Iingxaki zokuziphatha: iintlobo, oonobangela, ukulungiswa. ukuziphatha model

Umxholo ukuzalana kwabantwana nabazali, kwakunye kwingcingane kwabantu lokuziphatha ngoku iye ibaluleka. omama abaninzi bayazibuza, "Kutheni umntwana wam ngaxa lithile baqalisa ukuba siziphathe ngenye indlela eyahlukileyo? Ngesizathu esithile Ndandingonwabanga kangaka, ndlongondlongo, ukuqina kunye ingxaki? "Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zifumaneka kwiincwadi lootitshala yamandulo ezifana L. S. Vygotsky, P. P. Blonsky, A. S. Makarenko njalo njalo. D. kodwa ukuba uyenze Andinaxesha, sicebisa ukuba ufunde eli nqaku ukuqonda zonke nezo psychology umntwana ku dyondza iintlobo ukuphazamiseka kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha, kwaye bafumane indlela ilungelo ukulungiswa kunye nemfundo yonke umntwana.

ukuziphatha ngokuzithandela kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo

Xa psychology, zibakhethe iindidi ezimbini zokuziphatha: ngokuzithandela kunye vukele. Iququzelela abantwana kuqala ukubonisa sizibambe kunye noxanduva kwezoshishino. Bazimisele ukuthobela iinjongo zabo kunye nemigangatho ebekwe yi yoluntu, imithetho, imigaqo yokuziphatha yaye uqeqesho ophezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana kunye naluphi na uhlobo lokuziphatha zithathwa ukuba enye abathobelayo kakhulu engumzekelo. Kodwa uya uyavuma ukuba le ndlela self-bakhonza, kakhulu, hayi enhle.

Kungenxa yoko le nto iisayikholojisti ukwahlula olunye uhlobo: ngokuzenzekelayo (iimfama) ukuziphatha. Aba bantwana siziphathe unexamined kwaye kaninzi abanalo kuqala, bakhetha ngoyaba imithetho kunye nemithetho - ukuba nje azikho ukuba aba bantwana. Ukunyhashwa ngokuthe ngcembe yenkqubo, umntwana akaziphenduli amagqabantshintshi izigxeko ecaleni lakhe, ekholelwa ukuba unako ukwenza into ayifunayo. Kwaye lo mkhuba kwakhona ingqalelo kushenxwe kulo mmiselo. Ungabuza: yintoni na uhlobo kakhulu oko kumlungele na umntwana wakho? Zombini zokuziphatha zifuna uncedo zokulungisa ibhekiswe kwi kokuba ndiyoyisile le mikhwa mibi zobuntu.

Yintoni unobangela izinxaxhi na?

Njengoko usazi, wonke umntu yahlukile, yaye kukholelwa ukuba kukuvela ezingaqhelekanga kwi yokuziphatha yabantwana ababini esona sizathu enye, kwiimeko ezininzi eziphosakeleyo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukwaphulwa unokuba moya yokuqala kwaye luphawu lo mntu. Umzekelo, kusenokuba kukho utshintsho esisigxina kwiinkqubo ngengqondo, inhibition mafutha okanye disinhibition, ukukhubazeka ngengqondo, njalo njalo. D. Ezi ezinxaxhileyo zibizwa ngokuba "isifo neurodynamic." Umntwana unesifo excitability luvo, kukungazinzi rhoqo ngokweemvakalelo nkqu utshintsho ngokukhawuleza yokuziphatha.

Ukungaqheleki kubantwana enempilo

Ukuba isimo somntwana ngokweemvakalelo iqhelekile kwaye uzinzile ngokwaneleyo, unobangela ezinxaxhileyo ngokoMthetho engqondweni kuba leempumelelo, umzekelo, kwezemfundo, okanye unxibelelwano kunye, ngenxa yoko, ukungakwazi umntwana ukumelana nale mingeni ngokwabo. Aba bantwana izigqibo kakhulu, zezenzi, neenkani enobundlobongela. Kulo mzekelo, into engundoqo - ukuqonda ukuba umntwana enze ezi zenzo engathandi, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho ngaphezulu kunokuba umntu "ekukruqulayo". Nje akakwazi kwimo engqongileyo kunye ukuziqhelanisa nophuhliso. Okulandelayo, sihlalutya ngokweenkcukacha iintlobo ezithile yokuziphatha, oko kukuthi, abo ngeempawu, unobangela kunye nokulungisa.

ukuziphatha ukuqina

Ukungahlaliseki mhlawumbi yeyona uhlobo uthandwayo yokuziphatha disorder. Aba bantwana kufuneka nje umsebenzi umzimba zakhula. Kodwa ukuba yinxalenye yengxaki. Xa umntwana kunye nokuziphatha nomdlandla kuluntu ufumana ukuze anikezele nemithetho ethile yesiqhelo, ukhulela ukungakhululeki luvo kwemisipha. Umntwana ungenako ukubathwala izithintelo ezinjalo, nto leyo ukonakala kweendlela ingqalelo, sinciphise yokusebenza, lidiniwe ukubhobhoza ngokweemvakalelo, wavakalisa iveze kunye Mzoli. Kwaye oku kuziphatha nje ibhekisa kwinani amatyala oluleko.

Aba bantwana nzima ukuba abe kwiindawo zoluntu ezininzi, kunye noontanga kunye nosapho kunzima kakhulu ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo. ukuziphatha Maladaptive kwabantwana ukungahlaliseki zibonisa iindlela ngokwaneleyo nowolawulo psyche, ingakumbi ukuzeyisa njengoko ikhonkco ephambili iimeko ukuyilwa ukuphazamiseka zokuziphatha.

ukuziphatha zokwalatha

Xa kusenzeka oku kuziphatha, umntwana ngabom ngabom iphula nemigangatho eyamkelweyo kunye nemithetho. Kwaye kwaba zonke izenzo zakhe ubukhulu becala ukuba abadala. Amaninzi, le yokuziphatha kubonakala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: baby lwenkawu phambi abadala, kodwa ukuba abathanga sinikele ingqalelo kuyo, ithe phe yakhawuleza. Ukuba umntwana isentliziyweni - usaqhubeka aziphathe upopayi, ebonisa Swagger yayo. Eyona umdla kule yokuziphatha kukuba, xa umntwana omdala ukwenza izimvo malunga ukuziphatha kwakhe, iqalisa ngakumbi inxaxheba baze ke bakwazi ukubonisa ngokwabo kuzo zonke iindlela ukudlala isinyabi. Ngoko ke, lo mntwana encediswa amanyathelo non-ngamazwi kubonakala ukuba esithi: "Ndiza ukwenza andiyithandi kuwe. Yaye ndiya kuqhubeka ukuba ziziphathe le ndlela nje bangaphulukani umdla kum. "

Ukunqongophala zojoliso - isizathu esiyintloko

Le ndlela yokuziphatha isetyenziswa ikakhulu xa itakane xa uziva ukunqongophala ingqalelo, oko kukuthi. E. Ukudibana nabantu abadala kunye ezinqabileyo esesikweni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukuziphatha kunye psyche zihlobene, ukuziphatha njalo maxa wambi zokwalatha kwabantwana tirhisiwaka iintsapho kunokuba abazizityebi apho umntwana yokunikwa ingqalelo ngokwaneleyo. Kwezi meko, lo samoochernenie ngamnye kusetyenziswa njengelinge uphume phantsi amandla nolawulo phezu inxalenye abazali. Hi ndlela leyi, ukuzila ityala ngokungeyomfuneko namaxhala kwiimeko ezininzi kwakhona isicelo ukuba umntwana abadala self-isiqiniselo. Umntwana akafuni ukuyamkela into yokuba yena bawuthobele kubo kufuneka balulameleni yonke into yaye bathobele. Kunoko izama "kuqala" phezu omdala, ngenxa yokuba kufuneka ukwandisa ukubaluleka yakhe.

ukuziphatha loqhankqalazo

Nokreqo, nenkani ngokugqithiseleyo, ukungafuni ukuyiphatha, ukwanda ukuzithemba - konke oku kunxulumene tholo yayizezona zinto ze ukubonakaliswa lokuziphatha loqhankqalazo. Xa eneminyaka emithathu ubudala (okanye ngaphantsi) loo kubonakaliswa elibukhali kelwa ekuziphatheni yomntwana kungathathwa ixesha elide, kodwa kwixesha elizayo kufuneka ithathwe kokwaphula yokuziphatha. Ukuba umntwana akafuni ukwenza naliphi na inyathelo kuba wabuza ngalo, okanye okubi, wathi, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umntwana ufuna nje inkululeko, ufuna ukubonisa wonke umntu ukuba uzimele, akavuma ukulandela imiyalelo. Abantwana baba ubumsulwa bakhe bonke kungakhathaliseki meko, kwanokuba ke eneneni uyazi ukuba benza okungalungile. Ngoko ke abantwana kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba yonke into ngendlela abayifunayo. Ukuze Babengabalelani uluvo isizukulwana abadala Akuvumelekile ukuba ngabo, kunye nezithethe zokuziphatha ngokubanzi, njalo ngoyaba.

Ngenxa yoko, kukho umahluko kubudlelwane nokuphinda ngaphandle koncedo lweengcali cishe akunakwenzeka. Amaninzi, ukuziphatha okunjalo uba ifomu isigxina, ingakumbi xa amaninzi entsapho umahluko, kodwa abadala abavumi ukulalanisa, kodwa ukuzama nje ukukhulisa umntwana uyakhala nemiyalelo. Amaxesha amaninzi, yenkani ukuzithemba bachazwa 'umoya, ayiphikisani. " Umntwana lusiva unetyala engonwabanga malunga nokuziphatha kwakhe, kodwa kunjalo kwakhona kuyaqhubeka ukuba uziphathe ngolu hlobo. Isizathu soku ke obstinacy elide ntshikilelo rhoqo, apho umntwana akakwazi ukumelana yedwa, kwakunye ukunyhashwa sezobuntlola kunye perevozbudimost.

Ngenxa yoko, xa kukuvela ukuphazamiseka zokuziphatha kunokuba oonobangela ezahlukeneyo. Qonda ukuba - koko bafumane isitshixo imisi, ukuba umsebenzi wayo kunye nomsebenzi.

nobudlova

ukuziphatha nto ngabom nezonakalisayo. Ukusebenzisa olu hlobo mntwana olichasayo ngabom imithetho kunye nemigangatho yokuphila yabantu eluntwini, kuzo zonke yingozi endleleni "iithagethi zazo, 'yaye oku kunokuba zombini ngabantu kunye nezinto ezibangela abo enxibelelana, iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo, ubutshaba, uloyiko kunye nokudakumba.

Izenzo ezinjalo kwenzelwa iinjongo ngqo ezibalulekileyo kunye nokuphumla kwengqondo. Self-ngoluvo kunye self-nokufezekisa - Zizo ezo zinto apho umntwana baziphathe ngamandla kakhulu. Ndlongo ingabhekiswa nokuba nto ngokwayo, ngenxa apho kukho nochuku, okanye kwizifundo abstract anento yokwenza nayo. Umntwana kwiimeko ezinjalo phantse ngaphandle kolawulo: ukulwa umntu, wokonakalisa yonke into esithe sayifumana isandla, uyacaphuka - konke oku usana ngaphandle indawana yesazela, ekholelwa ukuba ezi zenzo hayi zohlwaywe. Noko ke, uchuku ngazo ngokwayo ngaphandle manhandling yaye, ke ngoko, neminye imiba zokuziphatha zingasetyenziswa. Umzekelo, umntwana zingabacaphukisa nabanye, kunokuba simhleke kubo nesiqalekiso. Ezi zenzo baqonde imfuneko ezingahlangabezwanga ukuphucula ukuzixabisa.

Kwaye kutheni umntwana ngokwalo kunjalo?

Ukubonisa ndlongo, umntwana uziva noludumileyo yakhe ezingaqondakaliyo phezu kwabanye, amandla kunye imvukelo. Iimbangi ezingundoqo ukuphazamiseka zokuziphatha iingxaki kunye nobunzima ebantwaneni ngenxa izifundo. Iingcali bathi lesi sifo didaktogenii bangonwabi. Le yenye yezinto ezibangela abaziintloko ngokuzibulala. Kodwa umntwana nolaka nje ukufunda ukuba ityala. Ifuthe elibi imidlalo yekhompyutha, impembelelo losasazo ukutshintsha inkqubo ixabiso kwi nokungavisisani ulwalamano entsatsheni, eyile uxabana rhoqo kwaye ilwa nabazali - ngamana zonke ezi zinto zibe nefuthe elibi psyche yomntwana. Ukuba umntwana wakho uye waba 'ukungxama kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza-wobulali, ukuxhala, okanye ingazinzi ngokweemvakalelo, ngoku lixesha lokuba sibuyele ngengqondo okanye uzame ngokwakho ukuba babambe incoko uze ufumanise ukuba yintoni na unobangela ndlongo.

ukuziphatha bobusana

Ukuba uphawula ukuba umntwana akabi izakuziphatha yobudala kwaye imikhwa abantwana zayo wakhe, umntwana kuqwalaselwa bobusana. Abafundi abanjalo, Ndenza umsebenzi omhle kakhulu, uqhubeka ukubona kulo mdlalo kunye umdlalo kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni izifundo umntwana, nkqu singazi, ngokukhawuleza kuphazanyiswa emsebenzini kwaye uqale ukudlala. ngokuqhelekileyo Ootitshala bendisekeleze ukuziphatha ezifana njengokutyhoboza kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kunye yokungathobeli, kodwa lo mzekelo oko kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo oko umntwana esenza oku ukuba ekukruqulayo utitshala okanye ufumane lokululeka. Nokuba umntwana eqhelekileyo okanye kakhulu ngokukhawuleza iphuhlisa ukuziphatha akhe wakhangela ngenxa luhlaza, ukungakhathali kwaye lula. Aba bantwana kubalulekile rhoqo va othile unonophelo okanye ingqalelo, abakwazi ukwenza izigqibo zabo, besoyika ukuba wenze impazamo okanye wenze into ephosakeleyo. Ba ukuzikhusela, izigqibo kunye kom-.

Infantilism ukuze ekugqibeleni kukhokelela kwiziphumo engathandekiyo eluntwini. Umntwana, ngubani na okhe wabona olu hlobo lokuziphatha idla iphenjelelwa ngoontanga okanye abantwana abadala kunye zengqondo lukhona. Ngaphandle yokucinga, yena iqhotyoshelwe iintshukumo kunye nezenzo ezihlambela ingqeqesho jikelele kunye nemithetho. Aba bantwana luphawulwa zizinto zokuziphatha ezifana amava kunye ebuhlungu ngenxa yokuba ukuthambekela ubuqili ngayo.

ukuziphatha conformal

Ngoku makhe sithethe wokuziphatha kakuhle kakhulu. Iingcali akujonga oku conformal. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abadala bayazingca ukuziphatha okunjalo abantwana babo, kodwa oko kunto-nye njengoko konke oku kungentla, ukuba kushenxwe kulo mmiselo. ukuthobela olomeleleyo, ukubambelela eyimfama ukuba imithetho echasene uluvo lwakhe, kwezinye iimeko, banokufuna kungakhokelela ukuya kwizigulo ezimandundu lwe psyche yomntwana.

Unobangela ngaphantsi kakhulu inokuba ngesimbo ngegqudu zabazali kubazali babo, zokulolonga kunye ukulawula. Abantwana ntsapho abakwazi ukuphuhlisa ngokwemiqathango ingqondo yemveli, njengoko izenzo zabo ziphelela kwezityalo umzali. Baxhomekeke kakhulu izimvo zabanye abantu badla ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwinqanaba ngenxa yempembelelo amazwe. Kwaye uyazi, indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni ukuziphatha udlala psychology nje yabantu. On ukuziphatha akwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba umntwana lowo iingxaki ngengqondo njengoko kunjalo xa nentsapho, abahlobo kunye druzyai indlela ithetha ukulungelelana ezolile.

Ndlela uqeqesho ukuziphatha komntwana

iindlela Ukulungiswa zixhomekeke ngqo kwi kuhlobo ukungahoywa zokufundisa, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nendlela umntwana bakhuliswe xa iyonke. Yokuphila, indlela abanye abantu kunye neemeko zentlalo nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo. Enye yamaziko sasilungiswa engundoqo ithathwa umbutho kwemisebenzi kubantwana ngokungqinelana neemfuno zabo abazithandayo. Umsebenzi nasiphi na isilungiso kusebenze kunye nenkuthazo abantwana ukuba balwe njengobungqina iimpawu zabo ezimbi, nambeko kunye nemikhwa emibi. Kakade ke, namhlanje zikho nezinye iindawo, iindlela zokufundisa of ulungiso ezinxaxhileyo kwi yokuziphatha kwabantwana, ezizezi icebiso, bibliotherapy, unyango umculo, logotherapy, unyango ubugcisa, igroterapiya. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, le indlela yamva yeyona ethandwa kakhulu nolusebenzayo.