Ingakumbi isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya cell

Ngowe-1972 wavalelwa phambili ingcamango ukuba inwebu ngokungaphelelanga akubonakali olungqonge iseli kwaye enze inani lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, kunye nesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya iseli yimiba ebalulekileyo malunga ukusebenza eyiyo zonke iiseli zomzimba. theory Cell saka ngenkulungwane ye-17, kunye kokusungulwa ngemicroscope. Kucingelwa ukuba ancedisana izityalo kunye nezilwanyana iqanjwa iiseli, kodwa ngenxa eliphantsi ukusonjululwa isixhobo kwakungenakwenzeka ukubona nayiphi na imiqobo ngeenxa zonke iiseli zezilwanyana. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, uhlobo eekhemikhali inwebu wancinwa iinkcukacha ngakumbi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ineziseko zayo nguye lipids.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi imifinya cell

Iseli inwebu ezingqonge kukho icytoplasm aphilayo, eyahlula emzimbeni amacandelo intracellular ukusuka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Umngundo, iintsholongwane kunye nezityalo kufuneka cell iindonga leyo ukukhusela ukukhusela indlela iimolekyuli ezinkulu. imifinya Cell kwakhona ukudlala indima ekubunjweni cytoskeleton kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe apha kule matrix extracellular amanye amasuntswana ebalulekileyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze ugcine ndawonye ukwenza ancedisana amalungu. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo yeseli inwebu ziquka permeability. Umsebenzi ophambili kukukhusela. Le inwebu iquka maleko phospholipid kunye neeproteni ze engoma. Le nxalenye libandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezifana cell adhesion, ion conductivity kunye neenkqubo zesiginali lisebenza kumphezulu wento eqhubekayo zentlelo eziliqela extracellular, kuquka udonga glycocalyx kunye cytoskeleton lwangaphakathi. Le inwebu kwakhona igcina isakhono iiseli, ukusebenza lokucoca uyakhetha. Kuyinto emane akubonakali ukuba ion kunye emvelo kwaye ulawula intshukumo amasuntswana.

iindlela zebhayoloji ebandakanya iseli ndizayo

1. nokuhanjiswa UMSI: kwezinye izinto (molekyuli ezincinane, ion) ezifana nekhabhon-dayoksayidi (CO2) kunye oksijini (O2), kusichukumisa inwebu plasma yi kwe-. Izenzo istili asisithintelo izakhi ezithile kunye ion, zingakotshwa yayigxile macala omabini.

2. Le transmembrane channels iiproteins kunye abathuthi: izondlo ezifana glucose okanye amino acids, kufuneka angene ebuhlanti, yaye ezinye iimveliso pathways kuyishiya.

3. endocytosis - yinkqubo apho molecule ithathe. deformation okuncinane (intussusception) idaliwe kwi inwebu plasma, apho iziyobisi ukuba kuthuthwa, bokufa. Oku kufuna amandla, yaye ngaloo ndlela, luhlobo yothutho esebenzayo.

4. Exocytosis: kwenzeka kwizisele ezahlukeneyo ukususa izinto undigested iintsalela bazisa endocytosis ukuba izithako, ezifana iihomoni, iienzymes, nezinto zothutho yonke indlela kwiseli umqobo.

isakhiwo molecule

inwebu Cell - iqokobhe zebhayoloji eliquka ncakasana phospholipid kunye ezohlula umxholo zonke iiseli ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Inkqubo ukubunjwa kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuze siqonde le nkqubo kwaye uchaze ngokuchanekileyo isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya iseli, kwakunye neempawu ezifunekayo ukuze ukuvavanya uhlobo lwesakhiwo phospholipid, leyo uphawu le nokwehlukana noshowo. Xa phospholipids kokusingqongileyo zolwelo ukuba kukho icytoplasm ufikelela yoxinaniso ebalulekileyo, ke zidityaniswe zibe micelles, leyo abazinzileyo ngakumbi kwimeko zolwelo.

iipropati ndizayo

• Uzinzo. Oku kuthetha ukuba emva kokumiselwa ngokuwa inwebu akunakwenzeka.
• Strength. ayinako le ndebe ukudlula The lipid imvulophu ngamandla ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela indlela kwezinto polar, esekwe ingumda izinyibiliki (ion, iswekile, acid), kunye molekyuli elikhulu (protein).
• Isimo sokuguquguquka. Oku mhlawumbi ebaluleke kakhulu, xa siqwalasela isakhiwo weseli. Iseli inwebu ukuba lungakhuseleki kwi Ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye isongwe ukuba ukugoba ingekuko. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana ezo vesicles yavelisa amagqabi okanye begqobhozile, kodwa okwethutyana nje. Bushushu, amacandelo lipid e rhoqo, eshukumayo umbhodamo, kusekwe umda ozinzileyo ulwelo.

imodeli fluid esekelwe

Ethetha isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya iseli, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ntetho yanamhlanje ngayo inwebu njengomzekelo fluid kaMoses, oko ndimncinile zizazinzulu 1972 ngu Singer ne Nicholson. imfundiso yabo ibonisa iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo isakhiwo ndizayo. iiproteni inwebu ngxam igalelo umzekelo kaMoses ukuba inwebu, yaye bayakwazi intshukumo osecaleni kwi-moya ngenxa ezililize lombutho lipid. iiproteni Transmembrane nazo zisenokuba mobile. Inkalo ebalulekileyo ubume inwebu yi asymmetry wayo. Yintoni na isakhiwo yeseli? Yeseli inwebu, nucleus, iiproteins kunye njalo njalo. Iseli licandelo ebalulekileyo ebomini, yaye zonke izinto luqulathe igama elinye okanye ezininzi iiseli, nganye eneyazo umqobo zendalo eyahlula ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Le komda ongaphandle iseli ukwabizwa ngokuba ndizayo plasma. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iintlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo iimolekyuli: phospholipids, cholesterol, iiprothini kunye carbohydrate. imodeli fluid esekelwe echaza isakhiwo yeseli inwebu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: bhetyebhetye kwaye ilastiki, ukuvumelana ufana oli yemifuno, khon 'ukuze zonke molekyuli ngamnye abhabhe nje xa medium elulwelo, yaye bayakwazi ukuya yokuxazulula ngaphakathi eliqokobe. UMosaic imele into uquka iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Xa inwebu plasma kubhaliwe thaca phospholipids, iimolekyuli cholesterol, iiprothini kunye carbohydrate.

phospholipids

Phospholipids kwenza isakhiwo esisiseko yeseli ndizayo. Ezi molekyuli babe isiphelo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini: a intloko nomsila. Ukuphela Intloko ibandakanya iqela phosphate kwaye esibamba. Oku kuthetha ukuba otsaleleke iimolekyuli zamanzi. Nomsila ibandakanya yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon athom, ebizwa imixokelelwane okunamafutha acid. Ezi amatyathanga ke hydrophobic, azikuthandi ukuba zihlanganise iimolekyuli zamanzi. Le nkqubo kuyafana okwenzekayo xa ethulula ioli emanzini, ithetha ukuba akumele kubenze kuyo. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo yeseli inwebu enxulumene ebizwa ngokuba lipid bilayer, equka phospholipids. iintloko phosphate esibamba zisoloko zibekwe apho kukho amanzi ngohlobo kolwelo intracellular kunye extracellular. Imisila hydrophobic of phospholipids kwi inwebu zilungelelaniswe ngendlela nobenza ukuba kude emanzini.

Cholesterol, iiprotheni kanye carbohydrate

Ukuva igama elithi "cholesterol", abantu badla bacinga ukuba kubi. Kodwa enyanisweni, cholesterol wenkqubo yinxenye ebalulekileyo ingaphandle cell. molecule layo ngumxube amakhonkco amane yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon atom. Ba hydrophobic kwaye zifumaneka phakathi imisila hydrophobic kwi lipid bi-umaleko. ukubaluleka kwabo kukugcina guquki, ukuba ukomeleza inwebu, ukuvimbela ekudibaneni. iimolekyuli cholesterol kwakhona ukubamba imisila phospholipid ukuza zibe zoqhagamshelwano Ukuguqulwa kolwelo. Oku kuqinisekisa fluidity kunye bhetyebhetye. iiproteni inwebu babe umsebenzi enqanda ukuba isantya ekudibaneni kwemichiza, asebenze receptors ukuba iimolekyuli ezithile okanye izinto kuthuthwa ngayo iseli ndizayo.

Carbohydrate, okanye iswekile, zifumaneka kuphela kwicala extracellular yeseli ndizayo. Bebonke bakha glycocalyx. Inika ukunceda kunye nokhuselo ndizayo plasma. Ngokusekelwe izakhiwo nezinye iindidi ze carbohydrate emzimbeni glycocalyx weseli nga qaphela uze ubone ukuba kufuneka ukuba ube khona okanye hayi.

iiproteni ndizayo

Ubume esiseleni inwebu ye iseli isilwanyana akunakucingelwa ngaphandle icandelo elibalulekileyo loo kwiproteni. Ngaphandle koku, bona kakhulu enasilela ngayo ubungakanani enye ebalulekileyo icandelo - lipids. Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko iiprotheni ndizayo.

• Ezifunekayo. Bona ukugubungela bi-umaleko, ukuba kukho icytoplasm kunye extracellular medium. Benza umsebenzi zothutho umqondiso umsebenzi.
• Zomzimba. Neeproteni eziqhotyoshelwe inwebu ngokusebenzisa electrostatic, okanye imixokelelwane hydrogen iindawo zazo cytoplasmic okanye extracellular. Bona inxaxheba ncakasana njengokuba ngesibopheleli kuthetha ukuba iiproteni ezifunekayo.
• Transmembrane. Zisebenza enzymatic kunye nemisebenzi zokubonisa, kwaye ukuliguquguqula isakhiwo esisiseko ye lipid bi-umaleko ndizayo.

Imisebenzi ingaphandle zebhayoloji

Isiphumo hydrophobic leyo olawula ukuziphatha ezizizembiwa emanzini, ukulawula izakhiwo lisekwa lipids inwebu kunye neeproteni ndizayo. Iipropati abaninzi inwebu elinikwe iziphathi lipid bi-umaleko, ezakha isakhiwo HAS zonke inwebu eziphilayo. iiproteni inwebu ezifunekayo ukuba ngokuyinxenye efihliweyo lipid bi-umaleko. iiproteni Transmembrane babe nombutho ekhethekileyo ye asidi acid ngokulandelelana lwabo lokuqala.

iiproteni inwebu neuropathy ziyafana kakhulu enyibilikayo, kodwa nazo ke ezinxulumene inwebu. imifinya iseli ezizodwa umsebenzi iseli ezizodwa. Njengoko isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi imifinya iseli ibe nempembelelo umzimba? Vula indlela yokwakha inwebu zebhayoloji kuxhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza yonke eziphilayo. Ukususela organelles intracellular, unxibelelwano extracellular necell-iseli, izakhiwo ndizayo ayimfuneko ukuze umbutho kunye nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi eziphilayo. Uninzi iimpawu zolwakhiwo kunye ezisebenzayo zixhaphakile iintsholongwane, iiseli eukaryotic kunye virus iyigubungele. Zonke imifinya eziphilayo yakhiwe kwi lipid bi-umaleko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubukho eziliqela iimpawu ezifana ngazo. iiproteni ndizayo sezineentlobo imisebenzi ethile.

• Controls. Inwebu plasma weeseli ukuchaza imida weseli intsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo.
• Zokuhamba. iseli inwebu Intracellular zahlulwe phakathi zaziibloko eziliqela olusebenzayo ngezithako lwangaphakathi ezahlukileyo, nganye oxhaswa ngumsebenzi izithuthi eziyimfuneko ngokudibene ne-permeability yolawulo.
• transduction Yophawu. fusion ndizayo kube nendlela isilumkiso intracellular vesicular kunye nokuthintela zonke iintlobo iintsholongwane bangene ngesisa iseli.

Ixabiso neziphetho

Ubume inwebu olungaphandle iseli kuchaphazela umzimba wonke. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhuselwa ukunyaniseka, sivumele umthondo izinto kuphela ekhethiweyo. Kananjalo isiseko esihle ukulungisa le cytoskeleton kunye nodonga yeseli, nto leyo inceda ekulondolozeni imilo cell. Lipids besenza malunga nama-50% ye ubunzima inwebu iiseli ezininzi, nangona oku iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo ndizayo. Ubume bale engaphandle yeseli inwebu ezincancisayo kunzima ngakumbi, kukho equkethwe ezine phospholipid esisiseko. Kwipropathi ebalulekileyo lipid bi-maleko kukuba benza njengoko ulwelo okuntlandlo-mbini apho molekyuli ngamnye zikhululekile ukuba ajikeleza sihambe kumacala lateral. Le fluidity - oku impahla ebalulekileyo inwebu, efunyaniswa kuxhomekeke lobushushu kunye lipid nokwakheka. Ngenxa hydrocarbon isakhiwo ring cholesterol idlala indima ekumiseleni fluidity ndizayo. permeability okukhetha inwebu zebhayoloji kwiimolekyuli ezincinane kuvumela ukuba iseli esweni nokugcina isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi.

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo iiseli (iseli inwebu, nucleus, njalo njalo), sinokugqiba ukuba eziphilayo - kuba yinkqubo self ndo ukuba enyama umntu ayinakukukhathaza wena kwaye ukhangele iindlela ukubuyisela nokukhusela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe kwiseli nganye.