NATO yesinye: izigaba kunye neemeko

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) endleleni uphuhliso unenzondelelo zigaba ezininzi ukwandiswa utshintsho ingqikelelo umsebenzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ingxaki NATO ukwanda abukhali eRashiya ekuqhubeleni lombutho eMpuma, ngokwemida eRashiya.

imvelaphi Historical NATO

Imfuno uhlobo olwahlukileyo vun'we wabonakala phezu emanxuweni hlabathi elidala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. ekwakheni Post-imfazwe, uncedo kumazwe bachaphazelekayo, ukuphucula ntle lilungu-ithi olunxantathu, intsebenziswano, uxolo kunye nokhuseleko - konke oku kuye kube Izizathu eziphambili ukusebenza kweenkqubo yokuhlanganiswa eYurophu.

kucacile UN zaye esicaciswe ngo-1945, i-Union Western European yaba siphu- kwi-EU mihla, Council of Europe - ubudala efanayo njengoko NATO - yasekwa ngo-1949 Ingcamango kokudibanisa Europe kwaba emoyeni ukususela imi- 20-lwekhulu XX, kodwa kude kube sekupheleni imfazwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, akuzange kube lula ukwenza umfela . Kunye amalinge okuqala uhlanganiso Akubanga ingakumbi nempumelelo: umbutho, wadalwa kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kwemfazwe, baba kakhulu aliphelelanga kwaye elifutshane elide.

Ingongoma lokuqala ngokusesikweni North Atlantic iSivumelwano Organisation

NATO (North Atlantic iSivumelwano Umbutho okanye Atlantic Alliance) yasekwa ngowe-1949. Imisebenzi ephambili manyano wamajoni-ezopolitiko wathi ulondolozo yoxolo, ukuba ancedise amazwe kunye nophuhliso wentsebenziswano abachaphazelekayo. wezikhova NATO - longquzulwano kwempembelelo yiSoviet eYurophu.

Eyokuqala amalungu NATO 12 ithi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, NATO umanyanisa amazwe 28. imibutho Military bachitha-70% yebhajethi jikelele.

Global Inkqubo NATO: tezisno malunga injongo manyano zomkhosi

Eyona njongo ephambili ebekwe phantsi kuxwebhu ekhankanywe iNorth Atlantic iSivumelwano Umbutho, le ulondolozo kunye nokugcinwa koxolo nokhuseleko eYurophu kunye namanye amazwe - amalungu Union (i-United States kunye Canada). Ekuqaleni iyunithi kwasekwa ukuthibaza impembelelo yiSoviet Union, ngo-2015, NATO uze ingqiqo modified - isisongelo eziphambili ngoku kuhlaselwa kunokwenzeka Russian.

Isigaba esiPhakathi (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi) ubonelela ukuqaliswa yolawulo lobunzima, i-EU ukukhula. inkqubo Global NATO "Active Engagement, Modern Defense" Emva koko waba sisixhobo ephambili mbutho kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Okwangoku, ukhuseleko igcinwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokubekwa izibonelelo emkhosini kummandla States yeLungu kunye nobukho NATO zomkhosi unazo.

Eyona engundoqo amanqanaba ukwandiswa umfelandawonye zomkhosi

Ukwandiswa NATO ngokufutshane ubambe ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Amaza ezintathu zokuqala ziye zenzeka ngisho phambi yiSoviet Union iwa ngowe-1952, 1955 no-1982 Ulwandiso NATO waphawulwa izenzo zilwe ngamandla nxamnye Russian kunye nokupasa eMpuma Yurophu. Ukwanda inkulu kwenzeka ngo-2004, ngelo xesha abaviwa ukuba bajoyine NATO na States ezisibhozo. Zonke ezi mazwe zeMpuma Yurophu, akwiiBalkan, kwaye nkqu i eCaucasus.

Izizathu ukwanda NATO ecacileyo. North Atlantic Treaty Umbutho ithanda impembelelo yayo kwaye kuqinise ubukho kwiMpuma Yurophu ngenjongo abathintela ndlongo ezingqondweni Russian.

Iliza lokuqala ukukhula: Greece ne Turkey

I NATO Ukwandiswa lokuqala sele ifakiwe ngaphakathi North Atlantic iSivumelwano Umbutho Greece ne Turkey. Inani Amalungu unit lomkhosi okokuqala lanyuka ngoFebruwari 1952. Kamva, lo gama Greece (iminyaka 1974-1980) akazange inxaxheba NATO ngenxa kube ne Turkey.

West Jamani, Spain kunye nelungu ayiphumelelanga le Union

Ukwandiswa yesibini neyesithathu NATO yabalasela ukulawula of Germany (ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha 1990 - bemanyene Germany), kanye neminyaka elishumi emva kokuba edume Victory Parade kunye Spain (ngo-1982). Kamva Spain kuzo izidumbu zomkhosi NATO, kodwa iya kuhlala ilungu lo mbutho.

Ngowe-1954, i-Alliance wacela ukuba ajoyine i North Atlantic iSivumelwano kunye eSoviet Union, kodwa USSR wala kulindelekile.

Ukulawula kwamazwe Visegrad

Kwakhe kuqala ngokwenene buhlungu kukwandiswa NATO ukuya eMpuma ngo-1999. Emva koko wangena Alliance of ezintathu kumazwe ezine Visegrad, bemanyene ngo-1991, amazwe amaninzi kwiMpuma Yurophu. Kuba North Atlantic iSivumelwano wajoyina ePoland, Hungary kunye Czech Republic.

Uninzi ukwanda elikhulu-scale: indlela eya eMpuma

Okwesihlanu, NATO ukukhula ziqukwe Alliance of neMpuma Koloni kunye noMntla kumazwe asixhenxe aseYurophu: Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria kunye Slovenia. Kungekudala emva koko, i-US woKhuselo uNobhala wathi iRussia "embundwini womnyango wendlu NATO." kwakhona oku ukumqumbisa yokomelezwa ubukho manyano xa eMpuma Yurophu zaphendulwa utshintsho nokucwangciswa North American ingqiqo contract kwi banqande ndlongo kunokwenzeka Russian.

Elesithandathu Inqanaba yokwanda: usongo ecacileyo

Isigaba sokugqibela ngalo mzuzu NATO ukukhula kwenzeka ngo-2009. Ke NATO Albania kunye iCroatia, ibekwe kwi Balkan Peninsula.

Iinqobo zokuba lilungu kuluhlu NATO of izibophelelo

ubulungu NATO ayikwazi kuba naliphi na ilizwe onqwenela ukuba lilungu NATO. Lo mbutho ubeka phambili inani iimfuno ukuya ezinokuba nxaxheba. Phakathi iinqobo ezifana ukuba ubulungu iimfuno ezisisiseko yamkelwa ngo-1949:

• indawo amalungu ezinokwenzeka NATO eYurophu;

• imvume onke amalungu manyano ukuba bangene kurhulumente.

последним пунктом уже имелись прецеденты. Kwi indawo yokugqibela babesele izandulela. Greece, umzekelo, ophazamisa eqale eMakedoni esiya North Atlantic iSivumelwano Umbutho ngezizathu ukuba akukho nangoku isonjululwe imbambano malunga igama kwelaseMakedoni.

Ngo-1999, uluhlu yezibophelelo zamalungu NATO iye kongezelelwe izinto ezimbalwa kakhulu. Ngoku, ongase abe lilungu manyano kufuneka:

• ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ngamazwe ngendlela enoxolo nezolileyo;

• isigqibo yobuhlanga, interstate, sobummandla kunye nezopolitiko neembambano ngokungqinelana nemigaqo OSCE;

• bahloniphe amalungelo oluntu kunye ulawulo lomthetho;

• ukulungiselela ukulawula phezu semkhosini kaRhulumente;

• ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukunika ulwazi simahla kwi imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe;

• inxaxheba NATO namagqiza.

Yintoni umdla: uluhlu ethile engachanekanga izibophelelo, njengoko kubonelelwe kuquka ukungathotyelwa ezinye izinto. Ukutyeshela ofunwa lilungu Alliance of izinto ngamnye kuchaphazela isigqibo sokugqibela malunga nokwamkelwa NATO, kodwa kubalulekile.

Partnership Programme North Atlantic iSivumelwano Organisation

Le manyano Ibutho liqulunqe iinkqubo zentsebenziswano ezininzi lula bangene NATO kunye namanye amazwe zinika geography impembelelo ngokubanzi. Iinkqubo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

1. "Partnership for Peace". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkqubo abangama-22 States, kukho ezilishumi amalungu afana: 12 kubo sele amalungu ezipheleleyo manyano, iRashiya, i-owayesakuba lilungu inkqubo yentsebenziswano, baphuma PfP ngo-2008. Ilungu kuphela ye-EU, engaquki inxaxheba PfP yi eSipro. Eqale States zibe NATO kuthintela eTurkey, ubhekisela naza phakathi kwezahlulo Turkish kunye yesiGrike eSipro.

2. Isicwangciso ubambiswano ngamnye. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwi mzuzu kuba ithi ezisibhozo.

3. "Ingxoxo olukhawulezayo". Izisa ndawonye iMontenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, eUkraine, Georgia.

4. Action Plan Ubulungu. It yenzelwe ukuba uthi ezintathu, ezimbini kuzo ngaphambili "Fast incoko" nxaxheba program: iMontenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Le nkqubo ngo-1999 njengenxalenye ye kwelaseMakedoni.

Iliza wesixhenxe ukwandiswa: ngubani elandelayo ukujoyina NATO?

inkqubo Partnership icebisa ngawaphi amazwe aza kuba lilungu elilandelayo le manyano. Noko ke, umntu ngokuqinisekileyo onokumxelela ngayo ixesha lokungena phakathi kwamalungu North Atlantic iSivumelwano Organisation. Umzekelo, Macedonia i sothethathethano olukhawulezisiweyo kunye NATO ukususela ngowe-1999. Ekubeni ukususela ukusayinwa yenkqubo PfP ukwalathisa ukungena phakathi kwamalungu States of the Alliance for eRomania, Slovakia neSlovenia wayeneminyaka elishumi ubudala, Hungary, Poland kunye Czech Republic - abangama-ezintlanu, Albania - 15.

Partnership for Uxolo: NATO neRashiya

NATO yesinye ibenegalelo ekunyuseni ukuqina kwi amanye amanyathelo ubuhlobo. Russian Federation inxaxheba kule nkqubo "Partnership Uxolo", kodwa eminye ungquzulwano malunga NATO ukwanda kwi-East, kwanokuba eRussia nxamnye nayo, akukho ndlela yimbi. I-Russian Federation kwanyanzeleka ukuba ziyeke ukuthatha inxaxheba kwayo kule nkqubo kwaye liqhubeke kunye nophuhliso impendulo.

Ukususela ngo-1996, iimfuno zesizwe eRashiya ziye ngakumbi ngqo kunye ngokucacileyo, kodwa ke ingxaki NATO yokwanda eMpuma iye yondele kakhulu. Noko ke, ukususela eMoscow waqalisa ukuya phambili ingcamango yokuba waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ephambili yokhuseleko eYurophu akufuneki abe awodwa wamajoni, kwaye OSCE - Organisation for Security neNtsebenziswano eYurophu. A nqanaba entsha yonxulumano phakathi eMoscow NATO iye ezikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni ngo-2002, xa iRoma yaba Declaration esayiniweyo "NATO-Russia Relations: A Quality Entsha".

Nangona ixesha elifutshane ekunciphiseni ngezikhondo zamehlo, inkcaso iMoscow le manyano emkhosini sibi. Xenga wobudlelwane phakathi Russia kunye NATO bayaqhubeka ukubonisa xa usebenze kanzima e Libya (2011) no-Aram.

imiba ingxabano

ukwanda ngasempumalanga NATO kaThixo (elifutshane: inkqubo iyaqhubeka ngo-1999, xa olu manyano bajoyine yi ePoland, i-Czech Republic, Hungary, yaye kude kube ngoku) - oku sisizathu esinzulu kuba nokudinwa of ukuthembeka yaseNorth Atlantic iSivumelwano Organisation. Isibakala sokuba umba lokomeleza ubukho balo kufutshane imida Russian yandiswa umbuzo ubukho izivumelwano kwi non-ukwanda NATO ukuya eMpuma.

Ngethuba lothetha-thethwano phakathi USSR kunye USA ke kuthiwa kwavunyelwana ukuba ukwandisa NATO ukuya eMpuma. Imibono ngale mba diverge. UMongameli Soviet uMikhail Gorbachev wathetha malunga nokufumana ziziqinisekiso non-ukwandiswa NATO kwimida Russia mihla ngomlomo, abameli manyano bathi ukuba akukho sithembiso akanikwanga.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukuvela umahluko kwisithembiso umbuzo ukuba ukwandisa kupasa intetho ekuchazweni FRG uMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign 1990. Wabiza le manyano athi akayi kuba inkqubela kwimida eSoviet Union. Kodwa nokuba iziqinisekiso ezinjalo zenza izithembiso? Le impikiswano ingasonjululwanga kude kube ngoku. Kodwa nasekuziqiniseni kwam isithembiso non-ukwanda NATO ukuya eMpuma inokuba inqala ezandleni weRashiya kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.