Liphucula: iindlela ezisisiseko

Petroleum kunye neegesi zendalo, ezi izimbiwa ezizodwa, Into enkulu hydrocarbon. oli ekrwada nebizwa - umxube oluntsonkothileyo hydrocarbon kunye nezinye kusitsha. iziphumo ngcono kwiimveliso ezithi ke ngoko isetyenziswe kuwo onke amacandelo oshishino, amandla, ezolimo kunye namakhaya.

I-oli ekrwada siyahlukana zibe kumacandelo ulwelo elula iqhezu kunye cleaner. Ukubunjwa amaqhezu ifunyenwe ixhomekeke nokuqulunqwa yeoli yokuqala ekrwada.

Liphucula kudlula izigaba ezininzi: ulwelo iqhezu, ukuguqula, ngokuhlaziya kunye unyango nesalfure.

neyanamhlanje fraction linyathelo processing lokuqala, leyo eyahlula ibe ngamaqhezu, igesi, ukukhanya, aphakathi kunye neoli enzima. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo ephambili oyile ivumela ukuchonga nangoko amaqhezu zexabiso.

• Iqhezu igesi ke hydrocarbon zilula unbranched: butane, propane ne-methane.
• Ipetroli okanye ukukhanya iqhezu - umxube hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo ukukhanya, kuquka alkanes branched kunye unbranched.
• oyile kwamafutha eseleyo emva neyanamhlanje ezinye onke amaqhezu lighter.

nokuphuculwa ngakumbi kwenziwa ng. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukuqhekeka oli ekrwada iikhompawundi macromolecular zibe ncinane, iincindi okubila asezantsi kuyafana. Le yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo processing yenza kube lula ukufumana imali eyongezelelweyo zamaqhezu petroleum esezantsi-ukubilisa, imfuno leyo, ingakumbi ipetroli, phezulu kakhulu.

• Ishishini isebenzisa iindidi ezininzi nokuqhekeka: zokuphosa, thermal kunye oguqukayo. Xa nokuqhekeka wobushushu of iikhompawundi ubunzima lwalusanda aphezulu iincindi oyile enzima ziba ubunzima molekyuli ngaphantsi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ngcono yi zombini nokuqhekeka thermal kunye encedisa ukuqalisa ivelisa umxube hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo igcwaliswe. In Umzekelo octadecane inkqubo ng linokuchazwa yi ifomula:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

Kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku-1000 ° C ebangela yokubola thermal zeoli ophezulu-eziphilayo, ngaloo ndlela lavelisa alkenes kakhulu ukukhanya hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi.

• nokuqhekeka zokuphosa kwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi noko, apho kuvala ngumxube alumina kunye dust. Kwakhona kulo mzekelo umxube hydrocarbon befumile eyaneleyo. Enye into esinceda sisulungeke le ndlela isetyenziswa ukuvelisa ipetroli umgangatho ophezulu.
• Ukuguqula utshintsho kubume neemolekyuli kwaye idibanisa zona zibe nkulu. Ngexesha ephantsi-umgangatho amaqhezu oyile ubunzima molekyuli esezantsi similise, ingakumbi uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-grade ipetroli amaqhekeza.

Natural kunye neegesi ezinxulumene - umxube methane (90% ngokomthamo) kunye homologues yayo ekufuphi kuya yodwa: kwakunye imali encinane ukungcola.

Eyona umsebenzi igesi elihambisayo - equlethwe kuwo ukuguqula hydrocarbon okroqiweyo ukuba unsaturated, apho kamva ezinokusetyenziswa yokuqaphela imichiza.

Ngenxa yoko, i-oli negesi processing yenza uluhlu enkulu kakhulu lweemveliso yeoli ezahlukeneyo, apho ngesiphumo kwemichiza amagama ujika ezahlukeneyo enkulu kwezinto ezisetyenziswa onke amacandelo.