Sentimentalism - ayikho nje intsingiselo kwezenkcubeko kunye noncwadi, oko ngokuyintloko yimeko ingqondo yoluntu zokusebenza kwisigaba esithile yophuhliso, eyaqala noko ngaphambili, kwaqhubeka ukusuka-20 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-80 kwinkulungwane XVIII eYurophu, eRashiya, kwaba ukuphela XVIII - ekuqaleni XIX kwiinkulungwane. Iimpawu eziphambili zezi theka - emntwini wenyama iyahambelana nokubaluleka izivamvo, hayi ingqondo.
Engqondweni ezingqondweni
Sentimentalism avale yiEnlightenment, egubungela yonke ngenkulungwane XVIII kwaye yabangela eziliqela iintshukumo zoncwadi. Le classicism kunye yokuhlobisa, pre-Romanticism kunye sentimentalism. Ezinye iingcali baye bachaza kulandela ulwalathiso Ucinga ukuba romanticism kunye ziimvakalelo eziqatshelweyo pre-Romanticism. Nganye kwezi nkalo inemisebenzi yayo yoqobo ahlukile, nganye ubuntu yayo olumisiweyo, omnye ogama imisebenzi engcono ukubonisa amanye lo mkhuba, nto leyo kangangoko ukuba inkcubeko elinikiweyo. Uyakwazi sibala iimpawu ezimbalwa sentimentalism. Oku kujoliswe phezu ngamnye, phezu amandla kunye namandla izivamvo, lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa uhlobo phezu yempucuko.
ekubambisaneni imvelo
Oku kule ncwadi kwi ongaphambili kunye ezilandelayo izinto zahluke kakhulu ukunqulwa intliziyo yomntu. Kukhethwa inikwa elula, bayancokola, iqhawe yomsebenzi iba ngakumbi ubuntu lwentando yesininzi, ngokufuthi ummeli abantu abaqhelekileyo. ingqalelo enkulu inikelwa ehlabathini engaphakathi emntwini kunye nendalo, leyo yena. Ezi iimpawu sentimentalism. Iimvakalelo zisoloko engqondweni simahla, waqubuda, okanye classicism beengcamango. Ngoko ke ababhali-sentimentalists waba inkululeko engakumbi ngqondweni kwaye iwubonise imveliso, nto leyo nayo leyo ndazikhamela ibe ngqongqo ubhalo-sikhokelo classicism.
iintlobo ezintsha zoncwadi
Eyona engundoqo genre of sentimentalism - okuhamba kunye neenoveli, kodwa hayi elula, kodwa uyafundisa, okanye oonobumba. Iileta, iidayari, iinkumbulo - i ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo genres, ekubeni ukwenzela ngokubanzi ukutyhila ihlabathi engaphakathi woMntu. Kwisihobe, kukhethwa ukuba elegy kunye incwadi. Oko kukuthi, iintlobo zoncwadi ngokwawo, kakhulu, iimpawu sentimentalism. Yokwalusa akakwazi ngamalungu naliphi na icala ngaphandle kuchaziwe.
Le sentimentalism Russian yaba zinkuni kunye melo. Representative lokuqala Shalikov Pet Ivanovich (1768-1852). imisebenzi yakhe utopia esihle - an ookumkani ngamabona elungileyo, wathunyelwa nguThixo emhlabeni kuphela ngenxa uyolo umlimi. Akukho ukuphikisana zentlalo - yimibono nokulunga jikelele. Mhlawumbi ngenxa imisebenzi ubumuncu-elimnandi le intshukumo uncwadi ndakutywina ezinye tearfulness kunye artificiality, nto leyo maxa wambi waqonda njengophawu sentimentalism.
Umsunguli sentimentalism Russian
abameli ezibalaseleyo mkhuba zobunene yi Karamzin uNikolay Mihaylovich (1766-1826) kunye nasekuqaleni Zhukovskiy Vasiliy Andreevich (1783-1852), yaziwa. Unga nokuba umnxeba ezimbalwa ababhali zobunene-nye ezinenkqubela - oku AM Kutuzov, ngubani na abazinikele Radishchev "Journey ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow", M. N. Muravev, nomfundisi imbongi I. I. Dmitriev, imbongi, fabulist kunye umguquleli, VV Kapnist noN A. eLvov. Imveliso yokuqala neyona iphawulekayo lo mkhwa ibali Karamzin kaThixo "Poor Liza". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu ze sentimentalism kwiincwadi eRussia iimpawu ezikhethekileyo Europe. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kuyafundisa, yokuziphatha kunye zemfundo imisebenzi umlinganiswa. Karamzin wathi kufuneka ubhale njengawe uthethe. Ngaloo ndlela, enye inkalo sentimentalism Russian kukuphucula ulwimi yomsebenzi wokubhala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuphuhliso okanye nkqu Ekufunyanisweni kwalo intshukumo uncwadi kukuba sokuqala awayiphethulela ngayo kwihlabathi bokomoya abantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, etyhila indyebo yalo nesisa. Phambi sentimentalists zabantu abahluphekileyo, njengokuba umthetho, libonisa a rough, kukutyeba, abakwazi na ngokomoya.
"Poor Liza" - le sentimentalism top Russian
Ziintoni iimpawu ziimvakalelo kwi "Swisiwana Liza"? Kwisiqwenga bali mmandla. Ubuhle nto ayikho. kanye ingcamango umsebenzi kuzisa ukuba umfundi into yokuba bayancokola kunye nehlabathi osisityebi Lisa, omnye umlimi elula, mkhulu obungako ehlabathini ofundileyo, wempangelo, ababefunde noErasto, ngokubanzi, hayi umntu embi, kodwa ska indibano sikhokelo, angavumeli ukuba atshate intombi. Kodwa akazange acinge ukuba ukutshata, ngokuba kuphindaphindeko ekufezekiseni, Erast epheleleyo ucalucalulo, kudaka Lisa inzala, liphele kuba kuye isimntwiso yokusulungeka nobunyulu. Poor umlimi intombazana, nokuba zizele isidima, sithembele umfana osisityebi, lo commoner ivele (ekufuneka ithi ububanzi umphefumlo kunye iimbono lwentando yesininzi), ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni yokugqibela echibini. Kodwa ke isidima yebali indlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nembono ezikhanyayo iziganeko kunokuba banal. Zibonisa sentimentalism kwi "Poor Liza" (Ubuhle umphefumlo womntu eziqhelekileyo kunye nendalo, ukunqulwa uthando) Wenza bali zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu bexesha lakhe. Kwaye ke ichibi, apho uLisa batshoniswe, wabizwa ngegama lakhe (indawo apha ebalini washo ngokuchanekileyo). Isibakala sokuba eli bali ijike yaba ngumcimbi, kukuba phantse zonke phakathi baphumeleleyo zangoku kwizikolo Soviet bayazi ukuba "Poor Liza" Karamzin wathi, njengokuba "evgeniya Onegina," Pushkin kunye "lo mfundi" Lermontov.
Ekuqaleni evela France
Sentimentalism ngokwayo - isenzeko kwiincwadi zamabali ngaphezu classicism kunye rationalism yayo koma, kunye amaqhawe ayo, owathi, njengoko umthetho, zaye isithsaba iintloko okanye abalawuli. "UJulie, okanye Entsha ejongene" ngu Jean-Jacques Rousseau atyhoboza, angena yintsomi wazibeka iziseko ukuba indlela entsha. Sele imisebenzi ngunozala kumacala kwakukho iimpawu eziqhelekileyo sentimentalism kwiincwadi, kusekwe inkqubo entsha zobugcisa, nto leyo bavuma iindumiso umntu oqhelekileyo, ekwaziyo uvelwano, ngaphandle nayiphi self-umdla kwabanye, ezingenakuphela usapho onothando, ngokunyanisekileyo Ndivuye ntsako yabanye.
Iimfano neeyantlukwano
Iimpawu ze classicism kunye sentimentalism ziyafana kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba zombini ezi ndawo kuba ngexesha yiEnlightenment, kodwa kukwakho umahluko. Classicism uzukisa kwaye deifies sizathu kunye ziimvakalelo - nemvakalelo. Amazwi yale mimandla kwakhona ezahlukeneyo: ukuba le "ndoda, ikhoboka kwimiyalelo ngesizathu" wayengekho kwi theka - "Abantu va". imisebenzi ngeentlobo neentlobo yokubhala - ingqiqo kunye kalukhuni phakathi classicists, kunye lwesihloko abazizityebi, iinkcazelo, inkumbulo kunye neeleta nemisebenzi nababhali intshukumo kamva zoncwadi. Ngokusekelwe ngasentla, impendulo yombuzo wento iimpawu eziphambili sentimentalism. Eyinhloko imisebenzi yothando. Uhlobo-ngqo - Pastorale (Elegy), ibali theka, ukubhala abahambahambayo. Kwimisebenzi - ukunqulwa izivamvo kunye nohlobo, uphambuke tye.