Inkqubo enomjukujelwa, "uSathana." "USathana" - umjukujelwa yenyukliya inamandla ehlabathini

Zethu iinkqubo izixhobo bakholisa ukuba amagama abstract cala, apho kwimeko ukuvuza inxenye bathi kancinane amagosa obungqondi iinkonzo zobuntlola amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, enye "Poplar" okanye "Ash". Imithi nemithi. Ke, ukuba akunjalo, "Pinocchio" ezithile liyana. Kodwa kukho isixhobo ukuba i-West, yaye siye semfene: "USathana" - inkqubo enomjukujelwa besesithathu isizukulwana, yena 15P018, aka P-36, okwabizwa ngokuba SS-18, okwabizwa ngokuba RS-20b, eyaziwa ngokuba yi " voivod ". Loo inani elikhulu amagama isizathu. Iikhowudi ukusetyenziswa yiSoviet phakathi ziingcali NATO bebefudula ethathiwe, bafikelela ukutyunjwa yabo of sample ngalinye izixhobo lwethu, kwakhona ngokuqhelekileyo kakhulu engeyongozi. Ngoko ke yintoni na ukuba basoyika kangangokuba 15P018 noko America olu qhwithela - enomjukujelwa "uSathana '?

Omakhwapheni uhlanga njengesixhobo bundlobongela

Ukudala izikhali ballistic ezinzima - ebiza, ubugcisa eliphezulu nangokwezobuchwephesha ephucukileyo. Ukuze nyanzela eSoviet Union ukuba bathathe inxaxheba iingalo ugqatso kudala ibe injongo US zolawulo ukususela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo, ukusuka Truman ukuya Reagan. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, eMelika ebesoloko bacebe kakhulu eSoviet Union, nokunxitywa phantsi achithe emba ekugqibeleni uloyiso ukhuselekile kusini Cold War. Ubukhulu becala namhlanje, lo mgaqo-nkqubo usebenza kuzo laseRashiya entsha.

Impendulo yethu baseMerika

Malunga 1965 amandla imijukujelwa enjalo American liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo, kwakunye nezinye iparameters zobugcisa, kubandakanywa ukuchaneka hit. Oku kuye kwaba usongo izindululi eSoviet, uninzi lwazo ngoko esisigxina kwaye ibekwe emigodini bebekelwa kwiindawo zokusebenza umgaqo qela. Ngenxa yoko, i ICBM American kwimeko hit ophumelelayo kukugubungela ezininzi eSoviet, ukuba lalingekafiki ixesha lokuba uqale. ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo ukuze uphendule isisongelo. Isiphumo Kwakukho izindululi ezimbini uhlwayela ukwazi, emigodini lukhuni, okanye uzenze ezihambayo, ngexesha ilondoloza amandla eliphezulu, yaye ngoko ke ubunzima kunye nomlinganiselo. Kodwa yobudala Hewana kunzima ukufihla intshukumo kwizakhiwo sungula mobile. Iingxaki zifuna izisombululo. Isiphumo yaba P-36 "USathana" - umjukujelwa yenyukliya inamandla ehlabathini.

Utkin omkhulu

Academician Vladimir Fedorovich Utkin ngexesha yomphefumlo umntu odumileyo wayengekho. Kodwa abahlobo bakhe, nabo, oogxa nabo abangaphantsi, siphawule ngo-Oktobha 17, yokuzalwa umphathi wakhe, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo bawabize buchopho. Kwaye kukho isizathu soko. Phantsi kweliso le Scientist zadalwa inkqubo enomjukujelwa, "uSathana," okanye mandithi, 15P018 (ukuyiqhayisela nokuyixoka inyaniso isiqhulo ngumqondo academician wanika amaMerika). Yonke le nto yaqala kunye ingqiqo jikelele, ngoko yahlulahlulwe yaba iingxaki ngamnye zobugcisa, zonke ezo zalunga ngempumelelo.

inkqubo enomjukujelwa "uSathana" - le nkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, iyunithi nganye yayo kufuneka asebenze ngokuvisisana, kwaye nakuphi na ukusilela kunokukhokelela imiphumo noqhekeko. Ukongeza, le isixhobo esiyingozi bekufanele ukuba ukuqala ukusuka zombini imigodi zokubhala kunye namaqonga kaloliwe ezikhethekileyo, bezenze iimoto zikarhulumente.

Indlela ukuze uqalise rocket enzima emgodini

Umzimba enomjukujelwa yenziwa aluminiyam nezinki - sisinyithi, noko ithambile. udonga ubukhulu - 3 mm, kungenjalo iqokobhe kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. imijukujelwa Weight - ngaphezu kweetoni ezingama-210, yaye oko kufuneka izakusebenza umngxuma onzulu. Kulula ukucinga oko kwakuza kwenzeka xa ingumba onzima ubuncwane hlobo iqala ukuba ahlambe kunye neegesi etshisayo babalekayo nemilomo. Ngaphakathi - iitoni ezingama-195 ze amafutha, amafutha nje kunye Uyadubula. Kodwa loo nto bonke. Intloko izixhobo zenyukliya kusemandleni ezine Hiroshima.

Nantsi ingxaki yezobuchwepheshe. Iinjineli yayo eSoviet isigqibo. Irula magingxigingxi yaye ngothantamiso kurhoxiswa kumphezulu kwentlawulo ethile propellant ezintathu, wabiza nezihlanganisi xi baphakamise ngamashumi oziimitha, yaye kuphela emva kokuba uqale pretreated ( "ngesibetho") iinjini ukuqala sigaba.

Le isisombululo uvumelekile ukuba ukwandisa kakhulu wokulwa owela ngaphakathi kwama-nkqubo. On sokuqala ekulweni womxhuzulane iingxande izixa ezikhulu zepetroli; kulo mzekelo, ugcino yalo malunga 9 tonnes.

Lo ngomnye umzekelo nje kwezisombululo kobabalo umzekeliso ubungqondi Utkin omkhulu. Abaninzi kubo yayithanda bemkile yonke incwadi ukuchaza omnye. Mhlawumbi multivolume.

Embi Uloliwe nuclear

Akumangalisi eSoviet Union ngokuba ngamandla amakhulu kaloliwe. imigama emide eyabangela ukuba ukwakha kaloliwe ngesantya ibonwe nkqu Tsarist Russia, kwiminyaka eSoviet yandiswa njengoko imigca ezintsha, intsimi lonke uthungelwano lwethu iindlela lizwe. Imini nobusuku phezu kwazo abhalwa, phakathi apho umntu akanakuze ukwahlula phakathi kwabo phantsi kophahla yeemoto leyo okukhona megasmerti ezininzi. kwesistim yefowuni ephathwayo, "uSathana" kufuneka isekelwe kwiqonga kaloliwe, bezenze uloliwe esiqhelekileyo, ezithi zahlule ukusuka akakwazi hlola eziphuhlileyo satellite le yesiqhelo. Kakade ke, ubunzima yokuqalisa iitoni 130 awavumelekanga ukuba usebenzise indlela elula kaloliwe, ukuze ukongeza nemingeni yobugcisa kwafuneka ukuba zilungiswe kunye nezithuthi, kunye Union isikali. sleepers zomthi nabantu eziphathekayo zitshintshile, umgangatho ukuqina ilaphu bazisa ukuya kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, ngenxa yokuba nayiphi na ingozi into ngokukhawuleza ijike ibe lishwangusha. Irula yokuqalisa "uSathana" linobude beemitha-23, ngaphantsi nje ubungakanani emotweni efrijini, kodwa fairing kwafuneka ukuphuhlisa ezikhethekileyo - isakhiwo ukusonga. Kwakukho nezinye iingxaki, kodwa isiphumo akagwetyelwanga na iindleko. Sizibambe ukuze isetyenziswe kwindawo engalindelekanga, yaye ngenxa yoko waqinisekiswa kwaye engaphephekiyo.

isipheke-pheke

Kuthetha unikezelo intloko isahlulo, leyo zicwangciswe ophathwa enyukliya, libonisa-ezimbini enomjukujelwa enjalo indawo umgama leyo ine indawo ezikwere zeekhilomitha 300. Yena uyakwazi ukoyisa imida ephezulu-yokusebenza kunye neenkqubo enomjukujelwa zokhuselo elizayo, kwaye betha iinjongo ezilishumi ezahlukeneyo ukwahlula iinxalenye besikhundla lilonke ngokwemigaqo megatons abasibhozo TNT. Yokungenelela ukusebenza kwayo emva kokwenza phantse akunakwenzeka, ngokuba ezafumana njenge gama ngo- - "uSathana". inkqubo enomjukujelwa kufakwa amawaka izinto, simulating zikhali. Ten kubo babe ubunzima kufutshane intlawulo owona yaye intsalela senziwe yeplastiki metallized uthabathe ngohlobo ezase, ukudumba kwi vacuo stratospheric. Kanjalo inkqubo yokhuselo enomjukujelwa abakwazi ukumelana neenjongo ezininzi kangaka.

ubuchopho electronic

inkqubo yolawulo Development eganiweyo uMyili uSekela Jikelele Vladimir Sergeev. Yakhelwe phezu umgaqo inertial, iye imijelo ezintathu mazhoritirovanie tiered. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo isiKhangeli yazibopha tswala self-test. Ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yolawulo Iziphumo Ukungafani luthatha channel, sele kudlule ngempumelelo uvavanyo. isinxulumanisi cable kwaye igqalwa imigca ngokugqibeleleyo enokuthenjwa ukusilela zonxibelelwano yabhalwa akazange nakanye kulo lonke ixesha, ngexesha apho inkqubo enomjukujelwa R-36M "uSathana" na inkonzo.

ukuluma baseMelika

Le program, laphehlelelwa US neyaziwa ngokuba Initiative Strategic yoKhuselo, ejolise ukudala i "iambrela" eyayiza kuba nako ukukhusela ilizwe "ihlabathi ezamahala", kwaye ingakumbi eUnited States, imiphumo ukuziphindiselela mbawula ugwayimbo xa kuthe kwakho imbambano yehlabathi. inkqubo enomjukujelwa Strategic 15P018 ( "uSathana") ziya ngokupheleleyo baphangwe intsingiselo eli linge. Akukho ukuziphendulela anti-enomjukujelwa, nkqu iziqalelo isithuba-based eninzi, bekuya kuba bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukoyiswa ekhuselekileyo lezinto kummandla USSR American "Pershing". Hayi ke, oku kwabangela ukudana phakathi abemi House White kunye Capitol. Shoot neempahla, ezi kwizakhiwo, ubunkokheli yiSoviet kwakungekho ngokukhawuleza, bekholelwa ukuba zinika ikhaka yenyukliya ethembekileyo. Kodwa lo mba ubeke kwisenzeko emva kokuthatha phezu "elisemqolo" kunye nasekuqaleni kuka perestroika.

Indlela emphefumlweni "uSathana"

Wonke irula yokuqalisa yesibini "uSathana" satshatyalaliswa phantsi esi sivumelwano START-1, zisayinwe kuNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU M. S. Gorbachevym. Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR ityala waqhubeka Russian uMongameli B. N. Eltsin. Kubulungisa kufuneka kuqatshelwe into yokuba ugunyaziso kunye nokulahlwa elandelayo imijukujelwa warhead ezininzi kwenziwa kuphela ngenxa yengcinezelo evela kwicala American okanye ewolo kazwelonke (njengoko wabongoza ngokugqith saziphakamisa wokuthand abemi beli). Izizathu zazikude prosaic ngakumbi yaye kwezoqoqosho indalo. lwabiwo-lizwe abazange nokugcina inqanaba eliphezulu enjalo inkcitho wamajoni, eziquka inkcitho kulondolozo namaculo ekhankanywe. Kwaye ngaphandle kwazo oku kwenzeka omnye eChernobyl, kude kuphela eyoyikekayo ngakumbi. inkqubo enomjukujelwa "uSathana" waba lixhoba wesiphithiphithi jikelele ezazihamba sokonakalisa eSoviet Union.

i Abangcwele

Kanye kwintsimi kanye obungenakutshatyalaliswa USSR naliphi ilizwe entsha, ngesaquphe ndafumanisa ukuba yonke imikhosi imveliso, uphando kunye yokwenza wadala complex ezi Ukrainian kakhulu. kuphuhliso olungaphezulu ukuvelisa inkqubo wokhuselo unamandla izakungenzeki, ubuncinane kwixesha elifutshane.

Ugunyaziso izikhali yingozi baseMelika ayithethi ukuvalwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngaphandle abanini zinjongo uyakhawuleza ithuba iikopi yakutshanje. Njengoko kunjalo kunye "East" edumileyo, isithuthi eziguqulelwe ke, kwakwenziwa yokuqalisa kweempahla zorhwebo kunye lwezenzululwazi, kuquka amazwe. Yintoni ukwenza ntoni? Xa lizwe ifuna imali, ikhosi iya kuhamba "uSathana." Intercontinental enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa kwisithuba ukususela ngo-1999 ukuya ngo-2010 kule program "Dnepr" bezisa Hewana ezine kweshumi orbit. Ukuphehlelelwa lwenzeka-14, apho omnye aluphumelelanga.

"Voivod"

Kule yee- kade, R-36M enomjukujelwa zezala lwaqhutywa ukuze ukwandisa ukomelela kwalo kugwayimbo zenyukliya kunokwenzeka, kunye nokuphucula intsebenzo ngokwalo ukuchaneka. Ukongeza, i-uhlaziyo olufunekayo ngenxa yemisebenzi emitsha iinkqubo zokhuselo US imizili yakutshanje. CB "South" (Dnepropetrovsk) iye bahlangabezana ngempumelelo umsebenzi, ngenxa yomsebenzi yaba 15A18M imveliso ebizwa ngokuba "Voivode". Ekwenzeni okubhaliweyo ye-START-1, oko limelwe ikhowudi "RS-20b", kodwa eneneni kwaba inkqubo efanayo enomjukujelwa, "uSathana", kodwa yala maxesha.

Utshintsho kule meko ngamazwe, ochazwa ekufuneni yobunkokheli NATO, kwaye ikakhulu eUnited States, uxove isiseko yakho kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwimida weRashiya, eyabangela ukuba kuhlaziywe ngokwalo START-2, nto leyo eye ongenakuwelwa ukuvunywa, kwinxalenye elo ayanda ICBMs. imijukujelwa 15A18M (monoblocks zomkhosi), emi umsebenzi okwangoku, iya kuthathwa yi Russian "Sarmat" izakhiwo ezitsha, ekwaziyo ukuthwala ezase ezininzi. Kodwa ibali ezahlukeneyo ...