Theory jikelele of Employment, Inzala Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: Isishwankathelo

"General Theory of Employment, Inzala Imali" yabhalwa ngezoqoqosho British John Maynard Keynes. Le ncwadi iye íOpus yakhe magnum. Umbhali we "The General Theory of Employment, Inzala Money" waba ngowokuqala ukuba sichaze ifomu kunye noluhlu ngokwemiqathango Uqoqosho mihla. Emva kokupapashwa umsebenzi ngoFebruwari 1936, kwakukho revolution ebizwa ngokuba yi-Keynesian. abezoqoqosho abaninzi baye bafudukela kude inkolelo classical ukuba iimarike nga ngokuzimeleyo ukubuyisela ingqesho epheleleyo emva izothuso yethutyana. Le ncwadi yokuqala afana isigama ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba lingabali, umsebenzi ngesifo sephepha, imveliso eluseludinini of capital, imfuno esebenzayo kukhetha isambuku.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Isishwankathelo

Umsunguli elizayo Uqoqosho mihla wazalwa ngo-1883 kwisixeko yaseCambridge. izimvo zakhe simiselwe fundamentallno ukutshintsha ithiyori nokuqhele ukwenziwa zikarhulumente izigqibo endle kwezoqoqosho. Dzhon Meynard Keyns yenye izazinzulu anempembelelo zenkulungwane yama-20. Amelana ngayo postulate e-worldwork theory yamandulo lwamandle ezi 'isandla ongabonakaliyo "zemalike. Keynes weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umgangatho yonke yemisebenzi yoqoqosho igqitywe ngokwemfuno lamntu. Ngoko ke, oko yokugqibela yaye kufuneka zikarhulumente zijolise njengomsebénzi alawulayo, ogama msebenzi ukunciphisa nemijikelo zoshishino. Emva kokuba Second World War amazwe phantse yonke uye ezisekelwe iinkqubo zawo ngokungqinelana kunye nemibono Keynesian. Inzala kule ndawo yaqala ukwehla kwi 1970 ngokunxulumene nokungakwazi ukulawula amanqanaba aphezulu emali. Noko ke, emva kwentlekele-mali ka-2007-2008. Amazwe amaninzi baye baqala ukubuyela iindlela Keynesian ommiselo ngoncedo kurhulumente inxaxheba kuqoqosho lwesizwe, njengoko Keynes ezabiwa. "General Theory of Employment, Inzala Imali" ithathwa umsebenzi ongundoqo sisazinzulu. Iqulathe yonke isigama ezisisiseko kunye imizekelo lo mkhuba.

"General Theory of Employment, Inzala, kunye Imali ': ncwadi

Uluvo ezisisiseko Keynes magnum íOpus kukuba izinga lentswela ayixhomekekanga amaxabiso yabasebenzi, njengoko sibonile imfuno neoclassic kunye aggregate. Umsunguli Uqoqosho babecinga ukuba ingqesho epheleleyo ayikwazi kuphunyezwa ngulo iindlela zorhwebo. Ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ungenelelo ngoncedo amandla wesithathu, oko kukuthi urhulumente. Umsebenzi "General Theory of Employment, Inzala Money," ucacisa ukuba underutilization of amandla emveliso kunye underinvestment - ". Ngesandla engabonakaliyo" imo yendalo yemicimbi kuqoqosho kwimarike, nto leyo ilawulwa kuphela yi Le Isazinzulu uthi ukuba ukungabikho kukhuphiswano - oku yingxaki enkulu, maxa wambi nkqu ukuhla umvuzo singazi kudala amathuba emisebenzi eyongezelelweyo. Milton Keynes ukusuka ekuqaleni kakhulu lwencwadi yakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuba akwazi ukuguqula ngamahla ndinyuka zonke iimbono zesiNtu. Kwileta eya kumhlobo wakhe Bernard Shaw ngo-1935, Dzhon Keyns wabhala wathi: "Ndikholelwa ukuba ukwenza ukubhala incwadi ingcamango koqoqosho, nto leyo eya kuba idabi enkulu - Kakade, hayi ngoko nangoko, kodwa kule minyaka ilishumi izayo - njani ihlabathi isigqibo evela iingxaki zoqoqosho. " Lo msebenzi esisiseko iqulathe iincwadi 6 (imiqulu), okanye izahluko 24.

Kwimbulambethe

"General Theory of Employment, Inzala Imali" epapashwe nangoko ngeelwimi ezine: IsiNgesi, German, Japanese kunye nesiFrentshi. Iyileyo mpapasho, Keynes wabhala intshayelelo. Ugxininiso ibekwe kuzo ngokwahlukileyo kancinci. Xa uhlelo IsiNgesi umsebenzi wakhe, Keynes icebisa zonke abezoqoqosho, kodwa wabonakalisa ithemba lokuba kuya kuba luncedo kubo bonke abafunda ngayo. Kwakhona uthi, nangona kuyabonakala xa uqala, kodwa onke ngokunxulumene enye, awayibhala emva kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphambilana phakathi kuyo kunye nezinye incwadi yakhe - ". Othi on Imali"

isingeniso

Yintoni umsebenzi "Jikelele Theory of Employment, Inzala Money"? Chaza umongo walo ingachazwa: imfuno yenza isindululo, imeko umva akunakwenzeka. Isahluko sokuqala ithatha iphepha sisiqingatha kuphela. nomthamo kula macandelo mathathu:

• "Theory Jikelele."
• "Le postulates of zoqobo kwezoqoqosho."
• "Umgaqo bafuneka kangakanani."

Kumacandelo ngasentla, Keynes uchaza isizathu ukholelwa ukuba le ncwadi uyakwazi ukutshintsha umbono zoqoqosho malunga ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Uthi ukuba isihloko ilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukhethe ukubalaselisa umahluko kunye ingcamango zoqobo, ukusetyenziswa ngeziphumo ezo zisebenza kuphela kwezinye iimeko, kodwa akubi njalo.

Book II: «Iingcaciso kunye neengcamango"

It iqulathe izahluko ezine:

• "Ukukhetha iiyunithi yokulinganisa."
• "Le ezilindelekileyo zombini imveliso kunye njengeyo- omsebenzi".
• "Le nkcazelo yengeniso, imali kunye notyalo-mali."
• "A Ingxoxo epheleleyo ngakumbi."

"Le loluthando kudla"

Umqulu wesithathu sicacisa eli ngesifo kwaye ichaza uyayivuselela ngayo umsebenzi yezoqoqosho. Keynes babekholelwa ukuba ngexesha ukuxinezeleka urhulumente kufuneka iqale i "injini" kunye neendleko ezongezelelekileyo. Le ncwadi iqulathe izahluko ezithathu:

• "Izinto Injongo".
• "Njengeyo- ezikhathazayo".
• "Le olungaka eludinini kudliwe, lingabali ezinye."

Ngokutsho Keynes, imarike akanayo uyakwazi ukuzeyisa. Akazange akholelwe ukuba ingqesho epheleleyo urhulumente wemvelo Qiniseka ukusetha ixesha elide. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente. Ukukhula koqoqosho, njengoko abameli Keynesianism, ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo elifanelekileyo zemali yomgaqo-lawulo wemali.

"Le nezizathu ukutyala"

Imveliso ebekiwe of capital - umlinganiselo phakathi amandla Iholo kunye neendleko zayo. Keynes ithi ukuba izinga isaphulelo. Incwadi yesine iqulathe izahluko 10:

• "Le imveliso litheni of capital."
• "Isimo ezilindelekileyo ixesha elide."
• "Imfundiso ngokubanzi umdla."
• "Theory Classical".
• "Inkuthazo Psychological loshishino amatyala."
• "Imigqaliselo ezahlukeneyo malunga nemo eyinkunzi."
• "Izinto zobumnini ezisisiNyanzeliso Inzala kunye Money".
• "General Theory of Employment, elisandul 'ukwakhiwa".
• "Umsebenzi ngqesho."
• "Price Theory".

"Notes Brief"

Zalisa ebalaseleyo umsebenzi kuqoqosho ( "Jikelele Theory of Employment, Inzala Money"), izimvo umbhali xa izahluko ezithathu:

• "Kwi kumjikelo yorhwebo."
• "Kwi mercantilism, imithetho nzala, imali wenziwe kunye neengcamango underconsumption."
• "Kwi-bulumko lwentlalo.

Kwisahluko sokugqibela, Keynes wabhala: "... iingcamango zoqoqosho kunye zobulumko zezopolitiko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zichanekile nokuba, kuba unamandla ngaphezu kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, ihlabathi lilawulwa kancinci. amadoda Practical, abo bakholelwa ngokwabo elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo iingcamango izazinzulu, zidla amakhoboka ethile ngezoqoqosho nongasebenziyo. Crazy emandleni ukufumana izimvo zabo kumanqaku kunyaka ophelileyo ezinye Scribblers ukusuka emhlabeni yesayensi. Ndiqinisekile ukuba amandla aneenjongo zokuziphuhlisa ke ecotha kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne ukwanda okuthe chu yempembelelo iingcamango. Kakade ke, nangoko, kodwa emva kwexesha elithile; Economics kunye neengcamango bulumko yezopolitiko kuba nempembelelo ithiyori kwiminyaka 25-30. Kwaye iingcamango, kungekhona aneenjongo zokuziphuhlisa, ziyingozi kwindlela eya kakuhle-ntle okanye lokubandezeleka. "

Inkxaso nokugxekwa

"General Theory of Employment, Inzala Money" aliqulathanga isikhokelo esicacileyo malunga nokulawulwa kuqoqosho. Noko ke, Milton Keynes wabonisa ukuba mayenziwe ukuba ukuchaphazela njani na utyalo-mali kunye nokusetyenziswa ukuhla abucala kwesantya senzala ixesha elide kunye yokuguqula inkqubo yemali ngamazwe. Paul Samuelson wittily wathi Keynesianism "wabetha abezoqoqosho abaninzi abaselula njengokuba isifo engalindelekanga ezintsha litshabalalise isizwe ekwanti abantu balapha kwi-South Seas."

Ukususela kwasekuqaleni "General Theory of Employment, Inzala Imali" yayingumsebenzi kakhulu impikiswano. Akukho mntu waziyo kakuhle oko Keynes wayenako engqondweni. ababukeli Early ziye zabekwa ebaluleke kakhulu. Keynesianism kakhulu impumelelo yayo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba 'kuyondelelaniswe neoclassical "yaye ngokukodwa, Alvin Hansen, uPawulos uSamuelson noJohn Hicks. Baye basungula inkcazelo ecacileyo theory ebango aggregate. Hansen kunye Samuelson basungula "Keynesian Cross" kunye Hicks wadala imodeli IS-LM (utyalo -saving). "Theory Jikelele" ngokubanzi emva Great Depression. Imarike akakwazanga ukumelana yedwa izothuso, ngoko ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente kwakubonakala lokulwa.

practice

amatsha ezininzi ezaye ecetywayo kuqala kwi "Theory Jikelele", zingundoqo Uqoqosho mihla. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo oluphambili kukuba unobangela ukuwa asemancinci imfuno aggregate, akazange asinde. Ezi khosi eyunivesithi ngoku ikakhulu ezifundiswa ekuthiwa-economics New Keynesian. Kuthatha ingqikelelo lwesilinganiso ixesha elide neo-yamandulo. Neo-Keynesians akazange acinge "General Theory" luncedo ukuqhuba izifundo. Noko ke, abezoqoqosho abaninzi cinga iqondakala. Ngo-2011, le ncwadi yeyela uludwe ngokwabo best owayephila.

Sebenzisa kuphononongo kuqoqosho

Lilinge lokuqala aziqhelanise "Umbono jikelele" iye yaba incwadi abafundi Robinson, yakhululwa ngowe-1937. Noko ke, wabuguqulela nempumelelo kakhulu phandle ukukhokela sikaHansen. Okuninzi incwadi mihla wakhululwa ngowe-2006, Hayes. Emva koko kwafika owenziwe lula leyo eyabhalwa Sheehan. Paul Krugman waba yimbangi kwintshayelelo uhlelo olutsha "I Theory Jikelele" ka Keynes, eyapapashwa ngo-2007. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ngoko ke, yimvelaphi yokuqala uphelelwa intsingiselo yalo. eyamkelekileyo phakathi ngezoqoqosho namhlanje postulate elawula uqoqosho ngokusebenzisa imfuno aggregate kunokuba kuphela kwixesha elifutshane kangangexesha elide eseleyo anokuthi alungi-lungiswe ngokuzimeleyo ngoncedo kweendlela zorhwebo.