Le yesine US UMongameli James Madison engobomi, iimbono zezopolitiko

Kwimbali US, kwakukho abongameli abaninzi baba nempembelelo kakhulu ekuphuhliseni eli lizwe kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo. Umzekelo onguwo - Dzheyms Medison. Nguye umlawuli yesine eUnited States.

ulwazi Basic oluchaza

Wazalwa ngo-1751, wafa ngo-1836. ngumongameli wesine udume eUnited States kunjalo kuba wayengomnye wabaseki siseko kaRhulumente. Kukholelwa ukuba wabonakala ukukhanya kwidolophu Port Conway (Virginia). Kwathi ngomhla ngoMatshi 16 1751. Education Dzheyms Medison ekuqaleni wafumana zabucala (ezifana amaninzi ngexesha lakhe). Ngowe-1769, yena ngokulula uza University Princeton.

Ngelo xesha esi sikolo ngokuba College of New Jersey. College iziqu - 1771. Ngelo xesha uba lilungu Whig Ingxoxo Club, leyo predetermines umsebenzi wakhe elizayo lwezopolitiko kunye neenkolelo. Imbali yakhe eUnited States phantse ukususela ekuqaleni, ukususela Madison wenze okuninzi ukwenza isakhiwo igunya-mvo ngokupheleleyo abachubekileyo.

Ukuqala inkonzo yakhe yezopolitiko

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elizayo mongameli US kwatsala ingqalelo abalweli ngo-1775. Wamiselwa usihlalo Revolutionary Committee of Safety e Orange County. Kwangaxeshanye, Madison yaba waziwa njengoko umbhali ezahlukeneyo iiphamflethi kunye neentetho, apho ekugweba ngamandla urhulumente yaseBritani.

Akumangalisi ukuba ngo-1776 wamiselwa usihlalo Revolutionary Committee of Virginia. Yaba nguye lowo ilungiselela isigqibo uyilo kumalungelo, ngokunjalo ukwenza ezininzi kulawulo kwabasebenzi mbutho. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, Dzheyms Medison waziwa kakuhle kakhulu kwizangqa ecaweni lo mntu zanyanzelisa kwahlulwe olupheleleyo ulawulo icawa kunye nemeko kuqala, uze emva koko - urhulumente.

Kwakhona wadala urhulumente wokuqala Virginia kunye wayelilungu eliphambili indibano yokuqala. Sekunjalo, ikota yesibini akazange anyulwe, kodwa ngowe-1777 umongameli elizayo yinxalenye Council yeRhuluneli. Le Dzheyms olubonakalayo ngakumbi Medison? Idemokhrasi ebusweni bakhe Ndizuze umzobo kwezopolitiko, owenza lukhulu ukuze kwakhiwe inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ikhona ngendlela esaziyo namhlanje.

yezwekazi Congress

kwiminyaka nje emithathu kamva yanyulwayo ummeli osisigxina zemeko ikhaya Continental Congress. Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 1780 ukuya 1783, lilungu esebenzayo kunene, wenze okuninzi ukuba wonke lo mbutho. Yaba Dzheyms Medison nguye umbhali izilungiso eziliqela, nto leyo Congress amandla ukuqokelela irhafu kuwo onke amazwe, kwakunye ukwabiwa inzala kwityala lemali lesizwe phezu kwabo, ngokwenani zabemi. Ukongeza, uYakobi wakhuthaza ngamandla inkululeko epheleleyo yeNavigeyishini kwi-Mississippi River.

Ezinye impumelelo zepolitiki

Kuba ezi mpumelelo wonyulwa sihlalo Chamber of yamaSekela lonke Virginia. Ngowe-1786 wafumana umthetho on inkululeko epheleleyo yonqulo, kwaye liye lafikelela ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo icawa kunye karhulumente. Owokugqibela added Madison fans, kodwa kakhulu buthathaka nempembelelo British sikarhulumente abaselula.

Kulo nyaka mnye uba "nobangela 'le Congress siseko e Philadelphia, waya apho njengommeli imeko. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa umsebenzi Madison wadalwa kanti -siseko US ngo-1787, njengoko Melika bakhumbula ngonyaka ngamnye.

imisebenzi siseko

Ekubeni Madison waba ngumntu ezolileyo kwaye siqinisekile, wakwazi ngokukhawuleza ukuhlonelwa kunye nokuthembela laMalungu ezininzi. Wadlala indima umlamli phakathi babebambelele kunye nabaxhasi korhulumente omtsha federal, ebinokuthi yenze ilizwe eyomeleleyo. I Chamber of yamaSekela ngamxhelo yanconywa Virginia James kwipalamente confederal, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kule minyaka 1787-88 asebenza eNew York. Wabhala lothotho lwamaphepha, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba ekudalweni-siseko omtsha.

Ngenxa yoko, i-siseko US yasekwa ngo 1787 kunye inxaxheba ngqo umntu onengqondo none- ababemazi ukuba thethwano indlela yaye "Ukuhlukunyezwa 'iingcamango zakhe ngisho endaweni ukuba yamkelwe.

iimbono ezahlukileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente

Zonke ezi zinto, esayinwe elakho "kaPubliyo walala phantsi," zapapashwa incwadi esihloko sithi "The Federalist", epapashwe nje phambi kokuba inkqubo isiqinisekiso loMgaqo-siseko. Namhlanje, eli hlelo yaziwa ngokuba "Dzheyms Medison, amanqaku Federalist." Kungenxa kulo msebenzi Madison okokuqala ukuqulunqa postulates ukuba ngoku zithathwa isiseko ezininzi mihla.

Kwakhona, umongameli elizayo wakhuthaza ukuba uhlobo republic karhulumente, besithi igunya esinjalo sinokudala urhulumente enkulu kunye dynamically nokuphuhlisa. Sinokuthi ukuba lo mntu nguye US waqalisa ibali namhlanje ufundiswayo kwizikolo yaseMelika. Ukuba lalingene Madison, gxebe, kungekhona geqe, kwaye uluntu njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, imisebenzi yakhe ukuba Babengabalelani lizwe oselula nabanye abadlali kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele (kubandakanywa i-UK).

Umendo ngumongameli

Ngowe-1788, Madison wonyulwa kwiKomiti ukuze ziqinisekiswe Virginia. abalandeli bakhe baqonde ukuba lizwe ngokukhawuleza kufuneka loo mntu: ukuzola yokuzinga umongameli elizayo kwakufuneka ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisa-siseko. Mfanelo ebalulekileyo Madison kwafuneka ubuchule ezingxoxweni. Wakwazi ukweyisela noba iqela bangi lukarhulumente lomgaqo-siseko eye uwafezekisile ukuqukwa kuxwebhu-point ezilishumi, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba le Bill of Rights.

Ekunye Jefferson, udala wokuqala Republican Party, aphumeze indima awodwa eliphikisayo. Jefferson, ngubani kungekudala eba ngumongameli, musa ukulibala malunga nendima Madison. Yena unikela umhlobo wakhe kaNobhala State, iposi apho wachitha kwisithuba ukususela 1801 ukuya 1809. Ababhali-mbali asiluthandabuzi ukuba uYakobi kwaye ngeli xesha kuba negalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso kweli lizwe, ekubeni Jefferson uhlala kuboniswane kunye naye.

Ngenxa yoko, Dzheyms Medison waluthethelela ingcamango kwendalo kwefom US karhulumente ekuthiwa republic siseko.

Yena abe ngumengameli?

Wonyulwa US ngumongameli ngo-1808. Ngaphambi koku, ngaphakathi Republican Party kwabanjwa uhlobo "ukhuphiswano", ezenzelwe ukunceda inkqubela komviwa ethembisayo. Okuphoxayo kukuba, Madison wayengazange wenza intetho pre-konyulo, kunye nokukhuthazwa yayo abaxhasi kweli iqela. Njengoko kwiimeko ezininzi, uYakobi wakwazi ukuthethana kunye nabanye abachasi ukutyunjwa kwakhe, ekwenzeni uSekela Mongameli George Clinton oneminyaka eli-60 ubudala.

Oku kwenziwa kuphela nje irhafu, kuba ukuba azalisekise imisebenzi yawo ngqo umntu ngokwasemzimbeni abakwazanga. Sele 1812, indawo yayo ithathwe Elbridge uGerry, ngubani wazibonakalisa njengoko usekela-mongameli njengobuchule abanobuchule.

Eyona ngokwemfanelo umongameli entsha

Ngowe-1808, i-amaMelika omnye isihloko sengxoxo - intetho malunga umonakalo ezisibangwayo ekuvalweni korhwebo ukusuka 1807, esithathwe yi-United Kingdom kunye neesathelayithi yayo. Kwehle ithumela impahla ezininzi mthethweni kutheni iindleko zabo yehliswe kakhulu. Shipowners bafuneka ngokukhawuleza ukuze uqalise ukuthuthwa, kuba kungenjalo inkqubo yezothutho wonke ndomile ngethuba kuphela isibini iminyaka. Dzheyms Medison (nkqubo zangaphakathi izimiselo zayo ezahlukeneyo) kuye kwenza ukunciphisa umonakalo ngokuphuhlisa urhwebo zasekhaya ngokuthe ekufikeleleni korhwebo.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, inkqubo karhulumente ka-Madison wathembela kuthiwa-"ulawulo kwezoqoqosho". Ngokukodwa, wayekholelwa ukuba kwimeko ungquzulwano kunokwenzeka umkhosi-siseko akufuneki angqamane umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo karhulumente, kodwa imeko yokuba imisebenzi yabo musa ukulimaza umbindi unezibizo urhulumente wezwe. ephawulekayo kakhulu yaba sengqondo Madison ukuya amaNdiya, lowo sympathized waza wacela ukuba banike uncedo, kuquka imbuyekezo ngemali! Kuba ngelo xesha ngokwenene ukuba idabi, kodwa imvume iqela isininzi, le ngcamango nto ifunyenwe.

Ugxininiso kwezolimo kunye nemveliso mveliso

Madison Jefferson kwabelwane ngokupheleleyo iinkolelo malunga ixabiso eliphezulu kwezolimo, kodwa wavuma ukuba kuya kuba lula ukwandiswa ngakumbi nasekomelezeni eUnited States ngaphandle amashishini womelele. Ezizezi uphuhliso lezolimo kunye engoshishino luphawulwa phantse lonke ixesha lakhe e-ofisini.

Nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imfazwe neBritani?

Umnqweno akusoloko uza kuvuma oku ukuze kuxhamle mongameli. Ngoko ke, ukwakha urhulumente omtsha, ukuba ubukhulu becala ubotshiwe izibophelelo zakhe izivumelwano, yaye ke ngoko kulo mzimba becala wangena abaphathi laliphakathi nje. Ngaphandle Mhlawumbi ukuba Albert Gallatin, intsalela isakhiwo endala kurhulumente. ISebe State waba nako ukuziphindezela uRobert Smith of Maryland, nto leyo 1811 kwakufuneka endaweni uYakobi Monroe ngenxa ukugqiba ukungaphumeleli, mhlawumbi sengqondo esixhalabisayo esingxamisekileyo.

Ukanti Dzheyms Medison (izimvo zopolitiko nezahlukileyo lesibanzi) lubonise ukuba kakhulu ehlokomayo nomlawuli obungahexiyo. Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1810 yabhengeza esidlangalaleni kulwandiso West Florida, ngaphambili ababekolo isithsaba Spanish. Kungekudala emva koko, abo bavukeli babamba intsimi unceremoniously Spanish wavakalisa ukusungulwa kwiriphabliki. Sele 1811 umongameli ubhengeze ukuba eUnited States ibango eMpuma Florida. Ekugqibeleni, zikwazile ukuthethana kunye baseSpeyin ... kodwa hayi yaseBritani, abo ngandlela zonke aphazamisane nale nkqubo. Ngenxa yenkani yabo yaqala imfazwe.

Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo umongameli bamchasa ngamandla ukuya phuhliso. Dzheyms Medison, ngubani ucaphula le mini kufundiswa kwizikolo American, ngesi sihlandlo wathi zilandelayo: "Kuzo zonke iintshaba inkululeko yoluntu, kufuneka ibe woyika ngakumbi imfazwe, kuba iqulathe intsholongwane kunye nentyatyambo yabo bonke abanye." Noko ke, kusekho ukuba alwe.

Isifo yemfazwe

Phakathi ku-1812 ukufumana umyalezo uMphathiswa British of Foreign Policy eUnited States izwe lakhe akayi ukurhoxisa unilaterally ukukwaywa yorhwebo. Enyanisweni, kwakuyi ayifumaneki, kunye uNapoleon, kodwa ngenxa yokuba baseMerika bani imfazwe kumagunya ezimbini yaseYurophu. Kodwa nobuhlakani kunjalo waphumelela.

Nezoyikiso waseBritani weza ngokucacileyo, yaye imfazwe kwi miba mibini, urhulumente abaselula ayithande ngokucacileyo. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, Dzheyms Medison (kabani biography siye ngokufutshane sibonile) ithi iPalamente, kuya kufuneka ukuba zenze imfazwe aseBrithani, leyo ... esongela umanyano kwaye ubukho besizwe American. Kwabonakala ukuba ekuthatheni iimpahla yaseMelika, ukubiwa nokubulala yabemi US, kwakunye okukhuthaza nezizwe zamaNdiya zolwaphulo ngokuxhomekeke ukuya ekulahlweni jikelele. Nangona ukwamkelwa isibhengezo imfazwe isigqibo lanikwa akukho lula.

session Congress lixoxwe ngaphaya komkhusane lavalwa, iintatheli neentatheli ayengavumelekanga, njengoko Udaba kwakukubi kakhulu. Phakathi amalungu epalamente kunye norhulumente eyayingabachasi ezininzi omkhosi sasithetha malunga "yokuswela imali, amajoni zobungcali, iirhafu imfazwe." Ngaphandle koku, ekupheleni kukaJuni 1812 UMongameli Madison ngokusesikweni yazisa ekuqaleni impi nxamnye Great Britain.

sokubeka akuphumelelanga

Isimanga, kungekudala amaBritane imemezele ukumiswa yorhwebo yaye kuvalwe, emva koko urhulumente US iye kucetywa ukwazisa isgqibo. Madison ngokwakhe okubekwa ibhujiswe kupheza inzondo elwandle, oomatiloshe makabe va uvingce nokuphanga kwezixeko yonxweme. Kodwa ekupheleni kuka 1812 i-UK kubacekisa zonke ezi meko, ngoko waqhubeka imfazwe.

ithi Central ayenganelisekanga kakhulu kunye ukulwa oluqhubekayo. Kwaye kuba ubusika zeKomishoni kwakhona unyulo-Madison wadalwa kulo nyaka. Kodwa akunakwenzeka, nangona ke ithi usembindini umongameli akazange anikwe nevoti enye. Ngowe-1814, emva kweminyaka emibini imfazwe, indawo baseMerika engaboni kakuhle ngakumbi, njengoko eYurophu, uNapoleon yanikezela. The British akwazi ukudlulisela izahlulo bekhululwe, ngoko ke Capitol kunye White House batshiswa emhlabeni, kwaye Madison kunye norhulumente wabaleka ngokungxama.

Sikhundla, Noko ke, kungekudala ikwazile ukuba kuzityeneneza, kwaye isivumelwano soxolo esayinwe 1815. Kungekudala umongameli ibhatyi, kodwa kuthatha indima ebonakalayo ekwakheni ilizwe abaselula. Yintoni enye into eyaziwayo Dzheyms Medison? Politics xesha zembali unokumazi sekuhleni, abacandayo umthetho phezu ezamahala self-nokuzimisela Negro kunye nelungelo ukubuya bonke abo banqwenela ukuya eAfrika. Obonakaliswa: kwakukho iiyunithi.