Neanderthal - oku ... Abantu bamandulo - Bamandulo Phaya

Le ndoda wayesoloko unomdla imvelaphi yabo. Ngubani na, phi, kanjani - ixesha elide ukuba omnye imiba engundoqo. E Greece yamandulo, ngexesha ukuzalwa ingxaki yokuqala inzululwazi ye imvelaphi yabantu iye esisiseko kwi bulumko asakhulayo. Kwaye ngoku, lo mba uye andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwayo. Ngoxa kwinkulungwane edluleyo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuba kude phambili kwingxaki yimbonakalo yomntu, imibuzo eza.

Akukho namnye abaphandi ayikwazi sinokuqiniseka ukuba hypothesis kwamkelwa malunga ngemvelaphi yobomi, kuquka yimbonakalo yomntu iyinyaniso. Akuphelelanga apho, kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, yaye zesayensi namhlanje izazinzulu wokwenene War, eyikhusela izimvo zabo kwaye okuchitha ingcamango yabadlali.

Omnye wabantu bamandulo abaninzi kakuhle ucwaningo a Neanderthal. Oku emele uluntu extinct ixesha elide eyadlulayo, owayehlala 130 - 20 iminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo.

Imvelaphi yegama

Xa entshona eJamani, kufuphi Dusseldorf, kuba intili Neandertal. igama layo sele ifumene egameni umfundisi waseJamani nomqambi Neander. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, kwafunyanwa khona ukhakhayi Indoda yakudala. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, semvelaphi Shaafgauzen, ukwenza isifundo, eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "Neanderthal" kwi revolution yenzululwazi. Ngenxa kuye, amathambo bafumana zaye azithengiswa, kwaye ngoku imyuziyam ezweni baseRhine.

Igama elithi "Neanderthal" (photo ngenxa ngokutsha isimo salo, kuyenzeka ukubona ngezantsi) ayinayo imida ecacileyo ngenxa nobukhulu yamaqela kunye inhomogeneities ezibumnturha. Isimo bexhego, kakhulu, akunakuqinisekiswa. Ezinye izazinzulu ayibeke ukuya zenyathi Homo sapiens, abanye bemi ngaphandle nje iintlobo ezahlukeneyo okanye uhlobo. Kaloku umntu omdala izimvo ezininzi ngaye Neanderthal of ezibumnturha enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele. Ngaphezu koko, basaqhubekeka ukufumana amathambo yelo ntlobo.

Indlela kumfumana

Iintsalela abameli umntu eyayingekaphuhli ayikwazanga kufumana lokuqala ezibumnturha. abantu yamandulo (Bamandulo Phaya) esafunyanwa 1829 eBelgium. Emva koko, eso sigqibo akuthethi athimbe nayiphi ngokubaluleka, kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kuboniswa kakhulu kamva. Emva koko isidumbu yazo eNgilani. Kwaye kuphela ukufunyanwa wesithathu ngo-ngo1856 kufuphi Dusseldorf wamnika igama Neanderthal kwaye likugqinile ukubaluleka zonke iifosili ezifunyaniswe odlulileyo.

abasebenzi Quarry zafumana GROTTO ezele udaka. Emva kokulungisa bafumana kufuphi emnyango, yaba lukakayi yoluntu kunye amathambo ezimbalwa omkhulu. Iintsalela amandulo ethengiweyo paleontologist yaseJamani uJohann Fulrotom, owathi kamva wachaza.

Neanderthal - iimpawu zolwakhiwo kunye nokuhlelwa

Amathambo bafumana eziphili abantu baye bafunda ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngokusekelwe izazinzulu zophando bakwazi kutsha imilo uqikelelo. Neanderthal - obandulela ngomnye wabantu bokuqala ukususela ukufana kwayo kwi -Homo sapiens ngokucacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho isixa esikhulu umahluko.

Ukukhula avareji lendoda yamandulo iisentimitha 165. Yena waba ukwakha onesiqu kunye nentloko enkulu, kwaye umthamo cranium abantu bamandulo Bamandulo Phaya bangcono indoda mihla. Izandla zimfutshane, ngakumbi ngathi ngamathupha azo. amagxa Ibanzi kwaye umphanda esifubeni uthethe ngayo amandla amakhulu.

iintshiyi Strong, isilevu encinane kakhulu, impumlo, intamo emfutshane - esinye ngaphezulu iimpawu Neanderthal. Kungenzeka, ezi mpawu babo bujikelezwe kwiimeko ezimaxongo i-Ice Age, apho abantu bamandulo ababephila 100 - 50 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ulwakhiwo Bamandulo Phaya unika sizathu sicinge ukuba ubunzima kwezihlunu elikhulu, amathambo enzima wondla ikakhulu inyama yaye bhetele Cro-Magnons, yimidlalo imozulu Arctic.

Baye Kwintetho abangekaphuhli kungenzeka iqulunqwe inani elikhulu consonants.

Ekubeni kuhlala aba bantu bamandulo kwindawo enkulu, kukho iindidi ezininzi. Omnye inemisebenzi kufutshane esiyimamali-ngathi ngembonakalo, ngoxa abanye njengendoda mihla.

Habitat nesintu neanderthalensis

Ukususela isidumbu bafumana namhlanje siyazi ukuba Neanderthal umntu (abantu bamandulo ababephila kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo) wayehlala e Europe, Central Asia kunye East. E-Afrika, ezi ezibumnturha azafunyanwa. Kamva le nto wayengomnye ubungqina bokuba Homo neanderthalensis asinto ukhokho womntu mihla, yaye ecaleni kwakhe inyama.

Njani na ukuphatha ukuyilandelela yimbonakalo yomntu yokuqala

Ukususela Shaafgauzena, "owayemele" womntu Neanderthal kuye kwenziwa amalinge amaninzi lokuphinda inkangeleko yale ngamaqhekeza yamandulo hominid of ukakayi kunye elimele. impumelelo enkulu ziyaphunyezwa kwixa semvelaphi eSoviet nomkroli uMikhail Gerasimov. Wadala indlela yakhe nezokubuyiselwa yimbonakalo yomntu ngoncedo iintsalela skeletal. Aba abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini eqingqiweyo ekuthethwa ngabo. Gerasimov kwakhona ngokutsha ubuso ongasekhoyo Neanderthal kunye Cro-Magnon. Wadala lo Laboratory ngokutsha yabantu iyaqhubeka nenxaxheba ekubuyiselweni ingaphandle abantu bamandulo ngempumelelo ngoku.

Bamandulo Phaya kunye Cro-Magnons - ku eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabo?

Aba bameli ezimbini uhlobo abantu babephila okwethutyana ngexesha elinye kwaye wabakho ecaleni iminyaka engamashumi amabini amawaka. Izazinzulu ibhekisela Cro-Magnon abameli yokuqala womntu mihla. Bavela eYurophu 40 - engama-50 amawaka eyadlulayo yaye eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka Bamandulo Phaya emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Baba nde (180 cm), wanebunzi ngqo ngaphandle elibukhali nebunzi, impumlo icuthene chin ngakumbi kuchazwe ngokucacileyo. Ngembonakalo, aba bantu zikufutshane kakhulu kumntu mihla.

Le mpumelelo lenkcubeko Cro-Magnon wagqwesa kwempumelelo langaphambili. Ekubeni ilifa yookhokho babo liphuhlise ubuchopho enkulu kunye nobuchwepheshe nobu-, ukuba kwixesha elifutshane wenza kukodwa phambili kuphuhliso yayo. Iziphumo zazo umxhelo. Umzekelo, koomiqolomba kwiintente ezenziwe ngezikhumba babehlala Bamandulo Phaya kunye Cro-Magnons kumaqela amancinane. Kodwa ke yokugqibela kunye zokuhlala zokuqala ziye zasekwa ngenqindi phantsi kwasekwa kuluntu yesizwe. Ke walawula inja, wenza emngcwabeni, zipeyintwe imifanekiso kubazingeli iindonga emiqolombeni, bakwazi ukwenza izixhobo kuphela ngamatye, kodwa ngenxa iimpondo kunye namathambo. Cro-Magnons Kwintetho uliciko.

Ngoko, umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini ze Indoda yakudala zazibalulekile.

Homo neanderthalensis indoda mihla

Kangangethuba elide, imbewu baba ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi malunga omnye abamele abantu bamandulo kufuneka ithathwe ngukhokho yomntu. Ngoku uyazi kakuhle into Neanderthal (iifoto ezithathwe ngokusekelwe kuvuselelwa iintsalela ithambo, oko uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo) ngokwasemzimbeni kunye lwangaphandle Imbonakalo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwi-Homo sapiens kwaye ngukhokho yomntu mihla.

Ngaphambilana kule akhawunti kukho omnye umbono. Kodwa izifundo kutshanje ukunika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba iminyanya Homo sapiens wayehlala e-Afrika, apho walala ngaphandle ophilileyo Homo neanderthalensis. Kwimbali yabo ende nasekufundweni ithambo lihlala kubo akukaze afumaneka kwi kwilizwekazi le-Afrika. Kodwa ekugqibeleni mba wasonjululwa ngo-1997 xa i-University of Munich ukuba ziqala Neanderthal DNA. Umahluko kwi zofuzo eziye ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ukuba likhulu kakhulu.

Isifundo zofuzo nesintu neanderthalensis kwaqhubeka ngo-2006. Kuye angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi ukuba umahluko imfuza olu hlobo Indoda yakudala ukususela namhlanje malunga nowama-500 namawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kuba zokucazulula DNA ziye amathambo kusetyenziswa efumaneka Croatia, eRashiya, Germany ne Spain.

Ngoko ke, kukhuselekile bathi loo mntu Neanderthal - uyiqhelile kuthi eziphilayo oko kumntu ngqo Homo sapiens. Le yenye isebe usapho elikhulu ezibumnturha, ebandakanya, ukongeza okhokho babantu kunye extinct, kwaye nkqu obeku- eliphezulu.

Ngo-2010, ngethuba kwizifundo yemfuza Neanderthal eziye zafunyanwa iintlanga ezininzi mihla. Oku kubonisa ukuba phakathi Homo neanderthalensis kunye Cro-Magnon mix apho.

Ubomi kunye nokuphila kwabantu bamandulo

Neanderthal (abantu bamandulo ababephila kuMbindi Paleolithic) kuqala basebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi nobu-, afumane ivela ababengaphambi kwakhe. Ngokuthe ngcembe yaqala ukuvela, iifom ezintsha phambili ngakumbi lwemipu. Nangoku ezenziwe ngamatye, kodwa isiya isohluka nangakumbi kunye nezintsonkothileyo kwiteknoloji processing. Kubonakele ngeentlobo mathandathu iimveliso ukuba eneneni ukwahlukahlukana iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko: izembe, scrapers kunye ostrokonechnikov.

Ngexesha bemba Neanderthal sites abaqingqi abo zaye kananjalo, zihlanjiwe, scrapers kunye isixhobo wona aqoqiwe.

Scrapers ukunceda ukusika kunye yokugquma kwezilwanyana kunye izikhumba zazo, amanqaku aze ebanzi umda. Zazisetyenziswa iintshengece, iimela xa usika kwezidumbu, njengoko ukhokela kunye yotolo. Used Bamandulo Phaya amandulo kunye namathambo ukwenza izixhobo. Baba kakhulu zihlanjiwe netiphu, kodwa wafumana izinto ezinkulu - iintshengece, kunye namagqudu sivela uphondo.

Ke ukuba izikhali, kwaba sekunjalo likumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu. main umbono wayo, ekubonakala, kwaba umkhonto. Esi sigqibo sisekelwe izifundo amathambo isilwanyana esifunyenwe kwisiza sites Neanderthal.

Ezi abantu bamandulo hayi unethamsanqa kunye nemozulu. Ukuba langaphambili babehlala kwixesha efudumeleyo, ngoko ngexesha nesintu neanderthalensis waqalisa mabophe olomeleleyo abandayo baqalisa ukwenza ezihambayo. I-landscape wafana ehlabathini emathafeni. Ngoko ke ubomi Neanderthal wayengqwabalala kakhulu yaye izele iingozi.

Housing ukuba waqhubeka ekhonza umqolomba, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuvela kwi zokwakha evulekileyo - ezintenteni izikhumba zezilwanyana kunye ubume amathambo mammoths.

izifundo

Ixesha elininzi Indoda yakudala ndandishumayela zikhangela ukutya. Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, baba scavengers kunye abazingeli, kodwa lo msebenzi ifuna kokungqinelana izenzo. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, iintlobo eziphambili lwe Bamandulo Phaya zaba ezanyisayo ezinkulu. Ekubeni umntu yamandulo babehlala kwintsimi enkulu, baneminyaka ezahlukeneyo: mammoths, iinkunzi zasendle kunye namahashe, imikhombe ezinoboya, amaxhama. An izilwanyana ebalulekileyo Umdlalo nebhere mqolomba.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nokuzingelwa kwezilwanyana ezinkulu iye umsebenzi zazo eziphambili, Bamandulo Phaya waqhubeka ebiza le ndibano. Ngokutsho sifundo, abazange ezidla ngokupheleleyo, yaye ukutya kwabo yayiquka iingcambu, neenkozo zepistasi, amaqunube.

isiko

Indoda Neanderthal - oku ukuba likumgangatho ophantsi, njengoko kwakucingwa kwinkulungwane XIX. abantu bamandulo ababephila ngexesha kuMbindi Paleolithic, kwasekwa umkhwa yenkcubeko, nto leyo eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba inkcubeko Mousterian. Ngelo xesha, ukuba iqala ukuzalwa uhlobo entsha yoluntu - zoluntu yesizwe. Bamandulo Phaya wanyamekela amalungu entsapho yakhe. Abazingeli abawudli ixhoba emhlabeni, babathwalela wabuyela kumqolomba kwamanye amalungu.

Homo neanderthalensis wayengekho kodwa awuzukukwazi ukutsala okanye ukudala amanani isilwanyana eyenziwe ngamatye okanye udongwe. Kodwa endaweni yokupaka yayo bafumana amatye kunye vee ezineenkcukacha. Abantu bamandulo singasebenza imikrwelo okufanayo izixhobo bone kunye izivatho ekwenzeni amazinyo isilwanyana yamba lukhule.

Uphuhliso aphezulu kwinkqubela yelizwe Bamandulo Phaya wathetha, kunye namasiko abo omngcwabo. emangcwabeni ngaphezu mabini zifunyenweyo. Body obekwe emigodini kuyaphi kwi yokuma umntu olele iingalo kunye nemilenze egobile.

Ubephethwe abantu bamandulo kunye nasekuthwaseni ulwazi lwezonyango. Babesazi ukuba uphilise indlela kuziphuko zendalo kunye dislocations. Ezinye iziphumo lubonisa ukuba abantu bokuqala abayinyamekelayo abalimele.

Homo neanderthalensis - imfihlakalo yokutshabalala abantu bamandulo

Nini yaye kwakutheni ukuze lo Neanderthal lokugqibela yaphela? Le mfihlelo ke phezu ezingqondweni izazinzulu iminyaka emininzi. Lo mbuzo uye ncam ubungqina bokuba impendulo. indoda Modern akamazi isizathu sokuba iidayinaso wanyamalala, kwaye ayikwazi ukuba kukhokelele ekutshabalaleni isihlobo sakhe abasenyongweni ngeefosili anqongophele.

Ukuze ixesha elide bekukholeleka ukuba Bamandulo Phaya acofwa kwakhe ukuziqhelanisa ngakumbi kwaye ziphuhliswe zingasondeli - Cro-Magnon. Kwaye ke ubungqina le ngcamango ngokwenene eninzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu mihla uvele eYurophu kummandla nesintu neanderthalensis malunga 50,000 eyadlulayo, 30 iminyaka eliwaka i Neanderthal yokugqibela shwaka. Kukholelwa ukuba aba iinkulungwane amabini ecaleni abahlala kwindawo encinane yaba lixesha ukhuphiswano phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini izibonelelo. Cro-Magnon indoda iphumelele kubulelwe preponderance lwamanani kunye bhetyebhetye engcono.

Asingabo bonke izazinzulu uyavumelana nale ngcamango. Abanye abeke phambili hypothesis zabo umdla ngaphantsi. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba nembono ukuba Bamandulo Phaya okonakalisa ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Isibakala sokuba-30 amawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo eYurophu waqalisa ixesha elide kubanda neyomileyo. Mhlawumbi oku kukhokelele yokuduka umntu omdala lowo ayikwazanga ziziqhelanise nemiqathango eguqukayo ebomini.

Kunokuba theory engaqhelekanga ukubeka phambili Saymon Anderdaun, oyingcali Oxford University. Ukholelwa ukuba Bamandulo Phaya idabi esi sifo, leyo uphawu enzela. Njengoko yaziwa, ukudla ungumntu ingaqhelekanga ngelo xesha.

Enye inguqulelo yokuduka eli abantu bamandulo - nokwenziwa ne Cro-Magnons.

Ukuphela Homo neanderthalensis kwenzeka okudodobalisa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwi Iberia Peninsula abameli lolu hlobo ezibumnturha eziphili zamandulo ezaba lilitye wahlala emveni iwaka leminyaka emva yokuduka lonke elaseYurophu.

Bamandulo Phaya esikweni lwangoku

Ukuvela womntu yamandulo, umzabalazo yakhe usinga ubomi kunye imfihlelo yokuduka ziye izifundo lwemisebenzi yoncwadi kunye neebhanyabhanya. Joseph Anri URoni uSister wabhala inoveli "Ukulwela umlilo", nto leyo edunyiswa abagxeki yaye yenziwa ngo-1981. Le umboniso wegama elifanayo elaphmelela imbasa yodumo - i "Oscar". Ngowe-1985, ekupeyinteni "I-Clan of the Cave Bear" idaliwe, nto isixelela indlela intombazana lentsapho emva kokufa qu Cro-Magnon waba ofundileyo Bamandulo Phaya.

iqale New enikelwe abantu bamandulo, kwadalwa ngo-2010. Yinto "Le ndoda Neanderthal Last" - ibali EO eseleyo ixhoba kuphela uhlobo. Kulo mfanekiso, unobangela wokufa nesintu neanderthalensis baba nje kuphela Cro-Magnons, babewahlasela iqashiso labo yokupaka wabulala, kodwa sifo engaziwa. Kukho kwakhona ucinga amathuba nokwenziwa of Bamandulo Phaya kunye Homo sapiens. Ezifotwe style obusezimpepheni inelungelo qho ngokwe nzululwazi.

Ukongeza, i Bamandulo Phaya isihloko bhanyabhanya ezininzi, ebalisa ubomi babo, ingqesho, inkcubeko, nisingasinga theory ziphele.