzisa uluhlu ethile imibuzo zophando. Xa umfundi uphendula ngendlela ekhethekileyo ezisisigxina. Ngaba ngezikhundla, kuxhomekeke indlela apho ifunyenwe, kwaye ukudlulisela ngezemvelo, kwakunye self-ndlela. Sele ukuchaza ngamnye kubo.

Hambo liqumrhu ekhethekileyo (forwarder counter) ngomlomo. Lo mntu kugcwalisa ifomu uphando okanye uhlobo.

Umbhaleli indlela eya kuququzelelwa ngoncedo uphando lokuposa yenza iqela elithile labantu zilungisiwe ngokufanelekileyo (ebizwa ngokuba ezazivela). Aba bantu isivumelwano kufuneka ugcwalise ifomu uze uyibuyisele kwi mbutho. Kuphando yi-self-itshekhi kwenzeka ukuba okanye hayi ukuba zizalise ifom ngokuchanekileyo. Njengoko iikhweshine inkqubo correspondent zizaliswe abaphenduli ngokwabo, kodwa ukuqokelelwa kwazo kunye nokusasazwa, kwakunye ukuchana nolawulo kunye noqeqesho ezizalisa ke zokubala yenziwe.

Forms zokugada kwi-manani

Ujonge le fom, iindlela, iintlobo ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani, Asizanga asixelele kuphela iifom. Zezi ezintathu: Bhalisa ngokukodwa-imibutho esweni nokunika ingxelo. Njengoko ubona, iintlobo kunye neentlobo ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani - hayi into efanayo. Kufuneka bayayiqonda therebetween umahluko.

Uxanduva - ifomu engundoqo kweliso. Ngoncedo lwe-manani amaqumrhu karhulumente esiyifumana kwimibutho kunye namashishini ulwazi ngohlobo nesayinwe ngabantu uxanduva yamaxwebhu accounting.

Ngokukodwa-wahlela bunokulolongeka - ukuqokelela ulwazi baya kuququzelela arhente manani isifundo akazange azigubungele iziganeko ingxelo, okanye ngaphezulu olunzulu isifundo data accounting, ukuphuculwa yabo ekuqinisekiseni. Kuthatha indlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngophengululo kunye nobalo.

Siye ichazwe phantse zonke iindlela ezinkulu, iintlobo kunye neentlobo ngumgqaliselo weenkcukacha-manani. Kwakukho kuphela kwifom yokugqibela - ezi rejista. Kuthatha indawo kwimeko esweni okokoko iinkqubo ethatha indawo ixesha elide, nto leyo abe nesiqalo article, uphuhliso kunye nesiphelo. Ngokuqhubekayo iiyunithi facts karhulumente esisigxina kunye. Ukuziqhelisa statistical, bahlule phakathi iirejista zoshishino kunye neerejista kwabantu. ZifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe actualized rhoqo kwaye ogama uluhlu abemi beli lizwe. Enterprises inikeza iinkampani nazo zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nokuxabiseka iimpawu ezithile unit nganye.

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa iifomu, iindlela, iintlobo lokuqaphela zamanani. Kakade ke, siye wawuthetha kubo nje kuphela, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo sibonile.