"Gqirha Zhivago": imbali kwendalo. Boris Pasternak "Gqirha Zhivago": Isishwankathelo

Kwiinyanga zokugqibela imfazwe, Boris Pasternak wayesoloko wamenywa ukuba Moscow University, i Polytechnic Museum kunye neNdlu Scientists, apho ukufunda esidlangalaleni kwizibongo nemibongo yakhe. Ngoko ke, wayenethemba lokuba uloyiso nefuthe elibonakalayo kwimozulu kwezopolitiko. Kodwa nokuphoxeka wakhe ukrakra kwivenkile: kuhlaselo iinkokeli Writers Union kwaqhubeka. Yena akayi kunixolela midlalo ngakumbi phakathi abafundi amazwe.

Ukuqalisa ku inoveli

Ingcamango kwinoveli "Gqirha Zhivago", imbali leyo eyaqala kwasekuqaleni ngeendlela creative Pasternak, kudala kwasekwa engqondweni wembongi. Kodwa ukuwa 1945, idibanisa kunye yonke imifanekiso, iingcamango, imvakalozwi, waqonda ukuba ukulungele ukuqalisa umsebenzi kwi kwimveliso. Baya kubhunga kwavela ngokucace kangaka ngomgca owodwa, ukuba imbongi besithembe ukuba nguye ukubhala inoveli kuya kuthatha iinyanga nje ezimbalwa.

Sinokuthi ngoFebruwari 1946 lumele ukuqala umsebenzi kwinoveli ka Pasternak. Ngapha koko, ukuba kubhaliwe kwathiwa umbongo "Hamlet", evula kwisahluko sokugqibela "Gqirha Zhivago."

Isahluko sokuqala wayelungele ku Agasti. Wayifunda abahlobo bakhe abasenyongweni. Kodwa Agasti 14 epapashwe "kakhulu" Isigqibo Central Committee CPSU (b) le magazini "Inkwenkwezi" yaye "iLeningrad". Ngaphandle kokuba akukho ngokunxulumene ngqo Pasternak it (wathinta isiphelo ka-Anna Akhmatova kunye Zoshchenko), esi siganeko kuye kwavula umjikelo omtsha yokulwa "ideologically umphambukeli" ngababhali. Okuninzi imeko yakhe sibi xa namarhe malunga nokutyunjwa candidacy Pasternak kusenzelwa Nobel Prize kunokwenzeka.

Sebenza kwi kwisahluko sokuqala

Noko ke, umbhali zange ayeke umsebenzi. I inoveli "Gqirha Zhivago" Pasternak ke ngoko lasiwa ekupheleni kukaDisemba, izahluko ezibini ezingakumbi ziye zagqitywa. A ezimbini zokuqala ziye ngokutsha kwi ikopi ecocekileyo, apho amaphepha zaye crosslinked encwadini.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba igama lokuqala :. "Amakhwenkwe Amantombazana" ezahlukeneyo Ngoko ke umbhali ekubhekiswe umsebenzi wakhe nisaqala zophuhliso. Kwaba nje kuphela inkcazelo kumfanekiso yezembali eRashiya kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XX, kodwa yimbonakaliso izimvo kwi indawo Pasternak umntu kuphuhliso ehlabathini, ubugcisa kunye ezopolitiko, njalo-njalo. D.

Kwakhona ngo-1946 imbongi badibana nebhinqa ngubani uthando lwakhe yakutshanje. Yaba Olga Ivinskaya. Ekuqaleni uthando, yakhonza nguNobhala. Iintango sahlutha phakathi. Le ntlekele elidlulileyo kunye neemeko zobomi yangoku. Ivinskaya yokuqala indoda bazibulala, owesibini, kakhulu, eba ufile. A Pasternak ngelo xesha wesibini ixesha etshatile, waba nabantwana.

uthando lwabo nangona zonke. Amaxesha amaninzi Babelana ngonaphakade, kodwa baphile ngaphandle kwaye abakwazanga. Pasternak ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba iimpawu Olga uye imali ngomfanekiso Heroine yenoveli - Lara Guichard.

ikhefu

imeko enzima zemali kuye kwanyanzeleka Pasternak ukuba ukuphazamisa umsebenzi kwi inoveli "Gqirha Zhivago". Imbali indalo kwaqhubeka kulo nyaka ozayo, 1948. Kwaye yonke 1947 lokuqala liguqulelwe imbongi, ngenxa yokuba ukunikezela yena kuphela, kodwa kubo bonke abo yokunyamekela umntu zabe ngokuzithandela emagxeni abo. Le khe noNina Tabidze (umfazi zinganakwa imbongi Georgian), Ariadne kunye anastasiya Tsvetaevy (intombi udade wembongi), kunye umhlolokazi Andrei Bely, yaye ekugqibeleni nabantwana Olga Ivinskaya.

Ngehlobo lika 1948 yagqitywa isahluko sesine yenoveli. Ngelo xesha linye umbhali sele inikwe igama lokugqibela imveliso: ". Gqirha Zhivago" Umxholo lwenxenye sele yakhiwe, kakhulu, banelungelo.

Ngaphezu koko, bamlandela ikhefu elide. Ithe ke yakuba ilondele nazo, okokuqala, kunye Olga Ivinskaya ekubanjweni apho engogwetyiweyo ngokwakhe Pasternak. Okwesibini, kunye nengcinezelo nokukhula kwakhe.

Yathi yakudlula isahluko wesixhenxe kuphela entwasahlobo ka-1952. Ekwindla yaprintwa ngaphandle izilungiso. Yaphela kanjalo umsebenzi kwincwadi yokuqala "Gqirha Zhivago" inoveli. Ezibhaliweyo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva ubunzima iposi engabalulekanga, uye esibhedlele yaye esibhedlele ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezimbini. Apho, njengokuba belimele, ke ngequbuliso waziva sisondele kuMdali. Le imvakalelo ngayo isimo imisebenzi yakhe.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin kunye nokubulawa Beria kukho yaba imvuselelo oluqaphelekayo ubomi boncwadi. Ewe, kwaye Boris Pasternak nekofu, ingakumbi ukusukela ngo-Olga Ivinskaya wabuya kwiinkampu. Ngowe-1954 wapapasha imibongo elishumi kwinoveli engagqitywanga.

Ukugqitywa "Gqirha Zhivago"

Ekuqaleni kowe-1954, Pasternak kunye Ivinskaya zihlaziywe ubuhlobo. Summer 1955 Olga eyayibanjwe kufuphi Peredelkino. Kukho ngokunjalo laqesha njengexhobongo kuye. Wayengakwazi kakhulu ukushiya intsapho yakhe. Nabakhathazwa sisazela kunzima emfazini wakhe, wayiqhubela ubomi obumbaxa. Ukususela ngelo xesha, Olga ukwenza phantse ngokupheleleyo ngemali eziinkozo, somhleli nokupapasha imisebenzi Pasternak. Ke kaloku, ukuba BL waba ixesha amathuba okuziphucula. NgoJulayi, ukuba sele esebenzela i UYobi. Bemchukumisa ugqibezela kwenziwa ekupheleni kuka-1955.

I ngakumbi bayahlelwa kwinoveli

Ngethemba ngokuba yinkululeko zengqondo, Pasternak inika ngqangi yenoveli ngexesha elifanayo abavakalisi ababini. Ukuziqhelanisa Boris Leonidovich wanika ngqangi unomathotholo ngezemvelo, Italian Sergio D'Angelo, obeyindoda part-time arhente zoncwadi umvakalisi Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Kungenzeka, ngoko le nto yayisaziwa. Kungekudala, wafumana iindaba ezilindelekileyo evela kumshicileli Italian babesenzela ukupapasha kwinoveli. Pasternak wavuma, kodwa wayeqinisekile ukuba ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe kungekudala ukupapasha umsebenzi wakhe ( "Gqirha Zhivago"). Imbali kwinoveli umdla kunjalo, uzeleyo ilenze avule. Akukho namnye maphephancwadi abazange ukunika impendulo, yaye ngoSeptemba Pasternak wafumana ukulahlwa ngokusesikweni yendlu epapasha "Yehlabathi Elitsha."

Imbongi akazange anikezele yaye wayekholwa kwimpumelelo kwinoveli ekhaya. Eneneni, Goslitizdat kwamkelwa shicilelo inoveli "Gqirha Zhivago". Kodwa umcimbi ngokwayo kwalibaziseka ngenxa izilungiso eziliqela kunye nabahleli ukuxhuzula. Ngesiquphe, ziindinyana nje ezimbalwa kunye izahluko ezibini "Gqirha Zhivago" epapashwe Opinie magazini Polish. Oku yayisisiqalo kwihlazo. Kwi Pasternak nakhandiweyo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukusirhoxisa wesandla Feltrinelli. Boris Leonidovich uthumele incwadi yocingo umvakalisi Italian, apho kuyimfuneko ukubuyisela okubhaliweyo kwinoveli. Noko ke, emva esingasemva Writers 'Union Pasternak ngaxeshanye edlulisela Feltrinelli kwi kokupapashwa inoveli "Gqirha Zhivago". Umbhali wamnika lanqwala ukuba umbhalo wokuqala.

Wayethetha oyintloko Wayetshutshisa Pasternak, A. Surkov, kunye Italian akazange atshintshe isigqibo ukupapasha kwinoveli. Kwakhona kwamanye amazwe sele ulungiselela ukukhulula iikopi yokuqala umsebenzi.

asabela Western ukuya inoveli "Gqirha Zhivago". Imbali indalo yaphela usizi

Abahlalutyi Western basabela resonant kunjalo, ukuba Pasternak wayefuna kwakhona ukubeka phambili ngenxa Nobel Prize. Umbhali bakhuthazwa gqitha ingqalelo abafundi amazwe kunye ngovuyo basabela oonobumba evela kulo lonke ihlabathi. October 23, 1958, wafumana yocingo iindaba ibhaso le-Nobel umvuzo kunye nesimemo intshumayelo yakhe.

Kucacile ukuba Union i Writers 'siphezu uhambo, kunye Pasternak wafumana umyalelo ngqo sokwala yesahlulo. Pasternak akazange ukwamkela lo myalelo, yaye ngenxa yoko, wagxothwa kobulungu Union of Writers Soviet.

Umgca wokugqibela

Boris Leonidovich ke ngoko ezigugileyo engqondweni wazisa kangangokuba nangoku watshintsha ingqondo yakhe wanqaba eli bhaso. Kodwa oku ayizange inciphe ngezicelo iingxelo ngumsindo nxamnye naye. Imbongi wayesazi ukuba le kwihlazo makabuye nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kuye. Akavumela kakhulu. Iimvakalelo ochazwa omnye kwimibongo yakhe yokugqibela. Lo mbongo yaba impendulo zonke kuhlaselo kunye nengxoxo ngumsindo. ngexesha elinye kodwa imigca yokugqibela uthethe kwakhona malunga ngamnye: zahlukane Olga, kuba yena babefuna.

Kungekudala Pasternak wahlaselwa yintliziyo. Neeveki ezintathu kamva, May 30, 1960, Boris Leonidovich wafa.

Ubomi Kwangaphambili Pasternak yenye umdla kakhulu kwimbali uncwadi lwethu, kunye intlungu yayo ubuqhawe.

Boris Pasternak "Gqirha Zhivago": Isishwankathelo

Le noveli ichaza iziganeko engama-1903-1929. Ophambili kukuba ugqirha. Lo indoda iimbono ngobuchule kakhulu kwakunye nesimilo umdla. Bunzima ubomi wamchukumisa ebuntwaneni bakhe, xa kuqala uyise washiya intsapho, kamva wazibulala, yaye xa wayeneminyaka engama-11, yena waphulukana unina wakhe. Yena, enyanisweni, Dr. Zhivago. KaYuri Zhivago waphila ixesha elide, kodwa esisityebi kunene ubomi. ubomi bakhe abafazi ezimbalwa, kodwa uthando omnye kuphela. Igama lakhe Lara Guichard. Isiphelo wamnika ixesha lokukhe ube kunye. xesha linzima, izibophelelo kwabanye abantu, iimeko zobomi - yonke into ngokuchasene uthando lwabo. KaYuri wafa ngo-1929 ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo. Kodwa kamva ifumana yokurekhoda yakhe stepbrother kunye nemibongo ezenza inxalenye yokugqibela kwinoveli.

On line Cwangcisa yenoveli ubukhulu becala kuchatshazelwa yi into ekunzima ngayo ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe, Boris Pasternak. "Gqirha Zhivago", isishwankathelo apho angazalisi imvakalelo lo msebenzi mkhulu, eshushu kunene, yamkelwa kwi-West njalo ngenkohlakalo agatywe yiSoviet Union. Ngoko ke, zonke Russian kufuneka bayifunde le ncwadi emangalisayo, kwaye uzive umoya abantu Russian.