Nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni yamafutha

nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni zamafutha (yaguqulelwa isuka IsiNgesi - lwahlukane) - inkqubo zobugcisa eyenzelwe ukwandisa isivuno ipetroli ngu processing ezikhethekileyo amalungu amaqhezu oyile enzima. Xa processing engundoqo imveliso ifunyenwe 5-14% ngokomlinganiselo ubunzima epheleleyo zepetroli. Umgangatho amafutha emva kokuba neyanamhlanje ngqo-run oko ukwanelisa iimfuno zobugcisa zale mihla.

I zokuphosa ngokuhlaziya ipetroli ukunyuka isivuno yaye kuphucula ubulunga bayo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini thermal (zokuphosa) nokuqhekeka of: ulwelo kunye nesigaba negesi. Ngokuba feedstock lokuqala oyile enzima, eya kufakwa kwiziko kwi 600-625 ° C phantsi koxinzelelo ekufutshane womoya. Irhasi-Isigaba nokuqhekeka zokuphosa lwenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, kodwa yinto ekrwada ekufanisweni oyile negesi (oyile elanga). Xa nokuqhekeka wobushushu ubume be-alkanes macromolecular carboxylic uqhagamshelwano eyaphukileyo molecule kwakheka hydrocarbon eliphantsi ubunzima eziphilayo, mazifakwe kwi-iqhezu olingene:

S10N22 - S5N12 + S5N10.

Ngoko ke, ukususela phezulu-decane akhiwa izinto ezimbini (isinyibiliko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo) kunye asezantsi ubunzima eziphilayo.

nokuqhekeka zokuphosa oluqhutywa phambi kuvala (udongwe iyasebenza okanye aluminosilicates) kubushushu ka 470-530 C phantsi koxinzelelo of ukusuka kuma-70 ukuya 370 kPa. Owona ekrwada ezibonakalayo ukuze inkqubo i-oyile negesi, ipetroli hoxa kunye ubunzima iyonke ye-oyile ingenza ukufikelela 30-40%. Ngoko ke, imveliso zepetroli - yinkqubo nzima ixesha elide nelityayo ixesha. Ukuphucula umgangatho imveliso liyasuswa alkenes zayo isakhiwo kunye alkynes, nto leyo maxa wambi Kuthatha ukuya kwi-30% yabo ubunzima iyonke.

Ngokusebenzisa lobuchwepheshe ezintsha, eziyimveliso yayanele kwinkqubo neyanamhlanje yamafutha kunokuba ukuya ku-80 ekhulwini. Ukuvavanya umgangatho amafutha kulwelo octane. Njengoko isampulu amafutha kunye iipropati aphezulu antiknock lwakhethwa isooctane okanye trimethylpentane 2,2,4.

octane yayo ingqalelo ilingana 100. Njengoko isampulu kunye neempawu ephantsi isigxina antiknock of n-heptane: S7N16, inombolo octane (RON), nto leyo ithathwa ilingana no 0. Ukuze ubone le isalathiso detonation iipropati kuthelekiswa iimpawu zepetroli umxube isooctane kunye n-heptane.

Umzekelo, imveliso ezinenani octane ka 80 na iimpawu detonation enye, ezifana umxube 80% isooctane ne-20% n-heptane. Ukuba uphakamile lo octane, ngcono umgangatho amafutha. Ukwandisa eli salathisi konga amafutha kwaye konga amandla injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi. Le mveliso ifakiweyo, kunye namanye amacandelo, kuquka hydrocarbon kunye imvelaphi zokwenziwa, kunye antidetonators (lunezinto ubuncinane boxinzelelo (akukho mkhulu kwe-0.5%) ukuphucula iipropati antiknock lwezibaso). kusetyenziswa Ngaphambili ezi iinjongo tetraetilplyumbum. Ngenxa yokuba le nto ityhefu kakhulu, ukuba indawo ngamanye antiknock, abenziwe kokufakelwa margantsevoorganicheskih. Ezi zinto ke ayinabungozi emzimbeni wethu kwaye kube lula ukuvelisa amafutha kunye octane iiyunithi alikhulu elinamanci mabini, anamanci anantlanu mathathu.

olingene kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa

Yi ngqo neyanamhlanje ukufumana ipetroli kunye octane ukuya ku 91. Le ndlela namhlanje - yayinqabile, kuba isivuno zepetroli esezantsi. Ukwandisa imveliso amafutha kunye nokuphucula ubulunga bayo usebenzisa neyanamhlanje ngokuphindaphinda, zokuphosa, nokuqhekeka thermal, ukuguqula, njl

Ezi ndlela kwandisa iindleko zabasebenzi, ixesha kunye nezibonelelo, kodwa kuphela babonelela kangako umonakalo kwi-bume ipetroli. Ukwandisa octane namhlanje basoloko basebenzisa iintlobo iikhemikhali (alkoholi, iikhompawundi organometallic, glycol, njalo njalo).