Ngokuzibonela Montaigne njengoko njengesiseko ethi "Ucwaningo". Montaigne, "Ucwaningo": Isishwankathelo

Pushkin ulifunda, uhlala ilele phezu kwedesika Lva Tolstogo. Le ncwadi yaba zithandwa XVI-XVII eminyaka. Umbhali walo - Eykem Michel de Montaigne (uGqirha 28.02.1533, le ..) - ilungu le ndlela intsha ungunyana wabanumzana French, ezenzeka ukususela kwiklasi merchant. Uyise umbhali elizayo Pierre Eykem wahlala kwinkonzo yasebukhosini, uMama weza kwintsapho osisityebi yamaYuda.

Utata enzulu malunga nokuqeqesha unyana wakhe. Wayeyindoda efundile kakhulu, kwaye usapho umoya ebalulekileyo yamandulo. Michel wathabatha kutitshala indoda encinane obengazi isiFrentshi konke konke, kodwa eyazi Latin.

Imfundo kunye nesimo ekuhlaleni

Mishel Monten waba lonke ithuba lokwenza umsebenzi zaqaqamba igosa likarhulumente. Yena Wabufunda kwizikolo kakhulu kwilizwe lethu, emva kwikholeji Bordeaux krelekrele izidanga kwi-University of Toulouse. Asanda kubhakwa igqwetha oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala wajoyina ngumahluleli le Umcebisi yobukumkani, okokuqala Périgueux, kodwa kungekudala idluliselwe isixeko sakowabo yaseBordeaux. Xa inkonzo yakhe akapholisanga maseko, waba abahlobo apho. igosa eyayifunde kabili kunyulwa kwisikhundla sokuba umcebisi.

Ngowe-1565 Michel unokumnceda watshata noblewoman French Françoise de Shansan. Kodwa ke kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, emva kokufa kukayise wakhe, weza ilifa zezindlu zooyise le Montaigne, zokushiya umsebenzi enkundleni. Kwixesha elizayo, Mishel Monten waphila ubomi iindwalutho mihlaba, ethe wazinikela umsebenzi wokubhala.

Uthando amava indlwane usapho Montaigne wathululwa ephepheni.

Enyanisweni ukuba yokurekhoda bengasebenzi ofundileyo intshisakalo progressive. Wadala kwazo ngexesha lakhe spare iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, ngakumbi endibulala ukusebenza. Ngeli xesha, ezinye iimbono sobulumko zatshintsha, ngoko ke umfundi abacingayo baya kufumana kwi 'ndlela' iingcamango ezimbalwa iphambene.

I-sobulumko French kunye nabantu, babhala itafile, nkqu ukucinga le ncwadi.

Isakhiwo imisebenzi olusesikweni

Njengoko yingqokelela simahla nimana bakhe, ukukhanya, izincoko wadala Mishel Monten "amava". Isishwankathelo Executive lo msebenzi ifomu zixinaniswe kakhulu ingavezwa ibinzana, ngokoluvo lokuqala umbhali le Renaissance ubomi kunye amathuba nophuhliso kuluntu lwanamhlanje.

Collection yakhiwe imiqulu emithathu. Izincoko eziqulathwe ngamnye kubo, bahlanganisana ngokokulandelelana kwazo zabhalelwa.

Umqulu wokuqala "Izincoko" Michel Montaigne ubalisa ibali ngohlobo isincoko:

- zingaphi iindlela omnye ukufeza efanayo;

- ukuba neenjongo zethu abe ngumgwebi izenzo zethu;

- sobuvila;

- usizi;

- lixoki, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Umqulu yesibini kubhaliwe ngendlela efanayo lokuqokelela Montaigne. "Ucwaningo" bazaliswa ngokubalisa ngayo umbhali labalobi amandulo zamaKristu kwi amacandelo ahlukeneyo yobukho bomntu:

- impermanence yayo;

- on amatyala singamiswa kwada ngomso;

- malunga uthando lwabazali;

- on the yesazela;

- iincwadi njalo njalo ..

Umqulu wesithathu uxelela abafundi:

- a ogudileyo luncedo;

- ubugcisa ingxoxo;

- zonxibelelwano;

- ze ngokuthanda komntu;

- malunga ingamampunge, ngakumbi malunga inqwaba nezinye iintlobo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

iimeko yembali ukuvela zobuntu montenevskogo

Ifilosofi kumaxesha ka uCharles IX waseFransi waba ebulalayo. Kwakukho wamagazi (eyona civil) imfazwe phakathi amaKatolika namaProtestanti. The Catholic Church, siqhutywa liBhunga of Trent 1545-1563 GG., Basokole kunye UHlaziyo kwiphandle Michel de Montaigne, Franciscans amabutho kunye nokunika kuye amagunya ezingaqhelekanga.

Kubomi kwezentlalo nezopolitiko France wabuyela ixesha eyoyikekayo Kwamacala. The Catholic Church evuselela iindlela amandla ukuze ukucinezela Protestantism ikhula.

Franciscans kunye bamaKatolika alawulwa uluntu, nzima okukhulayo. Amajoni, lendela bavunyelwa ukuba i Pope ngokuyalelwa umthetheli azalisa nezono abafayo ngokuphathelele iintlanga. Musa barhuqe emva wamaJesuit inkohlakalo amanyathelo karhulumente sazela. Idolophu Bordeaux inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, lo sobulumko elizayo, ubungqina isohlwayo ezihlangeneyo, siphethwe yi Marshal Montmorency igunya ukungxengxeza abemi nawuphikisa kwande irhafu ityuwa. abantu 120 ababexhonyiwe, kwaye ipalamente isixeko zipheliswe.

Ngamaxesha beboyikiswe ukuqokelelwa zezincoko, leyo wendele ngamava Montaigne, umbhali-yabemi iimfundiso ebhaliweyo. Ngoxa e France kwegazi rhoqo ... Philosopher, ngathi lonke uluntu, kunye namanwele wathabatha ndyikitya nomsindo Mariey Medichi e Paris ngexesha ekuthiwa- St. uBhartolomeyu, xa kwakuxhelwa 30 amawaka isiFrentshi amaProtestanti.

Monen ngokwayo ngokwesiseko akukho kufutshane nayiphi na imikhosi zezenkolo nezopolitiko zisilwa, ngobulumko ekufezekiseni uxolo yoluntu. Phakathi abahlobo bakhe amaKatolika, amaProtestanti. Akumangalisi ukuba benamandla ubundlobongela lizwe, okuzigwagwisa ngexhanti kunye mva zabantu ideologically amelene kunye namava bulumko ka Montaigne.

Kweli xesha lokugqibela sobulumko yobomi bakhe inkxaso ukunyuka kumandla yoMlawuli Henry IV, uyakwazi ukuyeka izimpi zenkolo kunye buziphelise wobukhosi nokuqhekeka.

Civic kunye nesikhundla kwabantu

Wamelana umgaqo "philosophizing - kukuba uthandabuza" kwemfundiso nenkani, scholasticism, kutsalwa ukusuka ebomini, yenze begxeka uthetha ukreqo zonqulo zamaKatolika, ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imiyalelo zamaKristu.

Kwangaxeshanye, siphawula ukuba kubume bayo-sobulumko yayingeyonto waka, inkokeli yoluntu. Nangona bexesha lakhe kubonakale isityhilelo izigqibo ukuba wenza Michel de Montaigne.

"Amava", ebhalwe ngesandla sobulumko-ngummi, ezinamaphepha wazisola ukuba 'imfundiso yasezulwini yaye kaThixo "ungaphakathi' izandla ongendawo." Oku, waqaphela, "ewatyhutyhile kumsinga ingcamango ngokwalo." (Kufuneka iqondwe iimpawu zobuntu bakhe.)

Montaigne njengoko ndoda ucaphuka abayinqobo lwengqondo, ngoko wayekhetha ukuba nenxaxheba kule mpikiswano kwaye wadala kuphela wedwa. imisebenzi yakhe ukufunda isangqa elincinane abahlobo, yaye oku banelisekile. engqondweni yakhe kubalulekile ukuba priemlel amagosa kunye nabasemagunyeni. ibinzana ozithandayo Michel yaba: "Kuba azikho amaqhawe valet!" Kwenzeka zonke ngamazinga ubuntu bakhe. "Ezikhona My - isifundo ngokwayo," - wathi sobulumko.

Ukufunda umbhali kumgangatho wesithathu inqaba Montaigne inqaba, yaye iifestile yayo zikhanyiswe emva kwexesha ...

Imfundiso yobulumko kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Lwama eYurophu kwiinkulungwane XVI-XVII yaba ethi "Ucwaningo" Montaigne. Ingqondo ezibuthathaka ye-nzulu, wayibamba loo izinto ezintsha loluntu lokuba uluntu yongxowankulu. Bulumko phantsi totalitarianism ebizwa ebomini iingcamango yamandulo exabisekileyo, ukunyamezelana, ubudlelwane isigqebelo sebaleni.

Montaigne itsho loo ndoda ayikho ububi ngokupheleleyo ezinye eclectic omashini Kwamacala uMtyholi. Embi, ngombono wakhe, kukho inkolelo ngaphandle ngoncumo, kukho inkolelo nenkani enyanisweni kuphela, akukho imibuzo. Yaba yena lisebenza njengesiseko ngokusasazwa isantya obundlobongela athile eluntwini.

Sobulumko wafuna bafumana (njengoko siza sichaze ngezantsi) imigaqo woluntu efanelekileyo. U fanele ku inkululeko ngamnye njengoko inani eliphezulu.

Ngokutsho sobulumko, ukuze sonwabe kulo kufuneka kube mnandi elungelelanisiweyo Ukunyamekela impilo yabo. Ngapha koko, ngokutsho anengqondo zo bamandulo, uninzi neziyolo esifubeni kwaye umdla abantu ukuze ayonakalise.

Kwincwadi yakhe, de Montaigne ( "amava") iphinde izivelise kwakhona olityelweyo ephakathi eYurophu, imfundiso yamandulo kwimigibe ezingqondweni apho umntu lubekwa.

Ngokukodwa, bambalwa kakhulu abantu banikwa ukuqonda ubuhle bendalo okwenyaniso efihliweyo emva lula lwangaphandle. Umntu bekungayi olule ingqondo yakho ukuze baqonde "Ukubengezela bathuleyo ubuhle."

sazikhethela ulwazi

Njengoko enye i ngcinga izimvo ncwadi, kamva phantsi yaye umbhali wayo ngokwakhe - yamaKatolika iCawa, wabhala Mishel Monten "amava".

Isishwankathelo ingqokelela isincoko ingavezwa iingcamango lobungxowankulu kuzimele. Incwadi volume ezintathu-liyelenqe non-eziqhelekileyo iingcinga brilliant abafundileyo intshisakalo, olwandulela Renaissance. Lo msebenzi ngokunzulu indoda eyayifunde kakhulu. Xa iyonke, ukuqokelelwa zezincoko iqulethe kuchaphulo olu phezu 3000 ababhali aphakathi kunye yamandulo. Amaxesha amaninzi abanye sobulumko ocatshulwe Virgil, uPlato, Horace, uEpicurus, uSeneca, Plutarch. Phakathi imithombo zamaKristu uchaze bacinga yeVangeli zeTestamente eNdala, ingxelo uMpostile kaPawulos.

Apho kudibana izimvo zawo, izazi, namathandabuzo ezibalulekileyo wadala Mishel Monten "amava".

Isishwankathelo ubomi yomsebenzi ephambili engumFrentshi enkulu alubanga nakulambatha wafunda kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kwizikolo yaseYurophu le Renaissance. Emva kwako konke oku msebenzi yokwenza iimbono zeentanda-bulumko izazinzulu, ukuqonda ngokunzulu amathuba ophuhliso loluntu.

Esithi "imiphefumlo abalawuli kunye izicathulo shwaka kwi ukungunda enye," kwakunjalo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva, ngowe-1792, sama iphephandaba - kopapasho French Revolution.

Imithombo imibono bulumko

Kucacile ukuba ngexesha Counter-koHlaziyo, amava bulumko Montaigne kaThixo, umngeni isikhundla yamaKatolika iCawa, kungaba kuphela ngasese kuphalazelwa phezu ephepheni.

imibono yakhe ngokuchasene igosa, iimbono zazo, kwaye prokatolicheskimi. Yena waba imithombo enamandla yolwazi bevela imiqondo izimvo zabo malunga nekamva yokuma koluntu.

Scientist, esazi ngokupheleleyo iilwimi kwisiLatini nesiGrike wayilesa yokuqala, yaye esazi ngokugqibeleleyo imisebenzi ekhokela zobulumko zamandulo. Njengoko sobulumko ayaziwa njengenye neetoliki onolwazi yeBhayibhile isiFrentshi.

Uphononongo imikhuba emibi lwempucuko kumgaqo uchasaniso

Kwinkulungwane XVI kwezinye ikhweyitha zomhlaba kuza ukoyisa lokugqibela Yehlabathi Elitsha ngabantu baseYurophu. Kanye ngelo xesha xa ebhala Montaigne "amava". Isishwankathelo Executive le mfazwe ndlongondlongo kubonakaliswe iledger sobulumko.

Isazinzulu ezaneleyo wayesazi ngokweenkcukacha malunga nenkqubela-phambili amaphulo eMelika. Ukuba kwinkonzo yokumkani, yena wayekho ngelo nakwiintlanganiso eziququzelelwa bevangeli kumkani kunye Indian abaziintloko amanene. Kwaye yena waba ngumkhonzi, iminyaka kweshumi yobomi bakhe inkonzo kwi Yehlabathi Elitsha.

Sicebise umfanekiso weli Riche nouveau - soyise of America - yajika ezingabonakaliyo. Oku civilly ngenkalipho wabonisa Montaigne ( "amava"). Inkcazelo uhlobo lwale ntsebenziswano yokuqala neAfrika phakathi kwezizwe amazwekazi ezimbini liye lancipha ukuya kubukhoboka banal. Endaweni ndinyobulule nise ihlabathi imfundiso kaKristu, baseYurophu walityhutyha izono ofayo.

Uluntu lwemveli Yehlabathi Elitsha waba indima kwibhayibhile imvana ekuxhelweni. Le Isazinzulu wathi kubantu abahlala ngaphandle ubutyebi kunye nobuhlwempu, ngaphandle ilifa, ukwahlulwa kwepropati, ngaphandle ebukhobokeni, ngaphandle iwayini, isonka, intsimbi, waba iimpawu zokomoya komyalelo ngaphezulu abaMhlophe. Xa isigama abantu bendawo abazange bade khona amazwi ebonisa ukuxoka, ukuqhatha, ukuxolela, Ukunikelwa, umona, uhanahaniso.

Sobulumko ugxininisa ngokuvisisana ubudlelane nabanye abantu bomthonyama Yehlabathi Elitsha. Uncorrupted yi impucuko le ekwakhekeni koluntu zabo. Abalinganayo ngeminyaka, zibizwa bazalwana, abancinane - abantwana, abadala - zooyise. ukufa Senior adlulisele ekuhlaleni impahla.

Sezifundo ze noludumileyo yokuziphatha ephucuke okuqala

Bechaza ukuba obuciko nezizwe lwedolophu nesicwangciso Yehlabathi Elitsha na enasilela ngayo baseYurophu Architecture (yamaMaya kunye Aztec), ISAZINZULU wagxininisa noludumileyo yokuziphatha kwabo.

Ziikhrayitheriya ingqibelelo, ukunyaniseka, ububele, savages ngokuphandle ebengaphezulu kakhulu soyise zabo. Kwaye yiloo nto wababulala: bona ngokwabo wamngcatshayo, kuthengiswe. Izigidi bendawo babulawa, yonke uyakuthi impucuko yawo 'ibheke phezulu ".

ISAZINZULU uyabuza: "Ngaba kukho olunye uhlelo lophuhliso civilizational? Kutheni abeLungu akazange eyenza ezi imiphefumlo intombi lwamaxabiso umKristu iinjongo ezikumgangatho ophezulu? Kwathi ke, uluntu luya kuba ngcono. "

Ukholo uThixo Ingqondo bulumko

Ebonisa ukungaphumeleli Counter-noHlaziyo ideology, isazinzulu ngaxeshanye esinikeza engqondweni yomfundi kakhulu ukuqonda nyulu kunye ngokucacileyo isenzeko kaThixo kunye nokholo.

Yena ubona uThixo ekubeni abstract, lixesha, ukho, hayi ezinxulumene nayo nayiphi na logic yabantu okanye indlela yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngenxa yoko, udidi kaThixo kunxulumene zohlobo ekhoyo, kunye ingcambu unobangela wezinto zonke Mishel Monten ( "amava").

Umxholo kolu luvo, ngokutsho nzulu, umntu unikwa kuphela ukuba baqonde indlela ngokudlul, ngalo ukholo.

Olu luvo kaThixo lu dityanisiwe utshintsho zobuntu kakhulu kangangokuba eneneni, umntu uhamba endleleni yokholo, ihamba yonke chavelela. Ekupheleni kwale ndlela iba izipho, enyanisweni, yenye into.

Yazi uThixo ngokholo anzongonzongo ukungena unxibelelwano ngqo kunye naye ngqo. Kwaye oku, yena, ukhonza lokukhuselwa ezibuhlungu "iingozi zabantu" ukukholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo (kakubi igunya, ukuthanda ngamaqela ezopolitiko, uthando ukuba kubekho inguqu, utshintsho iimbono ngesiquphe).

Noko ke, Montaigne wayengandithembi malunga ingcamango yokungafi komphefumlo.

Uphuhliso amalungiselelo ubuStoyike and Epicureanism

okuzigwagwisa ngexhanti lenkolo Mishel Monten ngokungafaniyo zezithethe namasiko enkcubeko of Epicureanism yamandulo ubuStoyike. Kanye uEpicurus, sobulumko French ngokuba nesimilo (inzululwazi yokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuziphatha) ibalulekile kudityaniso kuluntu kwaye "amayeza umphefumlo" wonke umntu. Ukuba indlela yokuziphatha, ngokwembono yakhe, kungaba umkhala kuba ukuthabatheka zizono woMntu. It ihlonipha izimvo zawo phezu ukongama ngesizathu ecocekileyo phezu iimvakalelo aziphethe ngayo incwadi abantu "Ucwaningo".

Mishel Monten, ukusiqonda iinqobo eziphambili zokuziphatha, isidima ubeka ngaphaya naziphi na iimpawu zabantu, kuquka ububele kwisixando sokwenziwa. Ngenxa ubuhle sisiphumo ezikrelekrele iinzame ngenjongo volitional kwaye ikhokelela umntu ukoyisa iinkanuko zawo. Kuyinto ngenxa ezintle, ngokutsho Montaigne, umntu unako ukutshintsha ikamva lakhe, ukunqanda ezisongela iintswelo zakhe obulalayo.

Le Isazinzulu laliqulunqwe ezininzi iinkolelo inkcubeko mihla yaseYurophu. Kwaye ecinga yakhe ngokucacileyo kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ebonisa ukonakala ukungalingani ngumntu kwabantu umphakathi wobukhosi, sobulumko uthetha "obungenanjongo kuma phezu, ngenxa yokuba kusekho ukuhamba ngeenyawo zabo. Ukongezelela, abantu nkqu kwetrone kakhulu kuphakanyiswa uya kuhlala phezu kwetrone yakhe. "

isiphelo

abafundi Modern, ngokumangalisayo, ngokulungelelanisiweyo ziqondeka isimbo yombhali, apho wabhala Montaigne "amava". Ukuphonononga zigxininisa style basondele lombhali ephakathi kunye Blogger mihla: umbhali wabhala ngexesha lakhe lolaleliso, ukuba ukugcwalisa lo msebenzi ixesha lam. Akazange aye kungena iinkcukacha loyilo, structuring umsebenzi.

Montaigne wabhala nje isincoko omnye emva komnye yesihloko imini, naphantsi umbono iziganeko, iincwadi, ubuntu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba le ncwadi benamandla ubuntu lombhali. It waziwa, ekuqaleni wathetha kubahlobo bakhe kwinkumbulo yena. Kwaye kwasebenza! Ibhalwe kuvuliwe lobuhlobo. Kudla umfundi icebiso elihle ngokwabo. Uhlobo ukuba umnike umzalwana omdala.