Ngoobani abanumzana, nabakhulu?

Ngoobani bakwaYuda? Olu udidi eliphezulu, apho yayikhona eRashiya ukususela nge-10 leminyaka 17. Udidi esinelungelo kwakhona bawo bangabathetheli ezinkulu ethile.

Ukuvela kwe izinduna

Kwiqela elinegunya wabanumzana bakhokela ngoko nangoko emva kokuba i-Grand Duke, inxaxheba ecaleni kwabo kurhulumente.

Le iklasi wema ngaphandle kwinkulungwane 9, xa ukuyilwa karhulumente yamandulo Russian. Phakathi kwabo phakathi iinkulungwane 10-11 zizodwa apho abathetheli kunye izinduna zemstvo. Okokuqala siye ngokuba amadoda Knyazhye, yaye okwesibini - abadala Gradska. Yeyona yokugqibela kwinzala ukhomba yezizwe. Xa ngenkulungwane ye-11 amadoda Knyazhye wanika uyaphantsi, ukuba kwesele izinduna zemstvo, waba ilifa enye.

Abathetheli kunye izinduna kwimicimbi karhulumente kwiinkulungwane 12-15

Njengoko izidwangube ukuba akhonze benganga, imisebenzi lwabo luquka inkonzo yomkhosi wakhe. Kodwa baba ezininzi amalungelo: ilungelo kufuneka lokuhamba ukuya kwenye kwisikhulu; ngokwenene amandla nasekufumaneni kummandla umhlaba wookhokho babo; akhonze zakhe.

Ukuqhekezwa Russia, kwenzeka kwiinkulungwane 12-15, oko kwakhokelela buthathaka bamandla yenene. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ukwanda ngamandla kwezoqoqosho iklasi boyar, ukukhula impembelelo yawo yezopolitiko.

Umzekelo, kummandla Compostela-Volyn ubulawuli amazwe Novgorod kwi kubanumzana 13 kwinkulungwane wathabatha phezu kwimicimbi karhulumente, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle phezu mabhunga ekuthiwa njalo-. Ngenxa impembelelo iklasi Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan ubulawuli akazange abe namandla inkosana enamandla ngayo.

Ukusukuzana abathetheli kunye izinduna-patrimonial

Ukunciphisa impembelelo ye izinduna-patrimonial iinkosana wabhenela servitors izinduna kunye nezidwangube.

Xa uqala ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-14 amandla njengenkosana waqala ukukhula kwakhona, kwakukho ekuthiwa-ezithile izinduna ngengqiqo. Umyalelo wabo ukulawula amasebe kuqoqosho ebhotwe.

Ngoobani abanye izinduna eyiyo? Le nomkhwenyana, falconer, chashnichy njl Kwakhona, azivunyelwanga ukuba zibe iirhuluneli, ulawulo yayo nentsimi eyahlukileyo ligqithiselwe kubo ekondleni.

Ukuqulunqwa lukarhulumente esembindini kwakhokelela nomqathango amalungelo izinduna, leyo licuthe somxholo sifo, loo mbandezelo kunye nokupheliswa ekupheleni ukuphuma ekunene ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya nelinye. status yeklasi Social itshintshile.

Ukusasazwa amandla kwiinkulungwane 15-17

Ngoobani izinduna ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-15? Ngoku ke ixabiso elifomatiweyo liphezulu phakathi servitors ze ezweni labo. Ubukho isiqu esinjalo kwakuthetha ukuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ye-Boyar Duma, wawunika ilungelo lokuba abe isikhundla dumnyi liphezulu. Izinduna, njengokuba umthetho, ngoku ibekwe phezu kwezithuba eziphambili zolawulo, eyenkundla emkhosini, wema intloko-odolo.

Izinduna votchinniki, siya qhubeka nokulwa urhulumente baseka karhulumente esembindini kumntu wonke, ndayihluthwa amalungelo amaninzi zentlalo, ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko. ngoko nangoko zonke iintlobo zoqhankqalazo kunye neentetho livunyelwe. Boyar ngophakathi ihlaselwe nzima ngenxa oprichnina Ivan IV.

Nokufika ukuya kwetrone Romanovs lonikezelo igunya phakathi iiklasi litshintshile kakhulu. Ngoku, ngokwezoqoqosho komelezwa servitors izinduna kunye ngabafo kwenkulungwane ye-17, lo gama ubukhosi akamaninzi amanene wayeka. Kungenxa yezi zizathu ukuba kancane waqala ukuze babonwe yokuduka ngezigaba phakathi wabanumzana, iindwalutho. Kwaye xa lokuqesha umhlaba mihlaba kwaye patrimonial, ngokutsho indlela 1714, simanyene, yaye abazange bamanyane ngokufihlakeleyo ingcamango "abaqeshisi". Kamva, lo gama kwalungiswa elithi "bar" okanye "nkosi."

Ngowe-1682 owakubhangisayo okunene localism, kwaye ngoku izinduna ndabandakanyeka kakhulu kwimicimbi yoluntu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, uPetros mna ngokupheleleyo zijikwe isihloko eyahamba.

Ubomi izinduna nezidwangube

Nabakhulu izidwangube kwenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, beza kunye kwiklasi enye.

Ukuba sithethe ngobomi, ngoko izinto ezenziwe eziseleyo ixesha kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba wabanumzana, namanene ke izinduna waba ezininzi izixhobo kunye nezinto zesilivere, zexabiso uhombiso ekhaya. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, namanene ezininzi ibe iinqaba bondage, nto leyo baphile kubantu abangama-60 ukuya kuma-80.

Inkangeleko akanaso yokuqala lokwenyaniso ngexesha Manor bobabo kwiinkulungwane 10-11. Ngokuthe ngcembe, amanye nabo kweli khondo ukuya njengenguqu ezahlukeneyo zonakala. Abanikazi baleka imihlaba zabo. Kodwa abameli yabasebenzi izama, ndikwazile ukugcina ubutyebi nommandla ukuba iinkulungwane 16-17 yayibiyelwe ngeendonga eliphezulu nempahla yabo, zizenza zakhe ezinde kakhulu.

izinduna Gen. lezikhulu ngenkulungwane ye-17

Ukungena ngcembe yemodeli yaseYurophu ubomi ekwilifa ngokwezimali kukhokelele ekwandeni inkxalabo malunga intuthuzelo yobomi. Indlela enye ukuqonda ngoobani abanumzana, nabakhulu? Higher ngokwezimali iklasi olukhuselekileyo abonisa ngayo ukuba abenako; baqalisa ukuvela etafileni iintlobo ngeentlobo zokutya kunye kwamalweyile, neenkamba ngamnye kunye amalaphu. Ke kaloku lonke ilungu lentsapho waba kwigumbi elahlukileyo. Ingakumbi zizityebi ohlanga wasebenzisa izitya zodongwe, itoti kunye nobhedu.

Abameli amagama ezaziwayo-kakuhle ixesha (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, njl) ihonjiswe indlu yabo enkulu ilitye kunye nefashoni baseYurophu: iindonga eninzi iphepha lodongo, iikhaphethi, kunye ngesikhumba; kunye nendlela izibuko; inani elikhulu zemithombo kukhanya, ezifana neendawo amakhandlela zokuhombisa.

Njengoko onke, yaye abakhonzi baqalisa ukunxiba ngendlela European: amalaphu lula eninzi, style ezamahala, izacholo yegolide nezimfakamfele isiliva, namatye anqabileyo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iilokhwe abaMhlophe ngaphandle kunokuba kwisehlo rhoqo eRashiya kwenkulungwane ye-17, iklasi nelungelo ngeendlela ezininzi baqalisa ukulandela indlela fashion Western.

Enye into entsha ebomini ebonelelwe izinduna nezidwangube waba into oyithandayo. Chess, ukuya iikonsathi kunye nezinye zokuzonwabisa iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kubomi zizityebi. Badlulela zizisu ukukhanya kunye imithombo, kunye nabakhonzi ngasemva, ayenxiba iiwigi, baqala amadoda ukuba achebe ubuso bakhe.

Burgher elite wahlala athobeke. abameli balo enxibe broadcloth ilokhwe, ifanitshala kunye nempahla abazange imali eninzi kakhulu. Kodwa kwakhona ebomini babo kwakukho umnqweno intuthuzelo. Kumagumbi uyakwazi ukubona imizobo, iwotshi, izibuko. reception guest lwaqhutywa ngo staterooms ezizodwa.

Nabanumzana bazama ukukhuphela zasebukhosini, Kakade, kungengalo ayenechaphothi yobukumkani, kodwa noko. nandawo wabonakala window kunye kaMika, ifanitshala eyenziwe ngomthi oqingqiweyo, iikhaphethi phezu imigangatho.

Ngoobani aba izinduna e Wallachia and lahlaselwa?

Ngomhla kummandla Wallachia kunye lahlaselwa iklasi feudal lasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-14. Ngaphakathi kuyo kwakukho kudidi ethile. izinduna Generic baba bashtin nabanini (izindlu), kwaye Local - mali ngamafa. Kwi umahluko phakathi kwabo baba imfiliba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Njengenxalenye yale izinduna ezizimeleyo ngesiRomania lwe ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwakukho abantu abarhwebi amakhulu kunye namagosa. Kule mimandla, nokuphelisa le izinduna njengeklasi kwenzeka kuphela Matshi 22, 1945 ekuphunyezweni umthetho yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba.

La magama 'izidwangube' yaye 'baba ngabafo "kwiincwadi zembali

Ngoobani abanumzana, nabakhulu? Ukumiselwa amabali linikeza impendulo ecacileyo kunye ezimfutshane lo mbuzo.

Iingangamsha - abameli iklasi nelungelo evelayo eluntwini wobukhosi.

Izinduna - abameli umaleko ongaphezulu kwe umphakathi wobukhosi, obe-10 kangangeenkulungwane 17 kwi kummandla Kievan Rus, eMoscow ulawulo, Bulgarian, ulawulo Moldavian, Wallachia, ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV eRomania.