Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso: iimveliso, iifoto, abafowunelwa

Day ngesithuthuthu lokuzalwa - 29 Agasti. Ngale mini 1885 injineli German kwaye luli, Gottlieb Daymer, uye kuvavanywa wokusungula yakhe injini yepetroli. Uyilo, efakelwe injini kwase yi-ngamavili amabini yaye bafudukela ngamandla. Athotywa owavela isithuthuthu.

ERashiya, ixesha izithuthuthu yaqala kamva. Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso iye phambili ishishini. Legendary iimodeli izithuthuthu kwaye ngoku afumaneka kuzo zonke iidolophu neelali kweli lizwe. uluhlu ezinkulu, ukukwazi ukulungisa ngokoqobo "edolweni" kuyo nayiphi na egaraji, umsebenzi omkhulu, ixabiso eliphantsi - abalandeli izithuthuthu brand iz ukuze ukukhalela badwelise izinto ze afumane izizathu ezintsha ukuvuselelwa kwemveliso.

Isampulu lokuqala

Izama ukwenza ngesithuthuthu yesiko eRashiya baqalisa kwanangaphambi kokuba revolution, kwiminyaka 1913-14. Bahlele ukuqokelela ukukhanya model Swiss iinxalenye ngokusekelwe "leDux" mveliso (eMoscow). It uceba ukutshabalalisa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwaye emva kokuba revolution 1917. Ukuzama elandelayo, ngempumelelo ngakumbi, yenziwa ngo-1924 phantsi kolawulo Design Bureau PN Lviv. Iinjineli bakwazi ukuba bayile kwaye uvelise 1925 imodeli ngesithuthuthu elula, ngokuba oko "i-Union".

Kwakufuneka ngcembe, ngexesha uyilo, uncedo engundoqo ngentsimbi iNdawo 500 cubic metres nasentlakohlaza ukunqunyanyiswa kwi ivili langasemva. imveliso mass icebo, kwase sele kudlule iimvavanyo ezithile kwaye kule meko, ngenxa iprofayile of "leDux" sele kancinane izityalo. Ukuba bayile kwaye uqalise nokuveliswa izithuthuthu yemiyinge lwasekhaya waphumelela ngo-1928. Isiseko lofakelo amandla Izhstalzavod. Siye yavelisa isithuthuthu yokuqala kwindawo Ofisi ngokukodwa ludalwe of isithuthuthu, injineli, nentloko yayo yaba umyili edume Peter Mozharov.

Qala phezulu ezintlanu

P. Mozharov wayethandana izithuthuthu kunye lweenkobe Izhevsk bafuduka izithuthuthu swatch German. Xa nokuzithoba kwakhe workshop Izhstalzavode yavulwa, yaye ngonyaka nje omnye yayiyilwe 5 izithuthuthu kwetyala IL. Bonke bephela avavanyiwe kwaye elungiselelwe run onentsingiselo-Union zonke. I yokuqala isithuthuthu Soviet IL-1 wabona ihlabathi ngoSeptemba 17 ngo-1929, ubunzima eekhilogram 300. Khombisa iimpawu ezilungileyo kunye izithuthuthu lokuqala:

• IL-1 IL-2. It wadalwa Kwathi kwiindlela ezinzima emaphandleni. In izixhobo - ku-line kunye isilinda ezimbini, iintsimbi, ukuthembeka phezulu, ngesantya transmission lwencwadi enoncedo ye iinxalenye oluxonxiweyo wadala odnobrusnaya isakhelo engaphandle, a plus enkulu yaba ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kwaye ezinye ezintsha. -IL-2 imodeli - a maxesha IL-1. Kodwa ekupheleni ngesithuthuthu yokuqala enye inzuzo, kubalulekile ukuba kwilizwe apho izithuthi zabucala yaba yingxaki. Kwi IL-1 ukuya abakhweli abane, ezimbini isithuthuthu kunye ezimbini stroller.
• IL-3. Inzuzo ephambili yale mfuziselo i "Owasasaza" injini brand ogama crankshaft yi transversely. Drive isiphakamiso ivili langasemva (chain) ubekwe kwindawo ebiyelweyo evaliweyo ezaliswe ioli.
• IL-4. Kwagqitywa mayixhotyiswe injini ngesibetho-ababini uphawu olunye njengesilinda "isiqu" amavili angasemva ziqhutywa shaft. Lo mfuziselo elula kunenye kwi phezulu ezintlanu.
• IL-5, okanye "kuqamba." Uyilo kusetyenziswa iiyunithi ngesithuthuthu uphawu "Neander" nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi yi nefolokhwe ngaphambili, isakhelo kwase latshintshwa.

Iimvavanyo kwingoma

Le ntetho senzeka kwi ngesithuthuthu motocross Union ngo-1929. Olu khuphiswano yabanjwa okwesihlandlo sesibini kwimbali yawo. IL izithuthuthu boyisa kwingoma weekhilomitha 3300, yaye bakwazi ukuqhuba ukusuka Izhevsk eMoscow. Emva iziphumo khuphiswano, imodeli-IL 4 kucetyiswa kwimveliso mass. Kodwa, "Izhstalzavod" ngenxa komsebenzi ayikwazanga ukuqala imveliso serial. Mozharov kunye neqela abayili bafudukela eLeningrad, apho waqalisa umsebenzi ukwakhiwa ukukhanya isithuthuthu brand L-300.

production eyandulela serial

Ide banesifo lwemveliso ngesithuthuthu mass kwi USSR wayengekho, kodwa umbuzo yeNkampani tab ingqalelo. Kuba izithuthuthu imveliso lezibuko kwakufuneka nje izityalo kwendibano-mveliso apho kuveliswa zonke iindawo, izixhobo, apho kukho amandla abasebenzi ukuba lukwazi ukumelana neengxaki kuwo onke amanqanaba. Esi sigqibo senziwe egameni Izhevsk, apho umpu mveliso Berezina, yena ke waba isiseko inkampani entsha khona. Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso ekuqaleni ngokuba mveliso ngesithuthuthu Abanamava.

Ekuqaleni wayecebe kukhulula "Nathi - A-750" (uguqulelo enzima). ukusebenza kwayo ikuluhlu injini ezimise V-kunye isilinda ezimbini, injini iityhubhu 747 TDP 15 hp I iisampuli ezine zokuqala kwalo mfuziselo zaveliswa ngenxa holide yoSuku Meyi 1933. Ngaxeshanye kunye imodeli ngesithuthuthu enzima zavelisa iisampuli eziliqela IL-7 lung. Ngenxa yoko, ngesithuthuthu imveliso serial lavunyelwa imodeli lula, kodwa utshintsho olukhulu ukuba iyafuneka ekulweni ukuba "ukuncitshiswa labour." Inguqulelo yokugqibela ungumzekelo-IL-7 ulahlekelwa iibhodi ibhuthi, ulawulo umcephe liye lathatyathelw 'indawo cuff hybrid lwenziwe ukuba lula kunye nabanye.

Ngowe-1933, Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso livelisa iimoto 111. Rates yokukhululwa Okukhona bandileyo, ngexesha yagqabhuka umsebenzi iziko yoyilo, apho imizekelo ezitsha sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye isebenzisa zikhona. Ngowe-1938, kwaqala imveliso isithuthuthu-IL 8 injini ne-300 cubic metres. izixhobo Power ukwanda ku-8 enjini.

Ngowe-1940, Izhevsk nezityalo ngesithuthuthu waqalisa ukuveliswa imodeli-IL-9. Le yokusebenza umthamo kumatshini sele 9 enjini kwaba. Ngaxeshanye, umsebenzi waqalisa phezu ekuphunyezweni imodeli-IL-12, nto leyo yayisekelwe imodeli ye-A-8, ephuhliswe iLeningrad Design Bureau. Bahlele ukuqala imveliso inxaxheba ngo-1941, kodwa ke imfazwe.

Sesona sisombululo post-imfazwe

Ngexesha impi Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo umba imipu umatshini kunye neengalo ezincinane. Ukuvuselelwa isithuthuthu yaqala phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuba uloyiso ngo-1946. Ngokutsho umthetho izibonelelo ukusuka Germany ezisiwa imizobo Izhevsk nezixhobo mveliso German, esalinikwayo negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso. Kwishishini udale i-ofisi yoyilo entsha, waza waqalisa amalungiselelo ukulungiselela ukuveliswa imodeli entsha ye isithuthuthu IL-350, olusekelwe phezu kokuqonda kwabekwa isampuli German i DKW 350.

Kwase le mboni yaseJamani iguqulwe bayifunayo eSoviet kunye namathuba ahlangeneyo yimveliso. Wahlanganisa isithuthuthu IL kuqala kwi-mveliso iingalo. Ukusuka kule ndawo kwi Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso eSoviet Union waba yinkokheli ekuvelisweni izithuthuthu.

Abasebenzi bezempilo kunye nomgangatho

Kude ekupheleni 60s, ukwandisa umthamo imveliso, ugxininiso engundoqo kubekwa kuyilo kunye nokuveliswa iimodeli izixhobo zokudlala, zimisele umoya omawulawule Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso. Products, leyo emtwini yokuthutha, waba imfuno omabini kurhwebo lwasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ngowe-1946, le nkampani zaphuculwa imodeli yokuqala post-impi isithuthuthu. Yala maxesha siyishiye isampuli ezilahlekileyo parallelogram ifolokhwe, kwathiwa yenzelwe ukubuyisela owawusisibonakude. amandla injini landile ukuya 14 HP, ukuba unenzondelelo utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekumisweni. nokuma kwawo entsha wanikela stroke wobulali lokuyimfihlo ngexesha isindululo.

Ebudeni bexesha baloo mashumi angamahlanu, saya kungena imifuziselo imveliso ezine ezintsha isithuthuthu. Eyokuqala kolu thotho wakhululwa-IL 49 isithuthuthu. Le model mayixhotyiswe injini enye cylinder kunye injini ezimbini kunye isisu, kwaphuculwa ukunqunyanyiswa ivili langasemva, yokwela owawusisibonakude. Speed Transmission waba izikhundla ezintathu. Le bhayisekile Ndandingogqibeleleyo ukuba kokoyisa off-kwendlela emaphandleni. Ngaba yakhululwa IL-50, 54 no 55. Amandla izithuthuthu lenyuka ukuya 18-19 enjini.

Ithuba nokugqama ekuma

Ukususela ngo-1966, siye saqalisa ukuvelisa imifuziselo ezintsha Bikes yendlela kwi Izhevsk Motor Plant. Ukongeza yemisebenzi emitsha kwezobugcisa, ngoku amagama amatsha abe edume :. "IZH Planet" yaye "Iz Jupiter" ISithuthuthu "IZH Planet" eyakhutshwa ngokusekelwe imifuziselo-IL-56. Kuba intsapho entsha itanki yezibaso ngesithuthuthu sele ngokutsha, silungiswe uyilo isihlalo, ukuba beziya (ngaphambili, ngasemva), lo muffler.

"IL-Jupiter" waza wadala ngokusekelwe kwi-IL 56 isithuthuthu. Kuba manqaku esitsha sele iyile injini entsha ngokupheleleyo itankana-mbini, elaphiliswayo inxeba lalo ezimbini zeeveki injini moya uyavuthuza. Lo mxube ukusebenza yalungiselelwa kwi isiBeki ye-injini, ibangelwa ube yintlantsi yombane akwitankana lokugcina. Kuye kwenziwa enye inombolo enkulu ezintsha.

Ukususela ngowe-1971 ukuya 1975 ababevela kwishishini imifuziselo yokuthutha izithuthuthu yendlela 'IZH Planeta-3 "," Jupiter IL-3 "," IZH Planeta Sport "," Iz Jupiter 3K. " Kweli nqanaba, izixhobo imveliso iye kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye izakhono lweshishini linyuke kakhulu. Kwi-ofisi yoyilo ukusebenza imifuziselo ezitsha, ukuphuculwa "izhey" zemveli kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ichaphazela amava nezakhono ze-mveliso omkhulu. Eminye imizekelo izithuthuthu wawongwa uphawu umgangatho kunokuba abanekratshi Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso. iintsimbi zonke iimodeli zokusebenza zazifumaneka yonke kwilizwe liphela.

Isithuthuthu "IZH Jupiter" uye imifuziselo emihlanu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimpawu, elona nani likhulu zokuguqulwa ndafumana isithuthuthu "IZH Jupiter - 5", kwakukho amagama-22. "IZH Planeta" imodeli waba iinketho ezintlanu, imodeli ithandwayo yaba ngesithuthuthu "IZH Planeta Sport".

Ide 2000,

Ngu 80 kusasa inkampani ngafakwa ukusebenza kwiziko elitsha imveliso kakhulu ezenzekelayo. release amandla ayo kuqikelelwa yaba 450 kweetoni eziliwaka. yezithuthuthu ngonyaka. Ngo 1981-82. Isityalo ivelisa izithuthuthu imifuziselo 'IZH kaZeyus - 4 "yaye" IL Planet -4 ". Ngowe-1985, imveliso yaqala kwimodeli 'IZH kaZeyus - 5 ", yaye ngowe-1987 apapasha ngesithuthuthu" IZH Planet - 5 ". Kuba kule modeli yaphuhliswa ngokutsha inkangeleko benjini-22 l e. a. Kungekudala imbonakalo mihla kwazifikela zonke izithuthuthu eziveliswa IL.

Kude 90 yokuqala i-Design Bureau iyile uphuhliso olutsha olusekwe imodeli ngesithuthuthu walala injini Japanese ht-550. Technique ubizwa ngokuba "Orion", "Marathon", "sprinter" imizekelo eziluphawu imisebenzi ephambili zobugcisa, uyilo ezinamagama kombisiweke amathemba enkulu ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi.

Ukususela 1992 ukuya ku-1996 kwi-Izhevsk izithuthuthu mveliso ukwenza iziganeko ezenzeke - iz mnqongo impahla 9,604 kwaye icala GH IL itreyila 9,204. Iimodyuli ezongezelelweyo badalwa luzakufakwa nayiphi imodeli isithuthuthu "Jupiter" yaye "Planet". Ukuseta imodyuli imithwalo efunekayo ukususa i ivili ngasemva isithuthuthu kunye gumbi yokugcina ekhuselekileyo ukuzithengela ezinamavili imithwalo kuyo.

Iminyaka emithathu (1995-1998 gg.) Ngo-mveliso liphuhlise iinjini ezintsha kunye nempompo centrifugal self-priming. Ngowe-1997 ibhayisekile lwenzelwe ukuthutha kwezixhobo zokulwa umlilo IL 6,92001 kunye nemodeli yemithwalo Iz 6,920 UG. Ngonyaka wama-2000 inkampani isaziso uphuhliso uyilo ngesithuthuthu entsha indlela a chopper (IZH 6.113-05), isihloko sabasebenzi - "Junker".

utshintsho

Ngexesha ukhona, Izhevsk Motor ukongeza nokukhululwa izithuthuthu ababandakanyekayo ukwenziwa kweemveliso zomkhosi, babe kude 1988 ziyimfihlo wayelele kwishishini. Kuzingela zokuzenzela eziveliswa kule Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso, eyaziwa ukususela-1948, baye wasungula imveliso mass emva kokuphela kwemfazwe. Uhlengahlengiso iphenjelelwa ngamandla yabucala yemveliso, inkampani ngokutsha ngo-1992 ibe yinkampani imfuyo joint "Axion".

mveliso IZhmoto, wenza imveliso izithuthuthu zawa ngo-2008 kwaye mothballed ngokusesikweni ngokungenammiselo. Kutshanje, amajelo eendaba yaqala ukubonakala malunga upapasho koosomashishini Chinese lokuvuselela umdla Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso. uphuhliso Photo, akazange afumane imveliso epheleleyo, imodeli zembali zimoto yokuqala, yaye namhlanje yenza bayilibale.

ithemba

Namhlanje, evenkileni, apho izithuthuthu ngaphambili kukhutshwe, engenanto. Ngokutsho abantu bakwazi ukujonga lemveliso yenkampani luhlale kwindawo enqatyisiweyo, apho kwakukho kanye Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso. Abafownelwa: Udmurdskaya Republic, Izhevsk, ul. Telegin, Building 30.

Ngokutsho iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni, Ltd. Izhevsk ngesithuthuthu mveliso (Izhevsk) wenza kwimveliso izithuthuthu, ezincane, Bikes ukungcola strollers. Ngo-2014 kwafika ukupapashwa kunokwenzeka izithuthuthu ngokutsha IL. Le projekthi inomdla e China, kubekho amacebiso China izakubeka e Udmurtia imveliso ngayo izithuthuthu kunye yaxoxa indlela yokuvelisa isithuthuthu-IL-7 series, kodwa indlela izinto namhlanje, akwaziwa ukuba.