Yintoni na iimviwo radiographic? iimviwo Radiographic of welds. uviwo Radiographic: GOST

Isiseko ulawulo radiation kukuba nako eziba kwezinto ezithile (izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo) cazulula zenze ionizing kwimitha. Xa inkqubo ngokucandeka enyukliya silindeleke betekisi amasuntswana limalunga, ekuthiwa radiation okanye radiation ionizing. iipropati radiation kuxhomekeka kuhlobo amasuntswana nezakhiwo ezintweni isiqalo.

radiation Corpuscular ionizing

Alpha radiation kuvela emva ekuweni eziba onzima helium. isisi Ziqulethe uluhlu iperi protons kunye neutron isibini. Zinelungelo ubunzima elikhulu nesantya ephantsi. Ezi zibangelwa ngeempawu lokwahlula eziphambili zabo: Ukungena amancinane kunye namandla enamandla.

radiation neutron liquka neutron obhobhozayo. Ezi amasuntswana abanalo isigxina yabo yombane. Kuphela xa neutron banxibelelane eziba umbandela ityala ion zokhanyo bayazibhijabhija, ngoko ngaphantsi radiation neutron eyenziweyo radioactivity eziziisekondari aqhubela kwi into imisebe.

radiation Beta ivela reactions ngaphakathi kwiseli ngumongo. Le ukuguqulwa a Proton ibe neutron okanye ngolunye uhlobo. Kulo mzekelo, electron ukuba ezintweni okanye antiparticle - positrons. Ezi amasuntswana babe nobunzima encinane kunye ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu. ubuchule babo ionize nto incinane, xa kuthelekiswa ne amasuntswana alpha.

Ionizing radiation kunye nohlobo quantum

Gamma radiation sikhatshwa iinkqubo ngasentla kukhutshwe alpha beta amasuntswana ekonakaleni kwe-athom Isotope. Yazingcolisa photon wampompoza, nto leyo radiation electromagnetic. Ufana nokukhanya, imitha wesigrike sele uhlobo ngumtshangatshangiso. Gamma isuntswana ngesantya ukukhanya umdla, ngokulandelelana, unamandla eliphezulu gaze.

-X-reyi kananjalo isiseko salo amaza, ngoko ifana kakhulu radiation gamma. Kwakhona ebizwa bremsstrahlung. Ukukwazi kuyo kuxhomekeke lexinene umbandela imisebe. Kanye wokukhanya ukukhanya oku kushiya umboniso phezu amabala ezimbi. Olu phawu lwe X-ray sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino kunye namayeza.

indlela Radiographic NDT kungenxa gamma- lwamayeza kunye X-radiation, babe ngumtshangatshangiso indalo magnetic, kunye neutron. Kuba imveliso radiation usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo.

oomatshini X-ray

-X ray afunyenwe usebenzisa iityhubhu X-ray. Le iglasi okanye soldered cylinder metal-yodongwe, ukusuka apho umoya elibharhileyo ukukhawulezisa ukuhamba electron. Kumacala omabini i electrode enxulumene noko kunye nentlawulo esahlukileyo.

Le cathode - a isantya olu cingwana Tungsten, olawula umqadi ezingcakacileyo electron ukuya anode. Le yokugqibela sidla ezenziwe ngobhedu, ine- cut elibhalwe ngokumileyo kwi-engile 40 ukuya kuma-70. Xa iziko eye ipleyiti eyenziwe Tungsten, ebizwa ngokuba yi-focus anode. Le cathode inikezelwa i alternating rhoqo sangoku 50 Hz ukwenza isakhono umahluko kwi pole. Ukuhamba elektroni kwi umqadi iwela ngqo epleyitini Tungsten anode apho amasuntswana eshukumayo kakhulu kade kunye oscillations kagesi kwenzeka. Ngako oko reyi roentgen kuthiwa inhibition. ulawulo Radiographic ikakhulu wasebenzisa X-reyi.

Gamma kunye neutron emitters

A radiation Umthombo gamma - into radioactive ngokuqhelekileyo Isotope of ayibe, iridium okanye atom. Xa ifowuni ibekwe esipilini capsule okhethekileyo.

emitters neutron lwenziwa ngendlela efanayo, isetyenziswa kuphela xa amandla wobhobhozayo neutron.

ray

Ngokutsho indlela kweziphumo ubhaqo okubalulayo radioscopic, radiometric kunye nolawulo radiographic. Le ndlela yokugqibela Eboniswe ukuba iziphumo lomzobo abhalwe kwi ifilimu okanye imbasa. iimviwo Radiographic kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa imitha ukuya ububanzi into kolawulo. Kulo mfanekiso into yolawulo tshin ngezantsi ubonakala apho amabala Imivumbo kuvela iziphene kunokwenzeka (nemingxuma, pores, iintanda) eziquka imigodi egcwele umoya, ukususela ionization kwezinto ezahlukeneyo xa loxinano zokhanyo kwenzeka inhomogeneously.

Kuba efumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo umbandela nembasa, ifilim, i iphepha X-ray.

Izibonelelo weld ukuhlolwa indlela radiographic neentsilelo zayo

Xa ekuhloleni umgangatho welding isetyenziswa ngokubanzi Imagnethi yomhlaba, radiographic kunye novavanyo cuke. Kumashishini oyile negesi iindawo ingakumbi kuvavanywa ngocoselelo welding ipipi amalungu. Kuyinto kula macandelo indlela uhlolo radiographic ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa iingenelo ukuqina ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela zolawulo. Okokuqala, loo nto ithathwa kakhulu ezicacileyo; phezu kakutsha angabona ifotokopi ngqo karhulumente lwangaphakathi mba iindawo azinaziphene, kwaye kucacile zabo.

Enye inzuzo - a ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Xa uqhuba ulawulo cuke okanye ukumpompoza-isango kukho kusoloko yindlela ubhaqo lobuxoki ngenxa ke lendoda ukunxibelelana yezitenxo weld. Xa non-contact ukuhlolwa radiographic kunokwenzeka, oko kukuthi, iindawo ezimagqagala okanye nzima akuyongxaki.

Okwesithathu, indlela ikuvumela ukulawula iintlobo zezixhobo, kuquka non-magnetic.

Okokugqibela, le ndlela ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwimozulu esibi kunye neemeko zobugcisa. Kukho ulawulo radiographic-oli negesi imibhobho kunokwenzeka kuphela. izixhobo Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ultrasound bomi kusinika kakuhle ngenxa kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi okanye iimpawu zezakhiwo.

Nangona kunjalo, iye neengxaki ezininzi:

• Indlela uhlolo radiographic amalungu welding, ngokusekelwe nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zexabiso kunye ziphele;
• Lufuna abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ngokukodwa;
• Ukusebenza imisebe eqhumayo na eyingozi empilweni.

Ukulungiselela ulawulo

Ukulungiselela. Njengoko emitters kusetyenziswa oomatshini X-ray okanye gamma isiphako. Coca umphezulu, uhlolo olubonakalayo ngokukhubazeka iliso ebonakalayo, ukumakisha zifundo uhlolo kunye nokumakisha kwabo phambi kokuqala zokuhlolwa radiographic of welds. Khangela ukusebenza izixhobo.

Ukukhangela izinga uvakalelo. Kwiindawo wabeka amazinga okuvavanya susceptibility:

• ucingo - ukuba kutywinwe ngokwayo, aa Incopho na kuwo;
• grooving - lemka omhlophe ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 cm, ulwalathiso vee - aa Incopho omhlophe;
• Plate - lemka omhlophe ubuncinane 0.5 cm okanye umthungo kwi reference imiqondiso lokumakishela akufuneki zibonakale emfanekisweni.

ukulawula

Technology, neziphaluka ukuhlolwa radiographic of welds ziyaphuhliswa, ezisekelwe ubukhulu, imilo, iimpawu zolwakhiwo izinto kolawulo, ngokungqinelana nemigaqo. Umgama iphezulu kuvumelekile ukusuka kulawulo into radiographic umboniso - 150 mm.

I-engile phakathi ulwalathiso ray kunye eziqhelekileyo kuya ifilimu kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-45 °.

Umgama ukusuka kumthombo kwimitha ukuya uvavanyo kumphezulu ibalwa ngokwale kwimigaqo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo welds kunye nezinto ubukhulu.

Ukuhlolwa kweziphumo. Umgangatho uvavanyo radiographic kuxhomekeke tshin esetyenzisiweyo. Xa usebenzisa radiographic umboniso phambi kokuba isicelo Ibhetshi nganye kufuneka zihlolelwe uthotyelo parameters ezifunekayo. Wezenzi for imifanekiso processing yavavanywa ziyafaneleka ngokungqinelana nemigaqo. ukulungiselela Film kuba Control and Management of imifanekiso ezigqityiweyo kufuneka ibe kwindawo emnyama ekhethekileyo. imifanekiso zigqibele, kufuneka icace, ngaphandle iindawo engeyomfuneko emulsion layer kufuneka ungaphulwa. Images kwemigangatho kunye neelebhile kufuneka zinokujongwa kakuhle.

Ukuvavanya iziphumo zazinemilinganiselo esweni ubungakanani iziphene bakufumanisayo ngokusebenzisa itemplates ezithile, magnifiers, abalawuli.

Ngokutsho iziphumo zokubeka esweni, wenze isigqibo malunga nokusebenza, ukulungiswa okanye ukwaliwa, nto leyo yenziweyo kwi iijenali emiselwe uhlobo NTD.

Ukusetyenziswa detectors filmless

Namhlanje, ubuchwepheshe yedijithali liya wadityaniswa imveliso mveliso, kuqukwa radiographic indlela yokuvavanya non-yingozi. Kukho ezininzi uphuhliso yokuqala kwiinkampani zasekhaya.

Xa inkqubo lweenkcukacha yedijithali ngexesha radiographic isebenzisa ipleyiti ngebhegi bhetyebhetye eyenziwe acrylic okanye phosphorus. -X ray kuwa phezu nembasa, ebezikuyo laser iskeniwe, nomfanekiso iguqulelwa kwi esweni. Xa ilungiselelo indawo yolawulo ipleyiti analogously detectors film.

Le ndlela iye kwiqela lokulungileyo ecacileyo kuthelekiswa ifilimu ray:

• Akukho mfuneko kwinkqubo elide izixhobo processing bhanyabhanya igumbi okhethekileyo le njongo;
• akukho mfuneko yokuthenga rhoqo bhanyabhanya kunye nezinto zokwenza ngokutsha lakhe;
• inkqubo exposure kuthatha ixesha elincinane;
• unikezelo olukhawulezileyo zikumfanekiso wobunjani digital;
• wogcino fast and ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha kwi-elektroniki;
• ukukwazi ukusebenzisa nembasa ezininzi;
• amandla radiation kwi ulawulo kungancitshiswa ngesiqingatha, nobunzulu ukunyuka sokungena.

Oko kukuthi, kukho imali iindleko kukho ixesha kunye ukuncitshiswa kwamanqanaba exposure, yaye ngenxa yoko ubungozi kubasebenzi.

Ukhuseleko ngexesha uvavanyo radiographic

Ukuze kuncitshiswe ifuthe elibi reyi radioactive kwimpilo umqeshwa kulindeleke ukuba zilandele ngqo amanyathelo okhuseleko lokuphunyezwa onke amanqanaba uvavanyo radiographic amalungu welding. imithetho yokhuseleko Basic:

• Zonke izixhobo kufuneka endleleni, kufuneka amaxwebhu ayimfuneko, beqonga - izinga elifunekayo noqeqesho;
• kwindawo yolawulo Musa ukuvumela abantu ukuba ezinxulumene nemveliso;
• emitter ngexesha ukusebenza, umqhubi kufuneka zibekwe ecaleni malunga ngakwicala radiation ayikho ngaphantsi kwe -20 m ;
• umthombo radiation kufuneka mayixhotyiswe isikhusele, nto leyo ethintela eziziintsali semitha e isithuba;
• Musa ukuhlala kwindawo kunokwenzeka imida sesichengeni sosasazeko lwemitha ngexesha elide;
• amanqanaba imisebe kummandla lokufumana abantu kufuneka rhoqo esweni usebenzisa dosimeters;
• indawo kufuneka ixhotyiswe kunye iindlela zokukhusela nxamnye isiphumo gaze of radiation, ezifana sheets abakhokelayo.

Kwizikhankanyo no xwebhu zobugcisa, GOST

uvavanyo Radiographic amalunga welding, oluqhutywa ngokwe GOST 3242-79. amaxwebhu eziphambili uvavanyo radiographic - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Ubungakanani kwemiqondiso zokumakisha kufuneka athobele GOST 15843-79. Uhlobo kunye namandla imithombo kwemitha lukhethiwe kuxhomekeke Ebubanzini kwanokuxinana nezinto zokhanyo ngokutsho GOST 20426-82.

ubuzaza Iklasi kunye nohlobo standard kulawulwa GOST 23055-78 kunye GOST 7512-82. I-processing of imifanekiso radiographic yenziwa ngokwe GOST 8433-81.

Xa kufuneka bakhokelwe ukusebenza kunye nemithombo radiation yi na amagatya omThetho Federal "Kwi Elijongana Ukhuseleko i Population", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Imithetho Elijongana yoKhuseleko", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.