Ngubani na Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov ngokufutshane

Ngubani na Ivan Fedorov owaziyo, mhlawumbi namhlanje wonke umfundi. Kwiincwadi zembali ukuze abantwana baqonde into yokuba le ncwadi yokuqala Russian eprintiweyo wadala lo mntu. Bayazi ukuba ngaxeshanye Ivana Groznogo baze bafundiswe kakhulu umntu imilinganiselo ngelo xesha. Kodwa izinto ezininzi ezinomdla nobomi lo mzobo edume akayi thaca kule ncwadi zezifundo. Njengoko ngokunjalo nje indlela anameva yaba umsebenzi nguvulindlela Russian.

Incwadi yokuqala eRashiya

Incwadi yokuqala iminyanya baseRashiya mihla badibana ngothando nangentlonelo olukhulu. Kodwa ngubani na Ivan Fyodorov, abemi Russia, uze emva koko akazange azi. Ngapha koko, kwase le ncwadi mihla wavela elide phambi kokuzalwa laloo mntu. KumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni, iincwadi zange ishicilelwe kwaye ezikotshiweyo. Ngaba oko abantu abaqeqeshwe ngokukodwa - ababhali. Umsebenzi kwezi ngcali onzima, nokuvelisa umsebenzi lalingu amaphepha ngaphantsi kwe ezine ngosuku.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XV, i-German uJohann Gutenberg wasungula iileta ezinokususwa ukuba yoshicilelo. Olu qambo ezabangela ukuba ukuzalwa koshishino zokupapasha eYurophu. Kodwa kuqala Moscow ishicilela indlu, waza wadala ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane XVI, ukuba wenze kuphela ngokususela karhulumente. Ngokwakhe Ivan Grozny wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe le njongo isakhiwo eyahlukileyo, apho, ngokutsho data conjectural, kunye Ivan Fyodorov wasebenza. Pioneer amagqabantshintshi kunye yamaxwebhu ashicilelweyo epapashwe eMoscow iincwadi ezimbini kuphela. Kungekudala, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo. New, indlela eziqhubekayo ukuba incasa abakhupheli. Kwaye oku ayimangalisi, kuba indalo bomashini nakubuchule anqunyulwe umthombo yabo engundoqo yengeniso.

in ekuthinjweni

Le abashicileli yokuqala Incwadi eRashiya akazange abangele uvelwano kungekuphela phakathi abakhupheli zobungcali, kodwa zababingeleli. wabona lokugqibela indlela ezintsha intshukumisa ngabawexuki. Ngenxa isakhiwo yoshicilelo yelenqe, ibekwe kwi Nikolskaya Street, yayilaph ngomlilo. Noko ke, kukho enye inguqulo njengako apho abefundisi mlilo azizange ezinxulumene. Loo esenzeka ngaloo mihla kwimeko rhoqo ngamaplanga eMoscow. Kwaye ke inkosi akazange abe nobuganga buza ukumkani sidwelise kwenye mboleko ukuze kwakhiwe umatshini wokushicilela omtsha.

Uzeleyo eemfihlelo biography Ivana Fedorova. Ngokufutshane mntu uthi iminyaka emininzi umshicileli yokuqala Russian Nongawuthabathiyo indawo e Moscow, kwaye kwilizwe lasemzini. Okokuqala, Fedorov waya Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kamva - to eLviv, apho unako ukuvula ivenkile yakhe ngokukhuselekileyo.

"Umpostile"

Biography Ivan Fedorov has a lot of amabala amhlophe. Wavele, yena ofundileyo e Krakow. Nangona kunjalo, le yunivesithi bafumana ulwazi engqina uqeqesho nguvulindlela zobugcisa Russian kunayo.

Neziseko kushicilelo Western yaseYurophu Fedorov ayiqhelileyo. Kodwa ukupapashwa iincwadi eRashiya kufuneka wenze incwadi, umzobo phezu izithethe iincwadi Russian. Phezu incwadi yakhe yokuqala Fedorov wasebenza unyaka wonke. Nceda kulo mzekelo enikelweyo yi kumhlobo wakhe uPeter Mstislavets. Le ncwadi ngokuba "Umpostile." Font kulo msebenzi wobugcisa nakubuchule yaba yimikhuba kakhulu futhi ofana-ngqangi. isiqendu ngasinye siqala iileta enkulu ebomvu, nto leyo kuthwalelwa phandle ngendlela ephucukileyo ngobuciko. Kule ncwadi, umbhali kwakhona amakhonkco nizise iipateni isiGrike kunye yelo xesha.

Uhlelo olutsha ngobomi Ivana Fedorova wanikwa. Ngokufutshane phayona etha malunga nezifundo zakhe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, zobugcisa nakubuchule wamfundisa inkosi Danish.

"Breviary"

Akwaziwa kule mini, ngoko ukuba inkcazelo enokuthenjwa nguvulindlela imfundo yakho. Ubomi lizele eemfihlelo Ivana Fedorova ngokumiselwa iminyaka. Kakade ke, le ndoda yonke imisebenzi ababandakanyekayo ukushicilelwa ixesha. Lo vulindlela odumileyo Russian wakhonza engumkroli, typographer, kwaye udale kweefonti i zakhe.

Le vutshila umbhali iincwadi zokuqala Russian wabhala njengesipho, wathumela phezulu. imisebenzi yakhe akholisa ukuba isiqulatho ngokomoya. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba uhlelo lwesibini Fedorov kunye Mstislavets yaba ingqokelela imithandazo. "Chasovnyk" imele omnye weyona mizekelo zokuqala zezifundo. Ngokutsho incwadi, waba ifomati epokothweni, abantwana iminyaka emininzi ukufunda ukufunda.

Biography Ivan Fedorov ubungqina emfutshane malunga nemisebenzi yakhe kummandla Russia. "Breviary" incwadi yesibini nezokugqibela, epapashwe kwi-Moscow endlwini yoshicilelo. Kodwa ukusukela zobugcisa nakubuchule Fedorov abazange balahlekelwe yonke imihla yakhe.

"IVangeli"

Indlela ubuntu enkulu kusoloko inzima olunameva. Imbali yokuqala ethi-zomshicileli - umzekelo ocacileyo. Biography Ivan Fedorov sisityebi iziganeko ebuhlungu. ubunzima abaninzi babemlindile ebomini. Kodwa ukuba elubhacweni, kuba akukho ngaphantsi gqolo kwakudalwa indalo ncwadi. Ngokusekelwe kwi Duchy of Lithuania, Fedorov wakwazi ukuqhubeka umsebenzi ubomi bakhe bonke. Kunye ne Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz wakwazi ukukhulula "iindaba ezilungileyo katitshala."

"Psalms"

Biography Ivana Fedorova yaye umsebenzi wakhe zinxulunyaniswa amagama afana Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo Aba bantu, babe nabo yale umntu omkhulu yoshicilelo. "Psalms" - incwadi Fedorov sele ukhululwe ezabo. Chodkiewicz ngelo xesha wayeka ukuba nomdla kushicilelo ngenxa yokwaluphala. Mstislavets ibekho ngokumenywa koogxa Lithuanian bafudukela Vilna.

"UMpostile": Lions

Ngubani na Ivan Fedorov, eLviv wayesazi wonke umntu bakhanyiselwa. E Ukraine, wayibona wavakalelwa ngathi aka- ilizwi elibhaliweyo. Ebhadula iminyaka ngokwemizi kunye namazwe, Fedorov uye wafumana indawo yokufihla okwethutyana apha, yaye ngoku abantu abanempembelelo wohlobo angalisungula kumasifundisane. entsha "uMpostile" yapapashwa kulo mzi. Nangona abantu balapha kunye nemfuneko ukuba ufundile, lwakhawuleza Niwonakalisile indlu yoshicilelo.

Kwintshayelelo iimveliso awathi akhutshwa amazwe, Ivan Fedorov amagqabantshintshi abafundi malunga incwadi intshutshiso abashicileli ukusuka eMoscow ecaweni.

"Primer"

Ngomhla umbuzo wokuba ngubani na Ivan Fedorov, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukunika impendulo-igama elinye. Le ndoda ecacile ngexesha lakhe, nguye umdali okubhaliweyo Russian, umvakalisi le ncwadi yokuqala. I esiqhelekileyo "primer" bakubona kubulela ukukhanya kule ubuntu ebalaseleyo.

Unako ukudala inkcazelo elisondeleyo Ivan Fedorov ngokwesiseko kwenkcazelo yembali ezikhumbuzo sobugcisa Russian lokushicilela. Wayeyindoda emangalisayo zizinikeleyo ukunamathela. Ide ngemihla yokugqibela yobomi bakhe abazange bayeke imisebenzi esebenzayo hayi kuphela lilungiselelo yokushicilela rhoqo, nkqu zabuqhinga yombutho waphosa ngompu lokwenene. Ngelishwa, izicwangciso zakhe aluzange luphumelele ngenxa yokuba ukufa ngequbuliso.

ejele

workshop ophelileyo Fedorova waba entolongweni komzi. Ekulungiseleleni lo matshini wokushicilela ukunceda kwakhe inkosana lasekuhlaleni, ogama yokuhlala ayesaziwa ukuba kwiziko kwezenkcubeko nezemfundo County. yinqaba sele yabelwe lo masifundisane ncwadi abashicileli, ukwakweli lomlanjana. Apha, inkosi wakwazi ukupapasha iincwadi malunga ezintlanu. Lokuqala Eastern Slavic iBhayibhile yokugqibela kunye inkulu Russian uvakalisa nguvulindlela. ekujikelezeni kwawo ngaphaya iikopi zaliwaka, ngelo xesha kwakukho into ebalulekileyo.

Ekulungisweni kwiintlelo yeBhayibhile, leyo kuthiwa "Ostrog", oko ukuvelisa kunye nokuzotywa zabalinganiswa thaca kule migca mitsha ezintlanu. iimpazamo ezininzi eziqulathwe ngokuthumela Ivanom Groznym kwi ikopi, isantya inkqubo yokudala le ncwadi. Ukulungisa kunoogxa ezifunekayo ngeelwimi zasemzini.

Nangona ulangazelelo lwakhe olungagungqiyo kunye nokukhuthala engakholelekiyo, uvulindlela lokushicilela Russian wafa bahlwempuzeke. Yena wangcwatyelwa kwilizwe lasemzini, yaye kwiinkulungwane ezimbini emva kokufa ilitye lesikhumbuzo kunye ingcwaba lakhe wanyamalala.