Lo mlawuli yokugqibela China: igama, biography

Lo mlawuli yokugqibela China - Pu Yi - ngabantu lenkundla kwimbali China. Kwaba ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, eli lizwe baba utshintshwe ukusuka monarchical ukuya wamaKomanisi, emva kokuba umdlali kakhulu kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

igama Intsingiselo

E China, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukulibiza igama soMhlekazi, anikwe kuye ekuzalweni - kwaba isiko kwiinkulungwane-ubudala. Lo mlawuli lokugqibela igama yaba China ngano, ehambelana nokumkani - "Syuantun" ( "ukuhlanganisa").

usapho

Last woMlawuli of China akanasichazi bamazwe Chinese wayengekho. Usapho lwakhe Aisin Gioro ( «uhlanga Golden") ababekolo isiManchu Qing ubukhosi, nabanegunya ngelo xesha, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu.

Bawo Pu I Zaifeng, Prince iChun, baba nesikhundla esiphezulu kumandla akwizikhundla eziphezulu (yesibini Grand Duke), kodwa umlawuli ayikaze. Ngokubanzi, uyise ka-Pu I amandla engahoywanga nayiphi na imicimbi yezopolitiko.

Mother Pu I Yulan waba umlinganiswa uyindoda ngokwenene. uyise-jikelele bayavuswa, waqhubeka phantsi kolawulo yonke lenkundla zinokohlwaywa kwityala encinane. Oku echaphazelekayo bobabini abasebenzi kunye abantu okunene Yulan elilinganayo iwonga. Nina zicaka, namagosa, wayengakwazi kubulawa na awanelisekanga inkangeleko yakhe, yaye wake beat intombi.

umlawuli ngqo of China nomalume Pu Yi, kwakunye umzala Tszayfena - Tszaytyan, kamva ngokuba "Guangxu". Yaba ezihlangwini zakhe waza waba woMlawuli yokugqibela ka-China.

ebuntwaneni

Pu Yi kwafuneka anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi kwasekuqaleni nje kweminyaka emibini. Emva koko, i-uMlawuli yokugqibela China (iminyaka yobomi: 1906-1967) iye zathuthwa kwiSixeko Akuvumelekanga - kwakuhlala khona loo ukuthi abantu abalawulayo China.

Kwakhona Pu Yi kwakunzima ethe nangokweemvakalelo umntwana, ngoko ukufudukela kwindawo entsha kwaye ibekwa akazange enze nto kodwa iinyembezi.

A kwamenyezwa kutheni. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1908 Tszaytyanya ukuze kwenzeka ukuba umntwana oneminyaka ubudala waya Empire, zibandakanyeke ematyaleni, ubuhlwempu basongela ekuweni. Isizathu sokuba oku gqitha ilula: ngundlovu Yulan wasungula ingcamango yokuba Tszaytyan eyonakeleyo ingqondo, bazenza ukuba ezihlangwini zakhe wamiselwa unyana umzala soMhlekazi olawulayo, leyo Pu Yi

Ngenxa yoko, le nkwenkwe bahambisa ibamba kayise, hayi abengezelayo esingaphambili okanye lobuchwepheshe kwezopolitiko, kwaye ke akukho mkhulu-anti ezahlukeneyo Lun Yu kuye. Kazi ubawo Pu I phantse endingazanga ndibone anjalo kulo ebuntwaneni okanye elivisayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Pu Yi ukuba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, impilo yomntwana (ngaphandle iingxaki isisu), edlamkileyo kumnandi. Ixesha elininzi kwi Akuvumelekanga City umlawuli mthetho ongumntwana awayichitha amathenwa enkundleni kunye imidlalo kananjalo wathetha kunye nabongikazi ngeenxa naye iminyaka esibhozo.

intlonelo Special nezoyikekayo Pu I nayo phambi Duan ekuthiwa unina umdala Kan. Yiyo lo mfazi ngokungqongqo ukuba afundise Pu Ndiya kuba zaznaykoy ukundithoba abamelwane.

umbuso Military and shela

Lo mlawuli yokugqibela China, ogama engobomi liphuhlise mimiselo ebuhlungu kakhulu ayinamsebenzi - kancinane kwiminyaka emithathu (eyi-3 kunye iinyanga ezi-2). Emva kokuba Xinhai Revolution of 1911 Lun Yu wasayina isenzo shela (ngo-1912).

Urhulumente omtsha ushiye ngasemva Pu I ebhotwe impiriyali kunye namanye amalungelo, nto leyo wathembela esisiqu eliphezulu. Mhlawumbi ngayo nembeko igunya ikhona kwi DNA Chinese. Ingakumbi Ngokwahluke ukuya revolution Chinese ukusuka eSoviet, apho intsapho elilawulayo loMlawuli Nicholas II zanyangwa ngokutsho kwemithetho lozwilakhe, kwaye ngaphandle uthsuphe wokuba abantu.

Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente omtsha ushiye Pu I unelungelo lemfundo. Last woMlawuli of China kunye kweminyaka elishumi elinamine ukufunda IsiNgesi, naye wayeyazi ukuba esiManchu Chinese ngayo. Ngokunga gqibekanga, eziqhotyoshelweyo nemiyalelo Konufutsiya. utitshala IsiNgesi Pu Yi, Rezhninald Johnston, wazenzela Westerner yokwenene kwaye wamnika igama yaseYurophu - Henry. I wonder ntoni engakuthandi iilwimi zabo ezibonakala lweenkobe Pu Yi, yaye wafundisa kabuhlungu kakhulu (ngonyaka ngasinye sihlolisise amazwi malunga namashumi amathathu kuphela), lo gama i-IsiNgesi, kunye Johnston wafundisa ngononophelo olukhulu nenkuthalo.

Pu Yi watshata ngasekhaya, eneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala, intombi igosa eliphezulu Wang Rong. Noko ke, umfazi yomthetho Pu I awukoneliseki, ukuze abe ngumthandi (okanye namashweshwe) wathabatha Wen Xiu.

Ayikho (kwaye akukho mntu) bangaphazanyiswa umlawuli waphila ngale ndlela de 1924, xa Peoples Republic of China ziye lifike ukuba abanye abemi. Pu Yi kunye nomfazi wakhe, kwafuneka ukuba baphume iSixeko Lev.

Manchukuo

Emva kokuba ukugxothwa lifa ilifa Pu ndaya mpuma China - territtoriyu, bulawulwa Japanese. Ngowe-1932 yasekwa ikhona kumahlelo-karhulumente ebizwa Manchukuo. Yaba umbusi wakhe waza waba woMlawuli yokugqibela ka-China. Imbali, nangona kunjalo, esi siza kuhlala okwethutyana intsimi Chinese kwakunzima akonwabi. amandla Real, ezifana wamaKomanisi China, Pu Yi e Manchukuo kwakungekho. Nawaphi na amaxwebhu ukuba ukufunda nabo yasayinwa ngaphandle sifuna, phantse phantsi emlonyeni 'abacebisi' Japanese. Kanye Nicholas II, ngubani Pu Yi ayidalwanga ngenxa ulawulo ngokwenene, ingakumbi elikhulu kangako kunye yingxaki. Noko ke, ndandisithi Manchukuo umlawuli yokugqibela China nako kwakhona ukubuyela ubomi eziqhelekileyo, kwaye kwakhokelela Second World War.

yokuhlala "umlawuli" New yaba isixeko Changchun. Intsimi le miqulu eselugcinwe yokuzibophelela States kwakukubi kakhulu - ngaphezu kwesigidi ezikwere zeekhilomitha kunye nabantu abangama-30 ezigidi. Hi ndlela leyi, ngenxa non-ukuqatshelwa uManyano Lwezizwe Manchukuo Japan kwafuneka ukuba bashiye intlangano eyaba kwase ye-UN. Enyanisweni ukwazi ukuba iminyaka elishumi, kude kube sekuphelisweni kwephakade Second World War, kunye Manchukuo yasekwa ubudlelwane aliqela kumazwe aseYurophu kwaye Asia. Ngabo, umzekelo, intsimbi Italy, Romania, France, Denmark, Croatia, Hong Kong.

Okuphoxayo kukuba, ebudeni bolawulo Pu Yi of Manchukuo kuqoqosho ikhula. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yotyalo-mali enkulu eJapan kwingingqi: anda imigodi (esikrwada, amalahle), ukuphuhlisa ezolimo kunye namashishini enzima.

Kwakhona, Pu Yi yayinovelelwano kunye Japanese uKhesare Hirohito. Ngenxa yokuhlangana kuye Pu I kabini watyelela Japan.

ekuthinjweni Soviet

Ngo-1945 i-Red Army wawagxotha amajoni Japanese emdeni wabo empuma, waya Manchukuo. Kwacetywa ukuba Pu Yi iya ngokukhawuleza kuthunyelwa eTokyo. Noko ke, amajoni eSoviet yawela Mukden, kunye Pu Yi wasiwa-moya ukuya eSoviet Union. Yena wazama ukuba "ulwaphulo imfazwe" okanye, kunoko, ngenxa yokuba unodoli urhulumente Japanese.

Ekuqaleni, lo umlawuli yokugqibela China waba Chita, apho wamwisela kwaye entolongweni. Chita yena ukuya iyavuma, apho yayibanjelwe ezintlwini kwinkampu POW ephakamileyo. Kukho Pu Yi ri onge indawo apho akwazi ukwenza igadi.

Xa inkqubo Tokyo Pu I wabonakala ibe lingqina wangqina nxamnye eJapan. Ukubuyela umva eTshayina, akazange afune, phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, ngoko wacingisisa bafudukela eUnited States okanye Great Britain. intshisakalo Chinese wamoyika urhulumente omtsha Chinese, ikhokelwa ngu Mao Zedong. Imali sendleleni, abenazo, njengoko zonke iimpahla bahlala naye. Ngo Chita Pu I wazama kugqitha unobumba ubukrelekrele yiSoviet, leyo eyayibhekiswa US Mongameli Umva Trumenu, kodwa ayizange yenzeke.

Buyela ku China

Ngowe-1950, abasemagunyeni eSoviet ekhutshwe Pu I China. Apho, umbusi eyayisakuba kugwetywa inqaku "ulwaphulo imfazwe." Akukho nketho kuye, Kakade ke, ayizange enikiweyo. Pu Yi waba amabanjwa eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle nawaphi na amalungelo. Sekunjalo, yena cwaka kakhulu wathabatha bonke ubunzima sobomi entolongweni.

Ngoxa lokuvalelwa, Pu Yi isiqingatha ixesha besebenza echithwe ekuvelisweni iibhokisi iipensile kunye nezinye - ukufunda ubuKomanisi ngokusekelwe imisebenzi uKarl Marx kunye Vladimir Lenin. Kunye namanye amabanjwa Pu Yi inxaxheba ekwakheni yentolongo lemidlalo, le mveliso, yaye ngokubonakalayo amalungiselelo ummandla kakuhle.

Entolongweni, Pu Yi yabuya yehlelwa yokwahlukana nomfazi wakhe wesithathu, Li Yuqin.

Emva kweminyaka esithoba entolongweni Pu Yi yanikwa kuxolelwa ngenxa yokuziphatha kakuhle, esiqhele eceleni.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Bakhululwa, Pu Yi wayehlala eBeijing. Wathabatha umsebenzi kwi Botanical Garden, apho wayenza nokulinywa zeentyatyambo. Apha, 'umdla kukuba, loo nto yandinceda uhlale ekuthinjweni eSoviet, apho Pu Yi kwakhona kufutshane emhlabeni.

Yena engasekho nantoni na ibango okanye okuthile. Xa uncokola ke ngentlonelo, yibani nobubele, ukuthobeka ezikhethekileyo.

Indima ngumhlali eziqhelekileyo Chinese ayikho buhlungu kakhulu Pu Yi Wafunda oko kwakusentliziyweni, waza wasebenza ngobomi bakhe osihloko sithi "Ukususela uMlawuli ukuya Citizen".

Ngowe-1961, Pu Yi wazimanya CCP waza waba lilungu Archives State. Kwiminyaka 58, yena, kwi umhlehlo nezithuba kwindawo yogcino, wajoyina i-Chinese Political Consultative Council.

Ekupheleni ubomi Pu ndadibana inkosikazi yakhe yesine (nezokugqibela), naye wahlala de ekupheleni kwemihla. Igama lakhe Lee Shuasyan. Wayesebenza njengomongikazi kunye nokuzalwa elula amanene asikwazanga ndiqhayise. Lee kakhulu kunaye Pu Yi, ngowe-1962 eneminyaka engama-37 kuphela ubudala. Kodwa nangona umahluko kakhulu ngeminyaka, esi sibini waphila iminyaka emihlanu sonwabe, kude kube ngo-1967, Pu Yi lidlule umhlaza wesibindi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba Lee Shuasyan waye umfazi kuphela ngumfazi Chinese, Pu Yi ngenxa noyinzalelwane naseManchuria, kakade, nanto.

Inkcitho Pu umngcwabo waza wathabatha nePDA, ngaloo ndlela uvakalisa ukuhlonela umlawuli yokugqibela China. Lo mzimba sebefile.

Abantwana e Pu Yi wayengekho ukusuka kwenye kubafazi ezine.

Yenza Shuasyan wafa ngo-1997, wasinda umyeni wayo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Pu Yi kwi cinema

Imbali Pu Yi kwakumnandi kunjalo, ukuba wadalwa ngokusekelwe womzobo "The Last koMlawuli". A film umlawuli yokugqibela China wathabatha umlawuli Italian Bernardo Bertolucci ngo-1987.

nabagxeki Film ukomeleza ibali, nto leyo ethe sibandakanya umlawuli yokugqibela China: lo mfanekiso ushukumayo zafumana ixabiso phantse eliphezulu.

Lo mfanekiso yaba yimpumelelo enkulu: waphumelela i "Oscar" kwiindidi ezisithoba, "Golden Globe" kwiindawo ezine, yaye "Cesar" Award "UFeliks" yaye "yeGrammy" kunye nebhaso evela Japanese Academy Awards.

Nantso umlawuli yokugqibela China, i-umboniso elo ngempumelelo wajika immortalized ehlabathini ya wena.

ukuzenza

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, Pu Yi wayeyithanda kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Yena uyawathanda yi kusakhelwa izilwanyana, leyo ayemthanda. Little Pu Yi wayekuthanda ukudlala kunye neenkamela zabo, ukubukela ukubona ukuhlela indlela iimbovane live yimisundululu siyakhuthazeka. Kwixesha elizayo, amkhanuke indalo lwakukhula kuphela, xa Pu Yi waba umqeshwa egadini sezityalo.

Ixabiso umzekelo kwimbali Pu Yi

Umzekelo Pu Yi nto luphawu kakhulu inkqubo ngembali XIX kade - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. ubukhosi bakhe, kwakunye nenani yaseYurophu, likwazi ukumelana linda ngexesha elitsha awaba nako ukuphendula calls zakhe ezingxamisekileyo.

Last Chinese umbusi Pu Kwaye ngobomi ogama kwakunzima kabuhlungu, waba ngandlel 'ithile bathinjwa nembali.

Ngaba oko ngenxa yemeko yoqoqosho feuds nzima nezangaphakathi China va iindwalutho namandla ngokwaneleyo, mhlawumbi, Pu Yi ekugqibeleni sibe yaseYurophu uninzi yasebukhosini Asia. Noko ke, yaba ngokwahlukileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, Pu Yi ingangeni elungileyo iqela kommunististicheskuyu waza waqalisa ukuba izithakazelo yayo.