UbuConfucius - ngokufutshane malunga neemfundiso bulumko. UbuConfucius kunye nenkolo

ilizwe Huge Eastern, apho uthanda ukutya nezinambuzane, wenza zonke iintlobo izinto zasekhaya kunye amanabukeni kalligrafichno ukufunda ukuzoba abalinganiswa usimema elide abahloli kunye imfihlakalo kunye sengqondo ngokungangqalanga. China ungasoloko kusimangalise: nezingaqhelekanga, indlela umdla yobomi, bengazi kuthi, i nokuxubana, ukucinga. Enye samagqabantshintshi yawo ubuConfucius, leyo ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela zokufundisa njani abantu ukuze kuzuze uluntu kunye ngokwabo.

ulwazi jikelele

Igama elithi "ubuConfucius" livela yaseYurophu. Kuye kwasekwa nefom Latinized yesihloko kunye igama umseki wayo kunye neendlela "ngomfundisi osisilumko Kun". Ngelo xesha linye analogu layo Chinese "Nkszn Jiao" liguqulelwe ngokuthi "nemfundiso abantu bakhanyiselwa, kakuhle sajika." Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abaninzi kubaphandi yamandulo baye babonisa ukuba ubuConfucius - ngabaphandi inkolo. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso. Wabiza inkolelo ingqalelo ngqo kunzima, kunokuba yindlela yobomi, indlela yokucinga nendlela abayibona ngayo ihlabathi.

Ngaphandle koku, ubuConfucius usoloko ingqalelo njenge nemfundiso yonqulo bulumko, ezele nezithethe baseMpuma. kwifuthe lazo kuluntu Chinese kangangokuba ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa imigaqo yalo mbutho wambumba ixabiso zabantu, ubulumko behlabathi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ixabiso lawo bunciphe, kukho uluvo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ukongeza, ubuConfucius - inkolo, ifilosofi neemfundiso - iminyaka ephantse ibe ngamawaka ezimbini kwiimbono ephambili Empire Chinese. Enyanisweni, ixabiso layo elifana yamaKatolika iCawa kunye Vatican eYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Owaseka iimfundiso Confucius

Wayehlala kwi VI-V BC leminyaka. Yaba ixesha wembambano nokuqhekeka eli lizwe. Ngoko ke, emfundisweni ukubonisa umnqweno ukwenza imeko umbhodamo imicimbi uze kuzinzo nasempumelelweni kuluntu. sobulumko enkulu Future wazalwa usapho basebukhosini ngaphambili zawa. Yena ekuseni kakhulu washiya wayeyinkedama waza wahlala ngokuthozama de waba nethamsanqa ukufumana imali yokuya kwi State of Zhou - domain yobukumkani, apho ngokukhuselekileyo lukhona umsebenzi kwithala leencwadi. Kulapha ke wadibana Confucius, Lao Tzu, apho wachitha ixesha elininzi kwiincoko neengxoxo.

Sibuya ekhaya, waba nomdla izithethe zamandulo nomculo, leyo, ngokutsho iinkolelo Chinese, ibonisa ukubumbana jikelele kwaye ukusungulwa phakathi kwabantu. Zonke ezi siseko kamva wendele ngokwabo nasekufundeni - an ubuConfucius yamandulo. Kungekudala sobulumko wavula isikolo sakhe waza waba ngowokuqala ngutitshala oqeqeshiweyo kwimbali China. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba abafundi bakhe ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba ababusi ebalulekileyo. Confucius yena engazange wafumana ofisi ephezulu, nangona wayefuna yona. Wafa Scientist kwidolophu yakowabo Qufu.

"Analects"

Le ncwadi - isiseko yonke ubuConfucius. Iqulathe onke amazwi kunye neengxelo of Confucius. abafundi sobulumko uzama ukubuyisela olu lwazi luxabiseke kangaka, isiphumo yaba yingqokelela eliquka koomofu kunye sobulumko kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Bakha yonke imigaqo kunye neenkolelo esifundisa ubuConfucius. Kanje ngokuchanileyo kwincwadi wadlulela yonke indlela yobomi of Confucius:

• iminyaka eli-15. Iingcinga babuyelayo ukwakhiwa.
• iminyaka engama-30. Ukuzuza geqe.
• 40 iminyaka. Ukubatshabalalisa kwamathandabuzo.
• iminyaka 50. Ulwazi ukuthanda bamazulu.
• neminyaka engama-60. Ubuchule bokwahlula inyaniso ngobuxoki.
• iminyaka engama-70. Emva iminqweno yentliziyo kunye nesakhono akayaphula izithethe.

Kwezi imigca ezimfutshane - yonke Confucius. indlela yayo elide kwimfundo ukuba akhulule intliziyo umnqweno ukuba balandele indlela yokuziphatha sothotyelo uye waba indawo yesalathisi, yokuziphatha kunye ezingcwele kubo bonke bulumko Chinese. UbuConfucius (intanda iimfundiso kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha isuka kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana) eyayinqulwa ngabantu Chinese.

Engunozala-bulumko

Confucius zokufundisa, kwakunye neminye imisinga wenkolo nefilosofi Chinese enkulu, yavela e China kwi VI-V BC leminyaka. Yaba ngeli xesha endaweni ixesha segolide karhulumente eze chaos kunye kuphanza. yaphukile-siseko engundoqo ubukhosi, "zityebi, azi." Abantu abangazange bafumane nto begazi, balihlutha ubutyebi ngokuncama yesinyithi, ziye wawuqalayo ukuvelisa ngenkuthalo. Konke oku ukuphazamisa imvisiswano bandiqumbise ingxabano.

Ukuvuselela umyalelo kufuneka ukuhamba ngobuninzi kwaba neemfundiso evelayo ngathi amakhowa emva kwemvula. Abanye yathatha nje ezimbalwa eminyaka. Abanye - ubuConfucius, nobuTao, ngokomthetho - ukungena kangaka gqitha inkcubeko China, nto nje akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso namhlanje kwilizwe ngaphandle kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, iimfundiso Confucius ukusuka ekuqaleni akuthethi kuvuka. Ngelo xesha ugxothwa neentlekele sobulumko enkulu ebonisa imigaqo kunye neendlela eziya kukwazi ukubuyisela umyalelo. Kwaye indlela engundoqo ukuphumeza ngokuvisisana ngokwembono yakhe, le ndoda ngokwayo, akhuliswe bakhe, isimilo kunye nokuziphatha.

ukuziphatha State

Ekubeni le mfundiso ngafakwa kuqala ukuze imicimbi lizwe, yaye wayephethe lezopolitiko, esekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha. Kufuneka kuqala ukufundisa loo mntu, uze ke yonke enye into, kubandakanywa ezopolitiko, uya isangqa ngokupheleleyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba nomdla ngakumbi abantu ngomphefumlo, sobulumko. Yiloo nto ke isisombululo kwimiba ebalulekileyo wokulawula iimfundiso ubukhosi of Confucius ubona ngokusebenzisa bemilo uluntu apho nemeko yomntu idlala indima enkulu.

Ixesha iye yabonisa ukuba iyasebenza ngokwenene na. Le enzima yajika ukuba iya kuba yile ilandelayo: ukwenza abantu baziphathe ngendlela esirhesha imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha. Abantu, nkqu nabo abafuna ukutshintsha kuba ngcono, akakwazi nangoko Tyhila iphepha ihlabathi lakhe ngaphakathi ngamahla ndinyuka. kudla ayisebenzi. Abanye nje awufuni ukuba basebenze ngokwabo. Kwathatha indlela ekhethekileyo, kunye Confucius wamfumana. Wathabatha ithuba ukunqula izinyanya lehlelo Chinese. Imifanekiso womfi komnye ihlabathi zazibalulekile ngakumbi kwaye ngokwenene ngaphandle isibhakabhaka abstract. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngukhokho edume - umfanekiso ukuba eliboniswa e-China. Uphawu efanayo zesizwe yaye kamva waba Confucius ngokwakhe.

itile-tile

Kuyinto umthetho ongcwele, enamathela ubuConfucius. Ngokufutshane chaza ixabiso wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwisiko - nto leyo bawankqaya imithetho yokuziphatha kwabantu, kwaye nezenzo zawo olunentsingiselo, izijekulo kunye namagama. Le buyinto ezizimeleyo abantu kufuneka bafunde ukusuka ubisi sikanina. Sisipho wendalo ukuze baphile kakuhle kamnandi. Ingqiqo kwisakhiwo ubuhenyu ezininzi. UConfucius wathi ngaphezu kanye ukuba akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba siwenze. Nkqu ookhokho ilungisa rhoqo siphuma endleleni.

Ngokutsho Confucius, umntu ufanele umthande ummelwane wakhe, ukuba uzive uxanduva ekwenzeni umsebenzi wabo kuluntu kunye lizwe, ukuze nibe nokusulungeka, othembekileyo, ukuba ukuthatha unonophelo fundiweyo abaselula nangaphezulu. Ngezi mpawu, yaye imfundiso esekelwe lo bulumko. Norms yokuziphatha entsatsheni ke wazala umbuso omkhulu. Nicelwa uxolo nendyebo e China kukuba wonke umntu kulo ndawo kunye ngokucacileyo uzalisekisa uxanduva bakhe, wathi Confucius. Walibiza "Ewe Harrier" - umgaqo ubuhlobo babantu, umongo engundoqo osebenza uluntu. Nguwo lo umthetho ezingundoqo nentlalo entle.

ubuntu

Oko kuthethwa ngulo mbono Confucius? Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuze abe mnye, amaTshayina kufuneka iimpawu ezintlanu lomlinganiswa: ukuba abe nako ukuhlala usempilweni kwaye Ukunikezela imenu yentsingiselo, ububanzi umbono lokuphumelela isihlwele, ukuba sithembele kwabanye, balawulwa inceba, yaye uphumelele ngokuxhaphaza ingqondo yabo. Kodwa umfundisi enkulu wavuma abafundi bakhe, ukuba unako ngokwakhe ukubiza enobuntu ngokupheleleyo. Emva kokuba zonke ezi mpawu - nje isesisiqalo.

Imigaqo ubuConfucius isoloko banzi kunokuba yempangelo efika kuqala. Le ubuntu efanayo, xa ngoluvo sobulumko kaThixo - kukukwazi umthande nokwazisa abantu kuphela. Kuba yini na ukuba abantu esixabisekileyo njengosuku lokuqaphela ukubaluleka kobomi bomntu. Yokupha kuquka ingqikelelo uxanduva, ilifa lemveli kunye nezithethe zonqulo kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Umzekelo, Confucius wabalahla kanye ngamandla indoda endaweni kwiminyaka emithathu isijwili ngabazali wonke unyaka. Sobulumko wabiza kulungile engeva ngokupheleleyo lwabantu.

ubuntu

Omnye umgaqo bha ubuConfucius. Oku ukuhlonela ngokunxulumene nabantu abadala, uthando lobuzalwana, inkxaso macala kunye iivoti phezu omncinane. Umntu olungileyo isoloko ukuze kuncedakale abantu. Ngoko uthi ubuConfucius. Intanda kolu luvo ngokusondeleyo edibene okukhulu. Zimisela inyaniso womntu, hayi ngemfundo okanye uqeqesho lwakhe.

Ngaba kukho utitshala enobuntu omkhulu yena? Phendula lo mbuzo ngokuhlalutya imeko apho mntu Confucius. Njengoko Connoisseur le nezo kunye awohluke yezithethe, wamenyelwa ekhayeni i intshisakalo. Oko yaqala le ntetho waza waqalisa umculo, wabaleka abadlali, ekwafuneka ukubonisa isimo weendawo. Kodwa Confucius ngequbuliso baphazamise ntetho waza wayalela ukubulawa yonke inkampani. Ingaba lo ukhohlakele? Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuziphatha okunjalo ayingqinelani bobuntu kunye okukhulu. Kodwa ke sobulumko yabonisa olunye ulawulo obalulekileyo ubuConfucius njenge unqulo Mpuma imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo ngokucacileyo, niyigcine le mfundiso kunye nemithetho-siseko, kungenjalo uya kohlwaywa. Le nto yenzeka kunye abadlali, abaye emkile leempendulo elo.

Nesithunzi kunye nenkcubeko

Wonke umntu self-nokuhlonipha kufuneka ilifa ezi mpawu. Confucius wacinga njalo. Nangona ngokuhlonipha yesiko - yinxalenye yobomi enkcubeko kunye Chinese amanene. Oko kukuthi, abantu kufuneka bacinge yokuqala bonke ukutya, kodwa ngezinto ngaphezulu. A gentleman usoloko ecinga sublime: indlela yobomi kunye nenkcubeko. Imigaqo ubuConfucius isoloko uxinzelelo phezu zokomoya kunokuba saturation yenyama.

Elinye icala kwenkcubeko, ngokutsho Confucius, kuba ingqiqo zinkulu. Ibhokhwe ayilawuli ukuhamba, kwaye xa ebona ukutya, ngoko uyaziginya ngokupheleleyo. Umhlaseli sesiqu ixhoba labo ukuba ukudinwa kunye kuphelelwa ngamandla. Man - ngumntu abakuluhlu kakhulu. Kumelwe agcine lonke emhlabeni phakathi, musani kuba ofana nerhamncwa elo, nokuba kufikwa ithuku ukuba bakhe ngokwemvelo njengoko ulwaneliseko yindlala.

Njengoko ngokuba izikhulu, banalo amaTshayina, ngubani na ukuya ekupheleni iindlela ezintathu: Ilolo, amagosa kunye nabezomkhosi. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka bathobele le migaqo ilandelayo: kwimeko yokuqala ukuba abe nenceba ungakhathazeki, elinesibini - ukwazi yaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo, nangowesithathu - ukuba nesibindi kwaye ungoyiki.

Confucius School

Imfundo - indima ebalulekileyo yezithethe. Esi sigqibo singenziwa ngokufundisisa konfutsianstvo. Kanje nenengqondo ukucinga, ukuze zihlale zinolwazi ngazo zonke iziganeko zolawulo lwakhe, uyayazi imigaqo esisiseko yophuhliso enye okanye wesinye isigaba - konke oku kufuneka bakwazi self-ngokuphathelele yonke Chinese. Oku kuzibonakalisa imfundiso kwimfezeko yabantu, uConfucius wathi. Yena waba ngowokuqala eTshayina, wawavulayo izikolo simahla. Sobulumko waba ngumfundisi abantu bonke.

School of ubuConfucius wafundisa abadlali bakhe ukuba ukukhetha indlela elungileyo ebomini yaye ungamnikeli kuyo. Sobulumko emandiyenze kuthetha abafundi, ekholelwa ukuba ingcamango ekunene kunye nengxelo wazalwa yababini. Ukuthetha, abantu babelane ngolwazi, namava interlocutor, emxhasa. Confucius nabo basoloko bethetha ngobomi wooyise, ukuthelekisa kunye langoku. kusoloko Utitshala uyazehlisa. Wafuna lukhulu abo ngokwenene enobulumko ezinqwenelwa. Ezingqondweni mediocre, yena ayilindeli impumelelo enkulu, nje uzama ukuphucula nokuphuhlisa kubo.

Indima ubuConfucius

Kakade ke, kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, Confucius - uphawu yohlanga olo wanika China ubude yokomoya yokuziphatha. Kwiincwadi zembali kubhaliwe sichazwa indoda endala, engqongwe ngabantwana. Yintoni enyanisweni imbonakalo yakhe, akukho bani owaziyo. inkcazelo Physical lo bulumko igutyungelwe amabali amaninzi kunye iintsomi. Ngokuphathelele iimfundiso zakhe, ukuba ziqwalaselwe kunye uguqulwe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Imbali iminyaka eliwaka ubuConfucius, ngoko inguqulelo mihla le mfundiso eyahlukileyo ncakasana ukusuka endala. Namhlanje yindlela ekhethekileyo yobomi baseYurophu ongayiqondiyo. "East - umcimbi intekenteke," - bathi oko kusengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo kwaye rhoqo. Nkqu ngenkulungwane xxi, amagosa Chinese bazama ukuba bagcine imiyalelo imfundiso kwaye aziphathe ngathi Confucius washumayela. Izenzo zawo masikhokelwe okwakufudula kusenzeka zefilosofi nezenkolo nentshukumo yakudala, leyo eyenza abantu Chinese musa ndingenjengabanye abantu, yaye uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi - ekhethekileyo, hayi uyithanda kakhulu States. Indima ubuConfucius kule inkulu. impembelelo bubonwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi Chinese.