Khanate - uhlobo karhulumente. Xa intloko yezemfundo ezinjalo kufanele Hagan, okanye enye utoliko lo mbhalo, "i khan of khans." Lo gama yokuqala okhankanywe ngokunxulumene kwisizwe Mongolian Xianbi mbuya yamandulo.
Ekuqaleni e China
Xa BC Ngenkulungwane III ukusuka manyano yamandulo ebizwa ngokuba "Dungu", wasekwa ngo 1100 BC, ukuba ukhetha omnye sezizwe. umbutho New amakhulu amathathu wabizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngo-330 beza khaganate rouran. Le meko, kwasekwa isizwe Xianbi, waze iminyaka 555. Ngo-402, umlawuli izizwe Zsuzsanna wokuqala bonke baqala azibiza Kagan, ngaleyo ndlela isihloko esitsha yomphathi ophakamileyo. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo imbali, igama wesizwe wabalulamela kuye isiteketiso ngendelelo enikwe kubo Chinese. Zsuzsanna - zirhubuluza ngokucotha okanye ezirhubuluzayo. Akumangalisi ukuba aba bantu babefuna ukuzimela. Kulo mzekelo, Khanate - imanyano yezizwe Zsuzsanna, naye ibe Confederation.
isimo enamandla
Yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane VI kule mfundo, nayo, wasahlula isizwe, wafuna ukuzimela. Kwakhona Bakha yaseAvar Khanate, ebe ikhona iminyaka 823 ukuya 562. Intsimi Slovakia namhlanje iCroatia, Romania kunye iHungary, Serbia kunye Ukraine yaba kwindawo karhulumente esekelwe Hagan Bojan I. Kwangokunjalo 555 i Avars ababesaziwa njengezona Turks esitshutshisa, abantu amadlelo kwanyanzeleka ukuba ushiye emaqeleni yasentshona Kazakhstan kwaye uye kwibhanki esemagqagaleni iVolga. Kwaye kule minyaka 565-566, elirhangqiweyo i Carpathians ngasentla, ukuba captivate ukumkani Franks Sigebert mna, oyise nomkhosi wakhe. Ababephila benjalo wothuswa gqitha oku, ukuba Avars bathi le isipho ngomlingo. Ngexesha ngexesha layo yaseAvar Khanate Wasolula, ithabathele kuLwandle Black ukuya lweAdriatic kunye Alps ukuya iElbe. Avars amandla anjalo zafikelela kubulelwe ulawulo inkokeli olumkileyo nzima aneziphiwo Boyan mna, owayelawula lizwe ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ngo-562 de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe 602. Inkokeli wengcibi enyemba, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, walitshintsha emanyene, kutshabalalisa abantu yonke ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo, kwaye ngenxa yoko wenza nkqu umlawuli yaseByzantium kukaTibheriyo II ukuba ahlawule irhafu kuye. Khanate - ngeqhudu engqongqo, kwaye Hagan - nto ozimeleyo zabefundisi zamaxesha aphakathi ephila, owathi, ngaphandle naziphina izithintelo bobabo ngokupheleleyo onke amandla.
Kokuwa sondo
Xa ukufunda imbali bamaxesha amandulo, kukho kusoloko kukho izimvo ezimbalwa kwi mba mnye. Ngenxa yoko, iingozi zibangelwa kumaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo: a mongolojazychnym, ukuba Iranian-zeelwimi, i Turk. Abameli yesikolo zakudala Hungary, endihleli kwintsimi i yaseAvar Khanate, inxenye ezinkulu Avars ukuya Europeoids kunye ezinawo encinane kuphela - ku Mongoloid. Kodwa le iligcuntswana likawonke-labemi idlale indima ephezulu, yaba ngurhulumente elite yaseAvar. Kokuba kucingelwa ukuba abameli le-Elite sigqibo zange ukufunxa kunye nezizwe oyiswe. Imke kude kakhulu ukoyiswa yokuqala Avars ezifunyenwe eConstantinople ngo-626. Ngoko nangoko ukusuka Khanate baba izizwe ngamnye ababezahlule - wokuqala Wagidima Kutrigurs Bulgarians mihla. Ngowe-631, Khan Alcek, umlawuli wangomso Great Bulgaria umke Kaganate zomkhosi wakhe emva kokuba behluleke ukumbamba amandla. Avars Next ukumela kuphela iqhele. Ukusuka kwelaseDalmati Croats bathabath nabo kunyaka-640. Dobila Khanate Franco-yaseAvar War, yathatha ixesha elide. Ngokuthe ngcembe wesuka zonke izizwe ngamakhoboka. Nezokugqibela, ngendlela ummandla okhetiweyo Pannonia Avars yi Franks, ikhokelwe Hagan sele wabhaptizwa kunyaka 899 wayithimba Hungarians. Avars kwaphela ukuba khona. Wanyamalala karhulumente someleleyo, lona lwahlalayo malunga 3.5 eminyaka.
Polity Kaganates kakhulu ezinamandla
Umbuzo ophakamayo, yintoni na Khanate, isebenza njani, kutheni liyalahleka, ngokuqhelekileyo lilize. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i Hagan - indoda, onamandla kamva elililo, anyulwe yiNdibano yesiZwe. I Khazar Khaganate kunye Aavrskom umlawuli waba Viceroy tudun banikwe imisebenzi yokubeka, sombutho kunye ozakuzo, kunye yugur, nto leyo mhlawumbi umbingeleli omkhulu. Inani waqokelela iingangamsha - Tarkhans. Kwaye emva kwabo, kwiqela elinegunya, iintloko zezizwe ezibe, nto leyo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo isakhiwo lizwe. zaye Bayisusile kunye nabantu babo Khanate. Mhlawumbi loo nto, waza wanyamalala kobuso Umhlaba yimeko leyo multi-yobuhlanga.
Esinye isimo Turkish
Turgesh ixesha enilichithe kakhulu - ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya phakathi kwenkulungwane VIII. Ekuqaleni inkokeli kwenkulungwane ye Turgeshes Ushlik ekubhukuqekeni irhuluneli yaseTshayina kwaye babefuna ukuba uyaliphika Hagan China. Wenza isixeko sakhe ikomkhulu Suyab, nto leyo ukubheja yakhe. Yonke imida entsha Kaganate kuquka iiyunithi indawo 20, nganye ingabekwa amadoda 7 amawaka. Bathi zibekwe kwiindawo zamaphondo yaseTshayina nangengalo ukusuka Beshbaliq ukuya Tashkent. Ngonyaka 705 ngenxa nokoyikiswa abanjwe Arabhu kweli lizwe kaganat umfelandawonye China, liwabe amandla Arabhu. Abalawuli zilandelayo - Corey, Zheng, Great Suluk, bafika phantsi apho Khanate bade, wakhokela imfazwe ngempumelelo kunye Arabhu, kunye neTshayina. Kodwa emva kokubulawa Suluk amandla baqalisa iphambana kude ezandleni ezihlangwini zakhe, abo Kutsha kunye Baga-Tarhan, Bilge kunye Tengri-Ilmysh - Hagan ophelileyo, turgesh abo ukufa yaphela. Kwakukho imali kaRhulumente ngemibhalo Sogdian, olwenziwa phantsi aba balawuli.
New kwisayithi ye endala
Kancinci ixesha elide khona Mpuma Tyurkskiy Kaganat. yaba likomkhulu umzi Umva-Orda. Imbali le miba ephila kwaqala ngo-603, emva kokuwa khanate zamaTurkic lezabelo Koloni naseMpuma. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu, elalisandul 'ukusekwa East Khanate, nto leyo yaba umda eqhelekileyo China, beya kubulawa kunye naye kakhulu impi oyimpumelelo, kodwa 630, eli lizwe kwakhona zihlaselwa ubukhosi eTurkey. emva kweminyaka 50 bavukela Kok-Turks, nto leyo yakhokelela abuyiselwe East khanate phantsi igama elitsha - Kok-Turk. Kwaye kwakhona, imikhosi bamhlasela umkhosi of China - kulo nyaka 686 kwi Xinzhou, 694 - kufuphi Linchzhou. Second Qapagan Mochur Hagan, owayelawula ukususela kwiminyaka 693 ukuya 716, bahlasela ngempumelelo China ngonyaka ka-698 baza bawoyisa amabutho asebukhosini. Yilandeleni abalawuli 6 loo impumelelo akukho yimpumelelo. Ekugqibeleni, Kulun-bek, Khanate bengumkhosi 745, abantu boyiswa Uighur Khan Wash-Chura. Kok-Tyurkskiy Kaganat indawo ye-4 million ezikwere zeekhilomitha, wasekwa ngo 682, yaphela.
imfundo New strong
Karluk Khanate, ezivele kwiminyaka-11 emva kokuba ngokuwa Kok-Turk - sichaze zamaTurkic, yaye waphila iminyaka 940 ukuya 756. Le ndawo ahlala kuzo, isithuba kuquka phakathi ISSYK-Cool kunye Balkhash ukusuka kweziphakathi Syr uDaria ukuya Dzhungarskiy Tau. Oko kukuba ku ezahlukene Kazakhstan yanamhlanje. iingcambu Karluk Khanate wakhula ngaphandle kwenxalenye yasentshona Zidilikile kanye (ngo-603) le ithi eTurkey. Nangona ixesha elithile phantsi impembelelo China, xa ekuqaleni VIII kwinkulungwane ye Karluk (abemi kule mimandla) uqale nokuya ngcembe ukuya ngasentshona. Malunga kubo ukususela ngenkulungwane V. Kwakhona multibreeding uluntu - kumafa zawo baya kuhlala ke VII kwinkulungwane, izizwe ezifana Bulak, chigil kunye Tashlyk. Endleleni yala maqela alandelayo ufumana elizayo namandla Kaganate entsha iphumelele uloyiso ezininzi ezinkulu. Ngoko, ke yanceda Arabhu 751 phumelela e Talas, okanye Atlahskoy (Talas kwintlambo Atlah isixeko), imfazwe nxamnye China (Tang Dynasty). Alwa naseMpuma lohlanga Khaganate. Kodwa ke amandla Karluk, owayengamazi ups, ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Waye ezabalazela ngomnye imfundo zamaTurkic - Eastern Turkestan, ekuthatheni 940, ikomkhulu Karluk Khanate Balasgun. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye yabantu wakwazi ukubaleka ngaphesheya komlambo Okanye, ubude kwi Imilambo ezisixhenxe, apho bathe bakuyila urhulumente omtsha obizwa Karluk Khanate. Yaba isixeko capital Kaylaka.
Nxi buhlungu
Ngomhla umbuzo wokuba yintoni na Khanate, impendulo kukuba nje uhlobo zaseAsiya karhulumente. Ndawo eYurophu okanye eMelika ayizange kwiziseko ezinjengezo. E Asia, kwakukho into eninzi - kwakukho nkqu Khanate Russian kwi Lower Don. Yena, naye, wayeka ukuya khona phakathi kwinkulungwane IX. Njengoko ubonisa imbali, ncam uhlobo unelishwa karhulumente - zonke kaganats zatshatyalaliswa, kunye nabantu abaninzi yanyamalala umkhondo okanye ichithwe phakathi kwezinye izizwe, ezifana Khazars, kunye Avars. Ke intsingiselo ithi zamaTurkic kunzima ukuba zazi. Ngenxa yokwanda emkhosini lwenkcubeko East iye natyetyiswa eziyimpumelelo impucuko yamandulo lweMeditera. izizwe emininzi China kunye ukufika neNtshona yeYurophu, endleleni ihlanganiswe kunye izithuba eziphilayo yezi zizwe.