Kyuri Per: lwesayensi. Nobel Prize for physics, Pierre and Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - April 19, 1906) waye yamachiza French, onguvulindlela crystallography, ubutsalane, piezoelectricity kunye yemisebe.

impumelelo indaba

Phambi kokuba wajoyina uphando ngumfazi wakhe - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri wayesele esaziwa ngokubanzi yaye ehlonelwa ehlabathini ye physics. Ekunye nomzalwana wakhe Jacques, wabhaqa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa piezoelectricity, apho ngembonakalo yikristale kunokuba ngombane ngamaza, yaye wasungula esikalini zwi. umsebenzi wakhe wolingano ziikristale kunye nokufunyenweyo ngolwalamano phakathi ubutsalane kunye nobushushu nazo ziye zamkelwa nezesayensi. Wabe iBhaso yeNobel ngo-1903 yemvelo kunye Anri Bekkerelem kunye nomfazi wakhe Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre nomfazi wayo yadlala indima ephambili lokufunyanwa Radium kunye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini, izinto eziye zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuluntu kunye kwiipropati ezenziwayo kunye yenyukliya. umtshato wabo waliseka ubukhosi lwezenzululwazi: oonyana nabazukulwana of zesayensi abaziwayo nam ndaba izazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Marie Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre wazalelwa eParis, eFransi, kusapho uSophie-Kler Depui, intombi lomnini-mveliso, yaye uGqr Eugene Curie, ugqirha Athene. Uyise inkxaso nentsapho yezonyango uthobekile, ngaxeshanye ukuze anelise uthando lwakhe yenzululwazi. Ezhen Kyuri waba idealist kunye azinikele Republican, nisekelwe isibhedlele abenzakeleyo ngexesha Thethani ka-1871.

Pierre wafumana imfundo yakhe pre-eyunivesithi ekhaya. Wayifundisa kuqala ngunina, aze emva koko - uyihlo kunye nobhuti, uJacques. Uthande ngokukodwa ukuba uhambo ukuya emaphandleni, apho Pierre unokubona uze ufunde izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nokuphuhlisa uthando indalo, begcinelwe ebomini bakhe, ukuzonwabisa yakhe kuphela nokuphumla ngexesha umsebenzi wakho emva koko zenzululwazi. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-14, uYesu wabonisa notyekelo olunamandla ukuyinyasha lwezesayensi waqalisa ukufunda kunye unjingalwazi yemathematika, ngubani eyamncedayo ukuphuhlisa isiphiwo sakhe kulo uqeqesho, ingakumbi umelo lwesithuba.

Curie inkwenkwe babukela imifuniselo olwenziwa uyise, yaye uye wafumana Ukuthanda izifundo zovavanyo.

Of usokhemisi ku Physics

ulwazi Pierre endle of physics nemathematika wamzisa 1875. Bachelor of Science xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu.

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-18, wafumana isidanga elingana kwi Sorbonne, okwabizwa ngokuba University of Paris, kodwa nangoko wangena inkqubo zobugqirha ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Kunoko, waba nguvulindlela oncedisayo zelebhu mater yakhe alma ngo-1878, ukuba umncedisi Paul Desena, onoxanduva umsebenzi kwilebhu kwabafundi-yemvelo. Nangona umzalwana wakhe, uJacques wayesebenza kwilebhu mineralogy kwi Sorbonne, baza baqalisa ixesha elinemveliso seminyaka emihlanu yentsebenziswano zenzululwazi.

umtshato uphumelele

Ngowe-1894, Pierre wadibana umfazi wakhe elizayo - Mariey Sklodovskoy, ngubani wafunda physics nemathematika i Sorbonne, yayindoda ngoJulayi 25, 1895, bebase umsitho womtshato civil ezilula. Ifunyenwe wedding imali ekhoyo Maria isetyenziselwa ukuthenga iibhayisekile ezimbini, apho sibini uhambo lomtshato kumaphondo isiFrentshi, yaye abo yindlela ephambili zolonwabo iminyaka emininzi. Ngowe-1897 baba intombi, kwaye kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, wafa unina uPierre kaThixo. UGqr Curie wafudukela sibini waza wanceda ukuthatha unonophelo umzukulwana wam, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre and Marie wazinikela imisebenzi yesayensi. Kunye abayibona ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kunye Radium, baba ngoovulindlela ekufundeni radioactivity waza waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa le kota. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, kuquka ithisisi odumileyo zobugqirha Maria, babesebenzisa data ukusuka electrometer ethe piezoelectric, owadalwa Pierre and umzalwana wakhe uJacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography of the sisazinzulu

Ngowe-1880, yena nomntakwabo omdala uJacques wabonisa ukuba ucinezelo yikristale banekhono zombane, piezoelectricity. Kungekudala emva koko (kwi-1881 ngonyaka) iye yabonisa nomkhwezeli: i ziikristale ibe gqitha yi endle yombane. Phantse zonke elektroniki yedijithali namhlanje basebenzisa le nto ngohlobo crystal oscillators.

Ngaphambi kokuba ithisisi yakhe edumileyo zobugqirha kwi ubutsalane umlinganiselo ukuba okuza ngemagnethi yamachiza French liye laphuhlisa laze egqibelele uzinzo torsion ethe kakhulu. ukulungisa wabo wasala usetyenziswa yaye ilandelwe yi abaphandi kule nkalo.

Pierre wafunda ferromagnetism, paramagnetism kunye diamagnetism. Wafumanisa ke wachaza ukuxhomekeka kwezinto ekwaziyo yokuba magnetized yi ubushushu, namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba umthetho Curie. Esihlala kulo mthetho ubizwa ngokuba Curie njalo. Pierre kwakhona lwafumanisa ukuba izinto ferromagnetic abe lobushushu ebalulekileyo inguqu, ngasentla baphelelwe iimpawu zayo ferromagnetic. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ingongoma Curie.

Umgaqo leyo aliqulunqileyo Per Kyuri, imfundiso macala, kukuba neziphumo ezibonakalayo kunokubangela asymmetry, ukungabikho ibangela. Umzekelo, umxube random of esanti asymmetry weightlessness akanayo (intlabathi isotropic). Phantsi yempembelelo womxhuzulane ngenxa asymmetry ye kwicala endle sivela. Umgrayo "alungise" ezindaweni ezi-, nto leyo eyandisa ngobunzulu. Kodwa lo yamasuntswana ngqo isanti entsha interposition eneneni ibonakalisa asymmetry yentsimi omxhuzulane, ebangela ngokwahlukana.

yemisebe

Pierre et Marie umsebenzi radioactivity yayisekelwe kwiziphumo ze-X-reyi kwaye Anri Bekkerelya. Ngowe-1898, emva kokuba uphando olunzulu, bafumanisa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva - Radium, ibanike uncedo-1 g lwesi sakhi lwemichiza uraninite. Ngaphezu koko, bafumana ukuba imitha beta ukuba kakubi amacala amasuntswana.

Ukuvulwa Pierre and Marii Kyuri kufuna umgudu omkhulu. Ayikho imali eyaneleyo, nokuba ukonga iindleko zothutho, ngomsebenzi biked. Eneneni, umvuzo katitshala yaba ncinci, kodwa sibini waqhubeka izazinzulu ukunikela ixesha nemali ukuba uphando.

Ukufunyanwa ಪೇನ್ ipheyini

Imfihlelo yempumelelo yabo ekusebenziseni Amaphiko Curie indlela entsha uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali, ngokusekelwe imilinganiselo echanekileyo radiation. into nganye yabekwa omnye Emacebeni azo le capacitor, kunye electrometer usebenzisa i zwi piezoelectric walinganisa conductivity emoyeni. Le ubuninzi ngokomlinganiselo okuqulethwe into esebenzayo ezifana uranium okanye thorium.

Esi sibini wahlola inani elikhulu unxibelelwano lweziqalelo phantse zonke ezaziwayo kwaye wafumanisa ukuba uranium kuphela kwaye thorium yi eqhumayo. Noko ke, bagqiba ukulinganisa kwimitha ekhutshwa yi-ores ukusuka apho atsalwa uranium kunye thorium, ezifana halkolit kunye uraninite. Ore wabonisa umsebenzi ukuba amaxesha 2.5 obungaphezu uranium. Emva unyango kunye amasalela asidi, kunye emanzini, bafumana ukuba into esebenzayo kuzo zonke reactions kunye bismuth. Noko ke, befumene ukwahlulwa akakhethi buso, ephawula ukuba emanzini bismuth lingaphantsi maxongo ngakumbi le emanzini yinto efunekayo entsha, leyo ogama ಪೇನ್ ipheyini imbeko Marii Kyuri kwiphandle Poland.

Radium, imitha, kunye Prize Nobel

NgoDisemba 26, 1898 no uJacques Curie Bemoni, intloko yophando kwi "School kaMasipala Industrial Physics and Chemistry", kwingxelo yakhe Academy of Sciences wabhengeza kokufunyanwa into entsha, abalibiza ngokuba Radium.

yamachiza French, kunye nomnye abafundi bakhe okokuqala kutyhilwa amandla ka-atom, ukufumana amasuntswana radiation ubushushu okuqhubekayo 'Ncwadi element. Kwakhona uphando yemisebe kwezinto radioactive, kwaye nangoncedo owahluke ngokwemvelo, wakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ezinye isisi elihle icala, enye - negative, ngoxa abanye cala. Ngoko wafumanisa alpha, beta kunye wesigrike radiation.

Curie wabelana ngeMbasa kaNobel e Physics ngo-1903 kunye nomfazi wakhe Anri Bekkerelem. Kuye yanikwa ingqwalasela inkonzo ngokungaqhelekanga ukuba ezinikezelwa ephanda ngezenzeko zabo radiation yafunyanwa nguNjingalwazi Becquerel.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Per Kyuri, ogama ezifunyaniswe ekuqaleni zange ngokubanzi kwamkelwa eFransi, apho akazange avumele ukuba athathe isihlalo zemichiza ngokwasemzimbeni kunye mineralogy kwi Sorbonne, waya eGeneva. Uhambise ukutshintsha izinto kunokucaciswa iimbono zakhe leftist kunye Ukungavisisani nemigaqo-nkqubo weRiphabliki Third ngokunxulumene kwinzululwazi. Emva candidacy yakhe yawiswa kude ngo-1902, ngo-1905 engeniswa kwi-Academy.

Ekukhuliseni i-Nobel Prize kuye kwenza ukuba iPalamente French ngo-1904 ukuya ukumisela sobuprofesa entsha Curie kwi Sorbonne. Pierre wathi akazange ahlale kwi School of Physics, ngoxa abayi ngemali ngokupheleleyo yi elebhu kunye nenani eyimfuneko kwabancedisi. imfuno yakhe wadibana, noMariya waya egumbini lakhe.

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1906 Lul Kyuri sesilungile, ekugqibeleni, okokuqala ukuqalisa umsebenzi kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, nangona wayegula kwaye udinwe kakhulu.

April 19, 1906 eParis, ngexesha lesidlo sasemini, esiya kwintlanganiso noogxa kwi Sorbonne, edlula imtyibilizi imvula evela Rue eDauphiné Curie washiyeka phambi ihashe buyo. Le Isazinzulu wafa kwingozi. ukufa kwakhe lingekabi lilixa layo, nangona ebuhlungu, Noko ke, wamnceda yokuphepha ukufa ngenxa yokuba Per Kyuri uyaziwa - sesichengeni imitha, yaye kamva unkosikazi wakhe. Esi sibini ungcwatywe kwi crypt ngayo yonk 'e-Paris.

Okwakufudula kusenzeka sisazinzulu

Yemisebe of Radium kwenza i imichiza element kakhulu eyingozi. Izazinzulu ndaqonda kuphela emva kokuba ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ukukhanyisa khwlzleyo, iiphaneli, iwotshi, kunye nezinye izixhobo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini baqalisa ukuba nempembelelo kwimpilo ngobuchwephesha kunye nabathengi. Noko ke, Radium chloride isetyenziswa iyeza ukuba unyango lomhlaza.

ಪೇನ್ ipheyini lifumene ezahlukeneyo izicelo ezisebenzayo kwi izibonelelo mveliso yenyukliya. Kwakhona yaziwe kuba ayityhefu kakhulu kwaye zingasetyenziswa njenge ityhefu. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo fuse neutron ukulungiselela izixhobo zenyukliya.

Behlonipha Pierre Curie kwi iwodi Congress ngowe-1910 emva kokufa Physics iye ogama iyunithi radioactivity lingana 3.7 x Oktobha ¹⁰ disintegrations nganye yesibini okanye 37 gigabecquerels.

ubukhosi Science

Abantwana kunye nabazukulwana of zesayensi nam ndaba zesayensi abadumileyo. Intombi yabo, Irène watshata Frederika Zholio yaye ngowe-1935 bobabini banikwa ngeMbasa kaNobel in chemistry. Intombi omncinci Eva, owazalwa ngowe-1904, watshata waseMelika uzowenza kunye nomlawuli we-UN-mali yaBantwana. Yena ke umbhali ngobomi ngunina, "Mam Curie" (1938), iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi.

Umzukulwana - Hélène Langevin-Joliot - waba unjingalwazi ophanda yenyukliya kwiYunivesithi yase Paris, kunye nomzukulwana wakhe - Pierre Joliot-Curie kunye ogama lakhe behlonipha kayisemkhulu - wawuquka eyaziwa kakuhle.