Ixabiso Iindleko oli Russian. Ubume bale kwamaxabiso e-oli Russian

Ulungelane le meko imaxongo yezoqoqosho, iindleko izinto yeoli Russian iingcali nje kuphela kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo. Russia fanele ukuba udidi amazwe kunye uhlobo ekrwada kuqoqosho, kunye nentlalo-ntle yaso ezinxulumene ngqo iindleko zegolide abamnyama kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Bayakholelwa ukuba aphendule imibuzo malunga indlela yabiza ioli Russian, oku kuyingxaki kuba eli gama libhekisela kudidi multi-kakhulu. Sibe nzima imeko ye isixa omkhulu brand, iintlobo kunye neendidi zempahla ekrwada, apho ezixutywe umlinganiselo ethile ukufumana oyile (Urals), eyona nawe kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Kukho kwakhona udidi izinto, nto leyo esetyenziselwa okanye kwamanye amazwe ize isetyenziswe kuphela kwishishini kwemichiza le.

Yintoni ukuphuhlisa iindleko oyile zibandakanyiwe kweendleko wayo?

Ixabiso Iindleko ishishini oyile Russian ibandakanya iindleko. Oku iindleko ngokuvela ulwelo kakuhle ukusuka ezantsi ukuya umlomo umqhubi, indleko zamanzi, nto leyo bangene ichibi inkxaso uxinzelelo, imali umbane kunye ziphele. Akwenzeki ukuba ngoyaba, kunye nemivuzo kunye nemivuzo. Ingxelo ndiwuthabathile iindleko lokuhla izixhobo lisetyenziswa nezokukhupha izinto ekrwada. Makhe sinikele ingqalelo izibalo into yokuba nezokukhupha izinto ekrwada, asizizo zonke amaqula kwi into basetyenziswa kwinkqubo. Ezinye zazo inokulungiswa. Xaka kukuba nokungena kwemali yezixhobo ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo zenkonzo yexesha (usuku, inyanga, nonyaka, njl) Ngamana kwahluka kakhulu, nto leyo eza kuchaphazela ngqo iindleko zokuvelisa. Loo inkitha zinto zithethwa iindleko lokugqibela zegolide abamnyama kushukumisa imbono imbono yeendleko njenge amaxabiso kuphela injongo kunye kakuhle zonke izinto.

kumaxabiso oyile Dynamics

Iindleko yinkulumbuso oyile Russian, ukuba ukumthabathela kwi irhafu akhawunti kunye nerhafu matye, kwisithuba ukususela ngowama-2005 ukuya ku-2014 kathathu ukususela 1000 ukuya 3000 engange. Ke kumazwe angaphandle, ixabiso iye uvukile. Ngaphambili, yena wu fanaka ku 600 engange, kwaye ngoku simi kwi engange 1,800. Ngokuhambelana kunye isimo kakhulu yandisa SIHLANGABEZENE ngokwayo, apho zombini ibonisa ixabiso le-oyile, kwaye kubonise dollar. Ngokuphathelele iindleko zemveliso eqikelelwayo zempahla ekrwada e-US, kwisithuba echazwe (2005-2014 gg.) Ngaba nayo inyuke. Ukuba ngaphambili iingcali ezivavanyiweyo umphanda eyenzelwe $ 5, kodwa namhlanje ixabiso layo ayikho ngaphantsi zeedola-14. Ukwanda kakhulu yokusebenza ngenxa yokuba kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo kwamaxabiso wegolide abamnyama baqalisa kuquka inkcitho kwi Ukuhlolwa iidiphozithi ezintsha kunye notyalo-mali iyonke kwicandelo. Russian oovimba oyile eziphicothwe ngemihla eSoviet Union, ediniwe kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka ukufumana iidipozithi ezintsha izimbiwa ukuba eqolo. Thathela ingqalelo iinkampani zentsimbi Inkcitho yokusebenza.

Yintoni idityanisiwe kwixabiso ioli mzekelo inkampani "Rosneft"

ukufunda ngamafuphi isakhiwo ixabiso le-oyile esekelwe umsebenzi "Rosneft" inkampani, olusekelwe kuvavanyo akhawunti lweshishini kwiinyanga ezintandathu akuvumelekanga ukuba uthwale ngaphandle uthotho izibalo. Ngenxa yoko, siye safumanisa ukuba iindleko zokwakha ekrwada yi 55-57% iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iirhafu kunye nemirhumo ukuba inkampani uhlawula urhulumente. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkoliso imali nganye wathengisa a Umphanda oyile iya kwintlawulo yerhafu yokuqhawula imisebenzi amasiko, irhafu yengeniso, kunye nemirhumo ezikhethekileyo kubaqeshwa (tax ingeniso yomntu inshorensi zentlalo).

izinto intengiso ipesenti ezineenkcukacha

Cinga iphi na ingeniso evela kwintengiso inkampani oyile "Rosneft":

• 10% yexabiso ukuhlawula iindleko uphuhliso kunye nokuhlola kwamabala ezintsha, inkcitho ufakelo oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, ukufumana abathengi kunye nokusayinwa kwezivumelwano, ulawulo kunye nokhuseleko kwishishini;
• 8.4% amaxabiso izinto zokwenza imveliso kukugubungela unikezelo kubathengi kungakhathaliseki enoba ukuphela-abasebenzisi okanye hayi;
• 7.6% - eli ukunceda banxibe uhlobo asethi eziphathekayo (izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, amafutha kunye nezixhobo, et al.);
• 8.6% - oku intlawulo kwiinkampani iinkonzo ezincedisayo, ingakumbi, balungise izixhobo okanye ngokutsha.

On yokusebenza ingeniso akhawunti% 13.2 kuphela. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba zibalwa njengenkcitho umdla net kunye nengeniso net kwimisebenzi non-yokusebenza. Intsalela ufakwa ulungiso nemiba kunye neqondo lotshintshiselwano kunye irhafu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na iindleko inkampani oyile Russian "Rosneft" ufumana% 9 kuphela ixabiso, leyo lenziwa ngomhla kwimarike yehlabathi.

Namafutha "Rosneft" inkampani ngeedola US

Iingcali abaye bazama ukubala iindleko elisondeleyo kwimveliso ye-oyile Russian, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, wafunda inkampani "Rosneft". Bafumanisa ukuba le nkampani yahlula zonke iindleko zakho ngokweendidi ezintathu. Zezi:

• lokuvelisa kunye neendleko zokusebenza ;
• jikelele kunye nezokuphatha;
• iindleko ezinxulumene okuhlola kwe oli negesi loovimba.

Iingxelo zithi ukuba iindleko lwangaphakathi lweshishini enza 17.5% ye iingeniso zenkampani. Iindleko yangaphandle - yinto olongezelelweyo-17% yenzuzo. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso oyile kunye neenkampani iindleko zokuhanjiswa yalo mali engekho ngaphezulu kwe-35 zeerandi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba iindleko zepetroli kwimarike ingqamana eerandi 100. Ukuba ukuphatha ukwandisa iindleko ngokunciphisa phinda izithuba nokunciphisa imivuzo kunye iibhonasi, ngokunjalo kwimeko ukwanda kwexesha lokuhla yobuchwepheshe, ajike ukungena ebiziwe ka 25-27 zeerandi. Oku kubonisa ukuba xa dollar ukufukuka, ioli lihla ixabiso, kodwa silahlekelwe kwiinkampani ze-oyile kunye karhulumente, leyo ifumana irhafu ukusuka umjikelo opheleleyo kwentengiso iimveliso zepetroliyam ezingaphezu iindleko zepetroli.

Zeziphi kwamaxabiso kwimarike yehlabathi uyakwazi ukumelana ushishino oyile Russian?

Oyile kunye noqoqosho Russian angenziwa edityaniswe, kunye kwehla kwamaxabiso izinto ekrwada, ekuqaleni, ukuba lali- iinkampani ezininzi zasekhaya. Ngokutsho ulwazi kwimithombo ezisemthethweni, ngexesha zorhwebo leholide kwimarike oli ehlabathini (Januwari 7, 2015) WITI uphawu yorhwebo kwi bukhulu-zeminyaka emininzi, kwi 47.33 idola. North Sea Brent oli ekrwada iwela ngaphantsi kwithagethi ka-50,77 zeerandi. Iingcali ukufunda intengiso izibonelelo ezifana kwiimarike njengoko zempahla ekrwada e-oli, imveliso uqikelelo ezihle kakhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iinkampani oyile uya kukwazi ukuphila 2015 phantse kungabikho ngxaki. Ngokutsho arhente Regnum okuhlalutya, kokuqhekeka nokuba ingongoma phantse kuzo zonke iinkampani oyile kweli kwinqanaba $ 30. oyile Dry, ngaphandle iindleko ezihamba, kwakusidla inkampani phakathi $ 4 ukuya $ 8. Nangona iminikelo ziinkampani ioli malunga nama-70% yenzuzo kuNondyebo kurhulumente, kushishino, unamandla enkulu reserve ngokwaneleyo. I-Russian Ministry of Energy uceba ukugcina umgangatho yemveliso izibaso ngaphakathi million 525 iitoni, nangona izohlwayo ezinzima ukusuka West kwaye ufikelelo eliqingqiweyo ngetyala, kunye nobuchwepheshe ezintsha ukuze kuphuhliswe izinto zokwenza imveliso kwi kwithala.

Inzuzo ye kwimveliso ye-oyile eRashiya

Inzuzo ye kwimveliso ye-oyile eRashiya kakhulu eliphezulu, yaye, njengoko esaziva ngabo ezi ndaba, ishishini uya ukumelana umthwalo ekwindla iindleko zamafutha ku $ 30. Namhlanje Urals zorhwebo brand kwinqanaba 61,77 zeerandi. Ukuwa iya hit kuphela mali karhulumente kweli lizwe. Ukuba inkampani iya kusebenza 'ukuba kiswano ", abayi kukwazi ukwenza iintlawulo kaNondyebo kaRhulumente, kwaye ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwisebe" umvuzo "imeko esingekho ngaphantsi kwezigidi ezihlanu abangaqeshwanga. Namhlanje, iinkampani oli ngenxa imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe ngenxa yokuba i-dollar ekhulayo, uzama ukufumana ioli ngexabiso ubuncinane. Ukuba ayeke ukwenza utyalo-mali kwiinkampani zabo, imali bayeke uhlaziyo, siyeke wokuhlola zejoloji kwaye ubuninzi izixhobo niyolule ukuphelwa lixabiso. Uqikelelo uthembisa ukuba ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso amafutha kwixa elizayo, ukuvela iimali ezithe kratya, kunye nembuyekezo ukuvimbile okwexeshana izinto zenkcitho. Ukuba amaxabiso ephantsi orhwebo lwe-oyile iya kubanjwa ixesha elide kakhulu, iingxaki ziya ijongene kuphela ngabecandelo oyile, kodwa urhulumente hlobo. Nangona oyile eninzi eRashiya, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa intsimi, njengoko sele iqulunqwe iiprojekthi sona ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ishishini kumelana ukuwa, ukuba ipesenti nzima-to-oyile iya kwanda. Namhlanje i-70% yemveliso iyonke. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zempahla ekrwada aya kunyuka, nto leyo eya kwenza ukuba umsebenzi kwi le industry phantse lutho.

Rhweba kuphela surplus

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba amasimi esebenzayo oyile Russian zinika ngexabiso eliphantsi wokugqibela, musa ukulibala malunga nento yokuba surplus kumazwe angaphandle kuphela, umthamo yeoli na ugqibele karhulumente. Ngoxa ukunciphisa umthamo kwimveliso ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe liya nto ukuthumela. Kukho kungenzeka ukuba iRussia ngokukhawuleza kwakhona zihlelwe-ukusuka kumazwe angaphandle ukuya ongenisa. Ngenxa yoko, i-oyile Russian for engange ziya kufumaneka kuphela phakathi kwelo lizwe, yaye iindleko zepetroli ziya kufakwa ngurhulumente ngokwayo, ngaphandle ijolise kwiimarike zehlabathi. Imeko ezifanayo - China, leyo, ukuba eli lizwe yesine ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso ye-oyile behlabathi onyanzelwayo ukuba bathenge amafutha. Le meko iye yaba ngaphezu ngo-2004. Indonesia, kude kube kutshanje owayesakuba ilungu OPEC, ngoku ngokukhutheleyo nokuthenga iincwadi nezinto ekrwada. Chaza kunokwenziwa, kunye eRomania, nto leyo kwada kutshanje sasiyinikile igolide omnyama ukuya eYurophu yaye ngoku ngokwayo athenge amafutha ku Kazakhstan naseRashiya.

Imeko kwi orhwebo lwe-oyile lwasekhaya

Kokuba kusetyenzwe umbuzo kangakanani kubiza ioli Russian, kuyimfuneko ukwenza iyindawo kwicala isakhiwo kurhwebo lwasekhaya. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi nezoviwo ngokubanzi, ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kuma-80% share emakethe kummandla iinkonzo zamabala iqeshe iinkampani ezine yasentshona. It Schlumberger and Baker Hughes, Weatherford kunye Halliburton, le yokugqibela ngoku ukufunxeka asebenzayo Baker Hughes. Imisebenzi kwiinkampani kulawulwa ngokungqongqo yi kwezohlwayo ezibekwe yi Melika iRussia. Kukho kubonakala kakhulu ukuba iinkampani inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwamashisini Russian layekwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukuqinisekiswa esemthethweni yale nyaniso le nto. ushishino oyile Russian kukuba ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezingeniswa elizweni. Umzekelo, ukusebenza Arctic kwithala, ngaphandle inxaxheba beengcali kwi-United States kunye nezixhobo zabo nje akunakwenzeka. Malunga ne-30% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo zepetroli kweli lizwe ilungiselelwa frekinga. Ukubhola gu bucala kwaye amaqula tyaba, abaxhakaxhaka uphando yesimo kwinkcazelo ekhoyo, kwenziwa ziingcali angaphandle kunye nenkxaso lwamaqumrhu zabo lwembali. Ukupheliswa ngentsebenziswano eUnited States uthembisa ilahleko enkulu yayiyimiqulu oli ekrwada kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwixabiso layo. Kakade ke, oku nje enye inkqubela kusenokwenzeka ziyabethabethana, ngaba leyo mhlawumbi ukwamkela okanye ukwamkela njengoko inyaniso.

Kutheni na iindleko zamafutha Russian na?

Xa iindleko zamafutha lichatshazelwe yimiba ezininzi, ukusukela indleko kwezixhobo oli-ezivelisa kuphuhliso ixabiso le iidipozithi ezintsha bezimbiwa. Iingcaphephe ngendlela wabancina imiba echaphazela ixabiso lwemvelaphi, njenge-oyile, isivuno uqikelelo ayikho isenokunganambitheki xa uyicinga. Iinkampani Oil nato ubunzima ekuveliseni i-carbon, njengoko uphuhliso kwamabala ezintsha kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu. Ngokutsho Ministry of Resources Natural, embundwini womnyango wendlu ngexesha kwezibonelelo-nzima emi, izinga lwabo sele kwama-70%. Ukukhathala ezilwanyana yeoli emasimini zemveli kwixesha elifutshane kungabangela uxabiso ebonakalayo yeendleko lwecebo. Kwiiprojekthi ezinxulumene kuphuhliso Amasimi yeoli kude, ukuba kwasekwa lweetiphu ezizodwa kwi Tomsk Region, Khanty-Mansiysk District, Tatarstan. Iinkokeli ezininzi zoshishino oyile zigxininise nenyaniso yokuba kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo umgangatho ioli Russian kuguga. Kukho imfuneko yokusebenzisa iiteknoloji ezintsha kokulungisa ngakumbi zamafutha. Nangona umnqweno Russia ukuba ukutyala imali kwicandelo nokuphucula umgangatho oyile eveliswe, zonke iiprojekthi kusekho iiprojekthi kunye neenkampani zasekhaya kuqhubeka ukuba bazisebenzise ezi zincedisi zokufundisa ezikhoyo. Ngokwabo njengoko nkampani okwangoku kuba nezibonelelo ezikhoyo ukutyala imali yotshintsho ukuvelisa izinto ukusuka ukuhluza ngayo ubumdaka ezinciphisa iindleko zawo kwimarike kunye kuchaphazela umgangatho. Ishishini sikwimo static kunye neenkampani ze-oli bemlindile ukunyuka kwexabiso wegolide emnyama.