Imbali yophuhliso zombane. Neengcaphephe negalelo kuphuhliso zobunjineli zombane, kunye ngezenzo zabo

Electrical - enkulu kakhulu lolwazi, nto leyo equka yonke into enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-eneji yombane. Oku izikimu zophuhliso, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye namasebe, yaye izifundo nesenzeko kagesi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo practical. Ububanzi zobunjineli bombane - kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

History of Development Electrical ezinxulumene ngokuqinileyo esintwini imbali yakhe kophuhliso. Abantu abanomdla ngezimanga zendalo, awayengenako ukuchaza. History of Development Electrical - iinzame rhoqo ukuphinda kwenzeka ntoni ngeenxa zonke kuye.

Uphononongo lwathatha kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi abaninzi. Kodwa kuphela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe imbali zobunjineli bombane baqalisa esibuyel'emva yalo ukusetyenziswa bafumana ulwazi lokwenene oluntu kunye nezakhono.

theory

Neengcaphephe negalelo kuphuhliso zobunjineli zombane - ukuba amawaka namawaka lamagama, bonke bephela kweli nqaku zicaciswe. Kodwa ke kukho umntu ngamnye, uphando ogama wancedisa ukwenza ihlabathi lethu ndlela ekuyiyo ngoku.

iingxelo zembali idiza ukuba: enye yokuqala arhola ingqalelo yakhe ukuba emva ngokukhuhla amber nxamnye uboya, oko banokufumana izinto, yaba sobulumko inabe yesiGrike eMileto. ukuhlola yakhe kwenziwa BC ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. Akukho izigqibo ezibalulekileyo, ngelishwa, akaba nako ukuyenza. Ke yena bonke nimana yakhe ibhalwe phantsi ngocoselelo ze idluliselwe ku nenzala.

Kwabonakala Igama elandelayo kuluhlu "izazinzulu, iinjineli zombane kunye ngeentlondi zabo 'olunemiqathango kuphela ngo-1663, xa isixeko yaseMagdeburg Otto Fon Gerike wayila umatshini, nto leyo ibhola okunokutsalela ngayo nje kuphela, kodwa zigxothe izinto.

zesayensi Famous

Kamva, Home Electronics wabeka loo izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ezifana:

• Stiven Grey, owenza amalinge kugqithiso kombane kwisithuba umgama. Ziziphumo zophando wakhe kwisigqibo sokuba izinto amandla ayidlulisele ezahlukeneyo.
• Sharl Dyufe, owoyiswayo imfundiso yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kombane.
• UmDatshi Pieter van Musschenbroek. Kuye abadumile njengeyabo ekondensa.
• Ngenkuthalo wafunda phenomenon Georg Richman kunye uMikhail Lomonosov.
• Benjamin Franklin. Lo mntu wehla embalini njengoko Umsunguli yentonga kombane.
• Luigi Galvani.
• Vasily Petrov.
• Sharl Kulon.
• Hans Oersted.
• Alessandro Volta.
• Andre Ampere.
• Maykl Faradey, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

energetics

Electrical - yezobunzululwazi iquka la macandelo ezine zokuqala kunye isiseko yona ngamandla. Yeyona inzululwazi isizukulwana, ukudluliselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa lwamandla. Abantu baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo lo iteknoloji yokusetyenziswa zizo kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-19.

Ibhetri lwasekuqaleni kuvumela isixhobo ukusebenza kuphela ixeshana, loo nto ayizange Uzihluthise enamabhongo izazinzulu. Umsunguli kwase yokuqala wenkunkuma waba Hungarian Anosh Ányos Jedlik ngo-1827. Ngelishwa, inzululwazi nenzala yabo eqinisekisiwe, yaye igama lakhe ihlala kuphela kwiincwadi zembali.

ugesi kamva kancincane Ippolit Piksi. Le fowuni ilula: a stator ukuba ivelisa yintsimi rhoqo zibuthe, kunye uluhlu engathi.

Imbali zobunjineli bombane kunye nophuhliso lwamandla akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuchaza igama Michael Faraday. Yaba nguye owasungula wenkunkuma yokuqala, nto leyo uvumelekile ukuba kubonelela ombane yangoku rhoqo. Kamva, iindlela ziye zaphucuka Shtererom Emile Henry Wilde, Zenobia grams.

DC

Ngowe-1873 at umboniso Vienna kwabonakala ngokucacileyo nosungulo kwimpompo ukusuka kumatshini, ibekwe ngaphezu ngekhilomitha kude.

Umbane ngokuzithemba unokuloyisa ihlabathi. Abantu yayifumaneka izinto ezinjalo ngaphambili ayaziwa omtsha yocingo, i-injini yombane kwizithuthi kunye ngeenqanawa, izibane ezidolophini. neCAPS Huge zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni umbane ngendlela engazange mveliso. Izixeko yaqala ukubonakala ukuba tram yokuqala kunye trolleybuses. Ingcamango DC kakhulu kuphunyezwa nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo uThomas Edison. Noko ke, obu bugcisa iimpazamo zawo.

ZobuNjineli boMbane senkolelo kwimibhalo zemfundo kwakuthetha ukuyigubungela elona nani likhulu kangangoko lokuhlaliswa kwabantu kunye nakwimimandla kunye nombane. Kodwa DC enoluhlu ambalwa kakhulu - malunga amathathu amabini okanye khilomitha, ngoko waqalisa ilahleko enkulu. Into ebalulekileyo kwi inguqu ukuba ifildi yokuKhangela koomatshini zentsimbi kunye nemilinganiselo okuvelisa, ubungakanani-mveliso enesidima.

Nikola Tesla

Owaseka ubuchwepheshe obutsha uthathwa ukuba sisazinzulu Serbian Nikola Tesla. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayitshabalalisa ekufundweni AC amandla, ukugqithisela ukuba kude. Electrical (kwabasaqalayo kuba sisiganeko umdla) yakhiwe kwimigaqo yayo engundoqo. Namhlanje, ikhaya ngasinye yenye indalo le sisazinzulu enkulu.

Le Umsunguli banika ihlabathi benkunkuma multiphase, induction iimoto, ikhawuntala kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Emva kweminyaka umsebenzi kusungulwe, inkampani yefowuni, ilebhu Edison yaye kamva kumashishini zabo Tesla ibe ngamava enkulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu ucwaningo.

Uluntu, ngelishwa, asikayifumani isishumi ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu. Abanini yesibambiso yeoli ziye ngamandla ngokuchasene revolution yombane ndingade ezifumanekayo ukuba bazame ukunqanda inkqubela yayo.

Ngokutsho amarhe, Nicola wakwazi ukuyila bayeke iinkanyamba, ukudlulisa umbane ngaphandle kwiingcingo ukuya nayiphi na indawo kwi zomhlaba, teleported wempi, nkqu wamqumbisa kokuwa emkhathini eSiberia. Kakhulu indoda enkulu yena.

Kwathi kanti, Nicola wayenyanisile, ukubheja kwi AC. engineering Electrical (ingakumbi kwabasaqalayo) kuqala ezakhankanywa imigaqo yakhe. Yena, ukuba umbane bangondliwa amawaka eekhilomitha usebenzisa ngababhexeshi kuphela. Kwimeko amandla "abazalwana" esisigxina kuyimfuneko ukuba wonke km ezimbini okanye ezintathu. Ukongeza, kufuneka rhoqo kugcinwe.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, DC, ndashiyeka igumbi yezithuthi yombane - tram, iibhasi netroli, zikaloliwe zombane, iinjini mveliso, ibhetri, itshaja. Noko ke, banikwe uphuhliso lobugcisa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba "postoyanke" kungekudala uza kuba kuphela kumaphepha imbali.

electromechanics

Amacandelo zombane yesibini ezichaza umgaqo ukuguqula amandla ngoomatshini zibe amandla ombane and vice versa, ubizwa ngokuba electromechanics.

Ihlabathi Isazinzulu yavivshim yokuqala umsebenzi wabo electromechanics, wayengusosayensi Swiss Engelbert Arnold, owathi ngo-1891 wapapasha ama kwi theory kunye noyilo ngenxa engathi kumatshini. Emva koko, iziphumo inzululwazi yehlabathi othe Blondel uphando Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus Tolvinskogo, Circle Park.

Ngowe-1942, i-isiHungary-American Gabriel Kron ekugqibeleni wakwazi nokucacisa theory jikelele kuzo zonke oomatshini zombane kwaye oludibanisa iinzame abaphandi abaninzi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Electromechanics wayekuthanda umdla nokuzinzileyo izazinzulu ehlabathini, kwaye ke kuyo ukuba Sciences ezifana electrodynamics (ihlola ubudlelwane ngezenzeko zombane kunye nemagnethi), ukusetyenziswa (ukufunda isindululo lwemizimba Uthethathethwano phakathi kwabo), kunye Thermal Physics (iziseko amandla yeengcingane, nokushisa, ubushushu transfer mass ) kunye nabanye.

Iingxaki ezinkulu eziye kufundwe ngaphakathi sikhokelo uphando ukufunda kunye nophuhliso abaguquli, batshintshana mhlaba otsalayo, umthwalo yangoku yomgama, njalo Arnold. izihloko Main - oomatshini zombane kunye olungenangqamaniso, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo abaguquli.

postulates Electromechanics

Iinkolelo ezintathu ezingundoqo Electromechanics zezi imithetho:

• yoqheliso magnetic Faraday;
• i yangoku iyonke ukuya yesekethe magnetic;
• amandla kagesi (eyaziwa ngokuba nomthetho Ampere kaThixo).

Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zophando, ngombane, oko kwabonisa ukuba amandla lingashukumi ngaphandle ilahleko, bonke oomatshini isebenze imo motor kunye wenkunkuma, nokuba ngamasimi alo plane kunye stator lusoloko esisigxina xa kuthelekiswa namanye.

Le ndlela yokubala esisiseko lo lenxaki:

• cars zombane;
• engathi lizama ombane koomatshini zombane;
• torque magnetic.

Iindlela zokulawula Automatic

Direction ekugqibeleni zaye zasasazeka emva kokuba kwacaca ukuba impumelelo koomatshini buyisela lamandla oluntu.

ulawulo oluzenzekelayo - ukukwazi lokuxhaphaza ukusebenza nezinye izixhobo okanye ziphela iinkqubo. Operable obushushu, uqina, intshukumo kunye nesantya engile intshukumo. Buqhinga na yenziwe kwimo ngokupheleleyo oluzenzekelayo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba lomntu.

Lo matshini yokuqala okulolu hlobo kuthathelwa ingqalelo iyunithi, eyenzelwe yi Charles Bebidzhem. Ngoncedo lwe iinkcukacha eziqulathwe kule amakhadi punch enokwenziwa ulawulo pump esebenzisa injini.

I computer yokuqala echazwe kwiincwadi umphengululi Irish uPercy Ludgate, leyo zanikezelwa kuluntu ngo-1909.

Analog izixhobo computer wavela nje ngaphambi kokuqhambuka yesiBini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Butha eziliqela umise nophuhliso kolu shishino ethembisayo.

Kwase yokuqala computer mihla wadalwa waseJamani uKonrad Zuse ngo-1938.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inkqubo yolawulo oluzenzekelayo, njengoko engekamithwa ngaye nabasunguli indawo ngempumelelo abantu mveliso, ekwenzeni lo msebenzi obungabangeli mdla kwaye kuyingozi.

electronic

Inyathelo elilandelayo kuphuhliso ngentsimbi zombane, izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuba amaxesha billion ngaphezulu ngqo kunoogxa babo analog.

Eyona idumileyo German yokuqala ukusungula umatshini cipher "Enigma". Kwaye ngoko - awanyakazela ngayo STB British elektroniki bazama ukusombulula iikhowudi ezintsonkothileyo.

Kwakukho iikhalityhuleyitha kunye neekhompyutha.

Ngelo xesha langoku lobomi lu dityanisiwe elektroniki phones kunye namacwecwe. Kwaye uya kuba yintoni na uphuhliso izixhobo zethu ngomso, singakwazi ndicinga kuphela. Kodwa oosonzululwazi imini nobusuku nje ulwela ukuba ukuhlela ukuba sonke thina uze wenze ubomi nomdla ngakumbi lula cwaka.