Minerals: igama. Iintlobo neeminerali (ifoto emileyo)

Nature kunika umntu ithuba lokonwabela iinzuzo eziveliswa lilo. Ngako oko, abantu baphila kamnandi kakhulu kwaye yonke into oyifunayo. Ngapha koko, amanzi, ityuwa, isinyithi, amafutha, umbane kunye nezinye ezininzi - lonke zidalwe ngendlela yemvelo yaye kamva iguqulelwa imilo oyifunayo indoda.

Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo yohlobo iimveliso ezifana kwezimbiwa. Ezi ezininzi izakhiwo crystal ezahlukeneyo babaluleke ekrwada ezibonakalayo ukuze isixa esikhulu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kweenkqubo zoshishino kumsebenzi bezoqoqosho babantu. Ngoko ke, siqwalasela, ziziphi iintlobo izimbiwa kunye nokuba amele ngokubanzi ezi zinto.

Minerals: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngengqiqo aqhelekileyo xa mineralogy, igama elithi "izimbiwa" libhekisela ezolile eqinileyo lweziqalelo yemichiza ukuba inani iipropati physico-imichiza ngamnye. Ngaphezu koko, walibumba kufuneka ibe ngendlela yemvelo kuphela, phantsi kwempembelelo kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zendalo.

Phansi abunjwe njenge into elula (igolide) kunye ezintsonkothileyo. Indlela nokudaleka nabo ezahlukeneyo. Kukho iinkqubo igalelo ekwakhiweni wabo:

• igneous;
• kolwandle;
• ludaka;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

lokubolekwa ezininzi izimbiwa, eqokelelwe zibe kwinkqubo enye, ebizwa rocks. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukudida ezi ngcamango zimbini akufuneki ibe. yezimbiwa yemigodi kufunxwa uwaphule nokuhoywa iziqwenga yonke zeengxondorha.

Khemikhali Ukubunjwa khompawundi ekuthethwa inokuba nomahluko kwaye ziquka inani elikhulu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo eyonakalisayo. Noko ke, kusoloko kukho enye into esilawula nokwakheka. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba izigqibo, kwaye ubumdaka azithathwa.

Ubume bale izimbiwa

izimbiwa Ulwakhiwo - crystalline. Kukho iinketho eziliqela iigridi ukuba angamelwa:

• cubic;
• ezinamacala amahlanu;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

Ezi zinto zihlelwa ngokungqinelana umchiza ukwakhiwa analyte.

Forms of minerals

Umfundi omnye zinikeze uhlobo elandelayo, nto leyo ibonisa isakhiwo esisiseko wokumbiwa.

1. izinto Native okanye elula. Kwakhona nezithako. Imizekelo iquka: igolide, intsimbi, carbon ngohlobo diamond, amalahle, anthracite, isalfure, isilivere, selenium, ayibe, ikopolo, iarseniki, bismuth kunye nabanye abaninzi.
2. Halides, ezibandakanya kloride, Imichiza, bromides. Oku izimbiwa, imizekelo ezaziwa ukuba wonke umntu: ityuwa rock (sodium chloride) okanye halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides kunye hydroxides. Lisekwa oxides yesinyithi and non-zesinyithi, ngamanye ama nge-oksijini. Kweli qela kukho izimbiwa, abamagama - yikalikedo, corundum (isardiyo, nesafire), magnetite, zwi, hematite, rutile, kunye nezinye kassematit.
4. Nitrate. Imizekelo: I-potassium kunye sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: calcite enombala, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - neetyuwa ze asidi. Le ezimbiwa, abamagama zezi zilandelayo: malachite, aragonite, Magnesite, lekalika, itshokhwe, naziiperile kunye nabanye.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphate - zonke neetyuwa ze-asidi esihambelanayo akha izakhiwo izimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Amagama - nepheline, apatite kunye nabanye.
9. Silicates. Le neetyuwa ze silicic acid, ukuba iqela equlathe Sio _4. Imizekelo yezimbiwa ezinjalo: nesmarado, feldspar, netopazi, garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, lesafire, kunye nabanye.

Ukongeza kumaqela ezichongiweyo ngasentla, naye nazo ulungelelwaniso uyila iidipozithi yonke yendalo. Umzekelo, umgquba, amalahle, urkit, calcium oxalate, intsimbi kunye nabanye. Njengoko kwakunye ezimbalwa carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

izinto Native

Ezi izimbiwa (iifoto zingabonakala ngezantsi), nto leyo akhiwa izinto ezilula. Umzekelo:

• zegolide ifomu zentlabathi kunye igolide, etshe;
• diamond kunye grafayithi - crystalline allotropic loyamano emkhusaneni carbon;
• copper;
• yesilivere;
• yesinyithi;
• sulphur;
• iintsimbi iqela platinum.

Amaxesha amaninzi ezi izinto zifumaneka aggregations amakhulu kunye nezinye iiminerali, amaqhekeza amatye kunye ores. Production kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kushishino kubalulekile ukuba abantu. Bona - isiseko, izinto ekuveliseni izinto, ukusuka apho ekugqibeleni wavelisa ezahlukeneyo izinto zekhaya, uyilo, uhombiso, izixhobo njalo-njalo.

Phosphate, arsenates, vanadates

Eli qela libandakanya amatye kunye neeminerali, ezo imvelaphi ubukhulu becala zithe zadala, efumaneka kwiingcamba zangaphandle kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngaphakathi zezilwanya phosphate kuphela. Iityuwa of phosphorous, iarseniki kunye vanadium acid liyi- kakhulu eninzi. Nangona kunjalo, xa sicinga umfanekiso omkhulu, ipesenti iyonke nabo isiqulatho ixolo encinane.

Kukho ziikristale eziliqela kakhulu eziqhelekileyo ezivela kweli qela:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Njengoko sele sibonile, aba izimbiwa zakha rocks ubungakanani kakhulu umxhelo.

Oxides kunye hydroxides

Kweli qela libandakanya onke oxides nezimbiwa, kwaye ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo leyo akhiwa zesinyithi, non-isinyithi, iikhompawundi intermetallic, kunye nezinto utshintsho. Itotali yepesenteji ezi zinto kwi kwesikhoko - 5%. Le Ngaphandle kuphela unxulumene silicates, kungekhona iqela phantsi ingqalelo, - isilicon oxide Sio ₂ kunye zonke iintlobo zawo.

Umntu isho imizekelo emininzi yezimbiwa enjalo, kodwa ukuchaza ixhaphakileyo:

1. Zakhiwe.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Lime.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (Ruby, nesafire).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

Olu udidi kwezimbiwa iquka kumalungu alo ezahlukeneyo enkulu ngokwaneleyo ngabameli, nayo leyo zinokubaluleka esebenzayo kubalulekile ukuba abantu. Ngoko ke, kukho i-sub-iiklasi okanye amaqela alandelayo:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• yezimbiwa soda;
• bastnesite.

Iklasi nganye kuquka kumalungu ayo ukusuka ezimbalwa ukuya amashumi Representatives. Kukho malunga nekhulu carbonates ezahlukeneyo bezimbiwa. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo:

• nezemarmore,
• lekalika;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• Magnesite;
• carbonate nabanye.

Ezinye njengemfanelo kwakhiwe eqhelekileyo kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoxa abanye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izacholo, kunye nabanye kusetyenziswa ubugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, bonke zibalulekile, kwaye imveliso yabo ukuzibandakanya kakhulu.

silicates

Ezithathwe kakhulu kwiintlobo angaphandle kunye nenani labameli yeqela kwezimbiwa. kuchasa kungenxa yokuba athom lesilicon bha isakhiwo yemizimba yethu, bayakwazi kokuqhagamshelana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezakhiweyo, ukuququzelela ngeenxa ngokwayo athom ioksijini eziliqela. Ngoko ke, ungakwazi ukwenza ezi ndidi zilandelayo kwezakhiwo:

• siqithi;
• chain;
• tape;
• sheet.

Ezi izimbiwa, ifoto apho ingabonwa kwinqaku, abaziwa ukuba wonke. Ubuncinane abathile kubo. Ngapha koko, ezi zinto ziquka:

• netopazi;
• iziqhushumbisi;
• chrysoprase;
• rock njengekristale;
• yihakinto;
• yikalikedo kunye nabanye.

Bona zisetyenziswa izacholo, uxatyiswa uyilo ngamandla ukusetyenziswa kwimizobo.

Umntu unako kwakhona ukuba zinikeze umzekelo izimbiwa, abamagama angabhalwanga kwaziwa kakuhle abantu abaqhelekileyo, hayi anxulumene mineralogy, kodwa kunjalo ke ibaluleke kakhulu kushishino:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Beryl.