Inkcubeko kunye nempucuko. Kwintanda-ulwalamano lwabo kunye nembali

Igama elithi "isiko" livela Latin okuthetha ukulinywa komhlaba, kwakunye imfundo kunye nophuhliso. Ntlandlolo kwakunxibelelene indlela zasemaphandleni yobomi kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nendalo. Ngokusekelwe kule ndlela, ingqiqo inkcubeko -bulumko ngathi indlela ethile yombutho kunye nophuhliso yobomi bomntu, emelwe imveliso yabasebenzi eziphathekayo kunye nengqondo kunye nenkqubo nemigangatho ethile lwakhiwa kunye nemilinganiselo yokomoya. Inkcubeko kwakhona elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba iseti abacinga ngayo, malunga nendalo, uluntu kunye ngokwabo. Ukuze kube lula iintlobo inkcubeko yahlulwe kuxhomekeke amanqanaba kwimbali yophuhliso - umzekelo, Antique, Renaissance njalo njalo, ukusuka kumaqela okanye uluntu abantu - kazwelonke, uhlanga okanye multi-uhlanga, ihlabathi, inkcubeko mntu ...

Igama elithi "nempucuko" livela kwisiLatini, kakhulu, kodwa ngokubaluleka kwalo hayi izandi ezincinane kwezolimo kunye nasezidolophini, kwaye ezinxulumene izinto ezifana ngabemi kunye norhulumente. Inkcubeko nempucuko -bulumko inokuba usondele intsingiselo - umzekelo, igama elithi "Impucuko" isoloko isetyenziswa-ntonye inkcubeko. Kodwa umthetho, ngokwengqiqo engqongqo le mpucuko gama kuthiwa iqondo uphuhliso eluntwini, elandela i "ubuqaba" wohlulwe Inqanaba yezembali yophuhliso (yamandulo, kumaxesha ...) kunye. Sinokuthi la magama mabini ebusweni ezimbini lonke efanayo.

Noko ke, ukuya kwinkulungwane XVIII kuluntu lwezenzululwazi okunene wahlala ngaphandle elithi "isiko" yaye "impucuko." Philosophy ungenise kubo Lexicon kunokuba kade, kwaye ekuqaleni babegqalwa ntonye. Noko ke, ukumelwa, ezifana nezi ntsingiselo kwintsingiselo, baye kudala zikho. Umzekelo, e-China, kodwa ngokwesithethe luchazwa ngegama elithi "ren" (Confucius), eGrisi yamandulo - "Paideia" (nesimilo), kwaye eRoma yamandulo, wada yahlulwe ngamagama amabini: "Civitas" (ubuqaba koko, impucuko), kwaye "of humanitas '( imfundo). Kunika umdla ukuba kumaXesha Aphakathi ngaphezu kuthakazelelwa ingqiqo Civitas, kunye Renaissance - humanitas. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XVIII, isiko liya ngokunxulunyaniswa neenjongo yiEnlightenment kwinkalo ngokomoya yaye ezopolitiko - iifomu ezifanelekileyo-gingxi karhulumente, inzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nonqulo. UMontesquieu, uVoltaire, Turgot kunye Condorcet match ekugwebeni ukuba uphuhliso inkcubeko ingqinelana kuphuhliso ngesizathu kunye nengqiqo.

Ngaba usoloko ngokuqinisekileyo ziqondeka iinkcuba kwezenkcubeko impucuko? Kwintanda-Jean-Jacques Rousseau, yiEnlightenment owayephila, anike impendulo negative lo mbuzo. Wafumanisa ukuba okukhona umntu asuka ngemvelo, ukuba incinane ulonwabo lokwenene nemvisiswano zendalo. Le ukugxekwa ke wenza kwi bulumko waseJamani, ziyahlonelwa ezithe bazama ukwenza intsingiselo yezi yempixano ephikisanayo. Kant wabeka phambili ingcamango yokuba ingxaki inkcubeko okubi okanye okulungileyo kunye nempucuko, ingasombululwa ngoncedo "isimilo zehlabathi", i-German Romantics Schelling kunye Genderlin wazama ukwenza oku intuition nobugcisa baze Hegel ayekholelwa ukuba zonke solvable kwi-sikhokelo kwintanda-bulumko nengqiqo Absolute uMoya. Abelusi ayekholelwa ukuba zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo uphawu kwimbali nenkcubeko, njengoko iphuhlisa ngokohlobo (empuma, Antique, yaseYurophu), nganye ufikelela kwincopho yayo, abapasa mpumelelo ilandelayo. Humboldt sicebisa ukuba enye yezona zinto efunekayo inkcubeko yesizwe lulwimi esakha umoya wesizwe.

Noko ke, intanda-classical waseJamani nto idla kuqwalaselwa uphuhliso kwenkcubeko njengenkqubo-line enye, ngoko indawo yalo akawuvingca zonke iintlobo onika inkcubeko yehlabathi kunye nempucuko. Intanda yenkulungwane XIX (ingakumbi ubuso zeniyo-Kantian Rickert kunye Weber, kwakunye nangabameli beSebe "ifilosofi yobomi") wagxeka kwesi sikhundla. Kantians walibona engundoqo kakuhle inkcubeko yehlabathi lwamaxabiso ezifuna umntu aphumeze okusesikweni, yaye zibonakala kwindlela yayo. Nietzsche kuphikisana i Apollonian kunye Dionysian uhlobo nenkcubeko, kunye Dilthey - evelela kwaye ongenantandabuzo, ebiza wokuqala "yepetroliyamu ubukrelekrele fluid." Marxism wafuna kule inkcubeko kunye nempucuko lwesiseko eziphathekayo kunye neqela loluntu (udidi) umlinganiswa.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwakhona waqalisa isifundo inkcubeko ngokwembono yokufundwa kunye ezizwe (Taylor), yayiyilwe yi uhlalutyo noshowo inkcubeko njenge inkqubo imilinganiselo, semiotics kunye Ezolimi zezakhiwo (Levi-Strauss). Kuba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini iphawulwa ngendlela efana bulumko inkcubeko, le nto leyo zimelwe iisimboli (Cassirer), intuition (Bergson), okanye archetypes (Jung). Philosophy kwenkcubeko, ngokunjalo nangabameli beSebe existentialists kunye hermeneutics bulumko, bubonakala nganye inkcubeko yasekuhlaleni, intsingiselo jikelele, leyo kutyhilwa xa eguqulela uphawu lwalo. Nangona kukho eyenza ukuba ongayifuniyo into efana inkcubeko kunye impucuko ehlabathini. Kwintanda-bulumko Spengler kunye Toynbee ukholelwa izityalo polycentrism ubungqina wokungayi neempucuko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho eqhelekileyo yonke.