Iinyani ezinika umdla malunga eTurkey. Inkcazelo Turkey. History, iNkcubeko

Turkey - yindawo nje edumileyo kubakhenkethi, kodwa iziko iziganeko ezininzi zembali, kwaye urhulumente kunye banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela. izinto zokwakha kunye nezithethe angaqhelekanga beli lizwe kwatsala ingqalelo yabantu ehlabathini lonke. Ziintoni iimpawu zelizwe Turkey? Ibali ephawulekayo ngaye? Yintoni zisixelela ntoni ngobugcisa bakhe, amasiko nezithethe? Makhe sibone ngokweenkcukacha.

indawo okuyo

Qala iinyani ezinika umdla malunga eTurkey indawo yaso eyodwa - kubhaliwe ibekwe eMzantsi-eMpuma Yurophu yaseMzantsi mpuma Asia ngexesha elifanayo. ubude bayo ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma yi elishumi elinesithandathu kweekhilomitha ezilikhulu, kwaye ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi -, anamakhulu mathandathu. Inxalenye engundoqo libhekisela lia Peninsula, nto leyo nayo eyaziwa phantsi kwegama "Malaya Aziya". Yolwandle ezingqongileyo Turkey, ebizwa i-Black, Aegean lweMeditera. Eyokuqala ise emantla, lo gama ezinye ezimbini - ntshona kunye nomzantsi. Ukongeza, kukho iDardanelles kunye Bosphorus. iindawo yaseYurophu Asia ezahlulwa ngamanzi, esi sicatshulwa ulwandle lebhokisi kuLwandle Olumnyama kuLwandle iAegean. Le yokugqibela kwakhona ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa Marble. Mountains e Turkey kakhulu yinxalenye onomtsalane mmandla, ngoko ke asikwazi kubizwa ngokuba isiqabu plain. I-avareji ukuphakama indawo komhlaba karhulumente - iwaka iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Le ntaba inkulu Turkey - nto Pontic kunye Taurus. Ingongoma inkulu kwimitha Kaçkar amathathu anamakhulu asithoba, anamanci mathathu ananye.

Imida ne labantu

Eyona inkulu isixeko eTurkey yi Istanbul. It bhalisa abemi ngaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi. Ubukhulu elikhulu izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo elinesibini - apho ubomi ngaphezu kwesigidi. Ummandla urhulumente asixhenxe anamanci asibhozo amawaka, anamakhulu mahlanu asibhozo ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Yolwandle ezingqongileyo Turkey, idala umda kulo lonke unxweme, leyo ibanga ngeekhilomitha amawaka asixhenxe anamakhulu mabini. Total Turkey i erhangqwe kumazwe ezisibhozo. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq kunye Syria. imida ezweni Ubude bexesha amabini ngamawaka amathandathu, anamakhulu mane anesibhozo km, kwaye elide nguye yahlula eli lizwe kwa-Aram - bengamakhulu asibhozo, anamanci mabini anababini km.

Imimandla uthandwayo Turkey aphezu elunxwemeni - lo kwidolophu Kemer, Side, Alanya, Marmaris kunye Antalya. La magama bayazazi kubakhenkethi, kodwa kule geography fantastic kunye nembali kufuneka bazi ngalo ilizwe, kunye nezinye izibakala. Ngokomzekelo, akukho ngaphantsi umdla ukutyelela iziqithi ezininzi Turkey - umzekelo, xitsunga Pashalimany - indawo entle kunye coves kunye nezityalo exotic.

Imbali yamandulo lizwe

Kuba okokuqala abantu badalwe emasimini zendawo enye ezisixhenxe nesiqingatha iminyaka eliwaka BC. Kodwa ke ithi ezintsha zadalwa kusithela ngokungakhethiyo, ngoko ukunxulumana loo mhla kunye nenani leminyaka e Turkey, akunakwenzeka - ngaloo mihla kwelinye ilizwe ngokupheleleyo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amajoni bamaYiputa, nama-Aram kunye lia, yaye amaGrike badibana. Akukho ukuzinza ayikho. In amakhulu amabini, anamanci asixhenxe anethoba amaCelts BC waseka isixeko kweli lizwe - ngoku yaziwa ngokuba likomkhulu Turkey, Ankara. Kwandula ke kwafika namaRoma yembali. Lithe laqhenqetha kakhulu kumhlaba impembelelo lwamaKristu kunye capital karhulumente wayenaye eConstantinople. UMlawuli Giustinian wandisa ilizwe kuBukhosi baseByzantium ukuya kuthi ga ngeeBalkans, North Afrika, eAnatolia, babanjiswe Italy. Emva kwexesha elithile, iziphumo lehla, yaye Turks alawula ilizwe kuphela karhulumente mihla, kwakunye Iraq ne Iran. kweentyatyambo New lenzekile kokufika Ottoman, elathi landiswa ukuya kumbindi Europe.

imbali yanamhlanje

Amahla ndinyuka enye encwadini yeembali karhulumente Turkish. Xa inkcazo ngenkulungwane yokuqala wamashumi amabini ka-Turkey njenge ubukhosi onamandla ngayo yayisathe yinyaniso, kodwa ngozi sele ezayo. intshukumo engalunganga WWI waye ubukhulu lesiphelo. Kule eko kwakukho imfazwe wokuzimela nokuba kwapheliswa loo sultanate. Ngexesha lokulawula siseko Ataturk kaThixo yamkelwa waze warhoxiswa nemithetho ezininzi zonqulo endilisekileyo. Abafazi baba ilungelo lokuvota, idemokhrasi yeli lizwe yasekwa. Khosi waqhubeka uphuhliso de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane. Ekuqaleni le-yokuqala amabini ngumnqweno engundoqo ukulawula Turkish kwi-EU. Okwangoku oku akwenzeki ngenxa yokuba imimandla emininzi Turkey na kozinzo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho bengakhuselekanga lokuhlasela Kurds. Separatism ngumba kushushu. Ukuba umba nokusungula alisonjululwanga, Ankara akayi kuba ngomnye iingqukuva ezisemantloko European Union.

Architecture of Turkey

Ngokufunda iinyani ezinika umdla malunga eTurkey, kufuneka ufunde nje ngembali kunye nendawo eendawo, kodwa malunga nenkcubeko - iintlobo-ntlobo zobugcisa zibaluleke kakhulu ukuba umhlali ngalinye. Masiqalise kunye zibukeke. Oku azakubalulwa iintlobo onomtsalane phantse yonke ngemizi. Isiseko ukwakhiwa sele kudala waba njengelitye iibhloko kwenziwa kuzo. kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Turkey liyi ezinika ezifana mosque, kwinqaba iShushan, madrassas, ezibhateni, iimarike kunye caravanserais. aba bahamba kunye iithayile, nangokukrola zokuhomba, iithayile bebala yodongwe. Plot kuba nayo zizityalo, iimilo zejiyometri imibhalo calligraphic. art yezakhiwo Top izakhiwo ezininzi Istanbul, ezifana Hagia Sophia - icawa edumileyo eTurkey, emele amahlelo ezininzi.

Umfanekiso yesintu

Ezinye eqingqiweyo ezigcinwe eTurkey zezethu amaphepha endala kwimbali karhulumente. Bona elise izakhiwo omkhulu njengezihombiso. Ngokwemveli umfanekiso omnye bafakwa iindonga kwithala lakho. Amaxesha amaninzi oqingqiweyo kubekwa iikona kwaye naphezu pediments lalisiba. Ngenxa yokuba inkolo yamaSilamsi uyakwalela ukuboniswa abantu kunye nezilwanyana, ubuchule oqingqiweyo lamathuba zonqulo endala kudla kakhulu umda, ngoko ingqokelela ebanzi iimilo iimyuziyam Turkish ayikwazi ukuqhayisa.

yokudweba

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga Turkey kunye ubuciko bendawo kunokuba buhlungu kakhulu. Inani onomtsalane imizekelo nje uyamgweba yini na isiko yamandulo yokudweba kunokwenzeka kuphela-ngqangi ezibe ukuhombisa, kunye miniatures asetyenziswe iyadi ngokuba ubuqaqawuli wenkolo. kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Turkey liyi izikolo zabo kaligrafi, isimbo ekhethekileyo ngoko ngokubhalwa kubizwa ngokuba uhlobo endaweni zesithethe ehlabathini yokudweba. Imizobo nje yokugqibela kwahluka imibala ubukrwada kunye iimilo emboxo ngaphandle umfanekiso yothando. Ngelo xesha, ke, abasakwazi nemibala-gingxi. abameli Modern yokudweba kukhokelwa imithetho iinkosi aseYurophu, yaye ngenxa yesithethe yasentshona.

Arts and yezandla

Inkcazelo Turkey akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukukhankanya olu hlobo zezakhono. Uninzi izakhiwo, nkqu uhlobo kakhulu ngemihla ahonjiswe imizobo, uhombiso zifumaneka impahla kunye nezinto zendlu. Kuba imizobo kusetyenziswa mibala isitayile ebonisa izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye neentyatyambo. Inxalenye sebali kukho emkhombeni iseyile, bamphathele amahle, carnations, irises, hyacinths. Isetyenziswa ngenxa yokudweba ipeyinti oluhlaza, obomvu kunye mdaka, nemsi. Elinye ikhono eqhelekileyo ukuba lazo - Ilaphu obomvu oqaqambileyo igolide okanye ipateni yesilivere kukho imfuneko yayo eninzi. Ukongeza, ihlabathi-edumileyo iikhaphethi Turkish. Bona azakubalulwa umbala esezantsi-ezingundoqo kunye kombhalo wokuqala. Ezinye kwimimandla Turkey kunye abaziwayo ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinto oqingqiweyo ngamaplanga, izixhobo zesinyithi, neenkamba zayo, iiseramikhi inemibala kwaye zodongwe.

iincwadi

Zininzi izinto ezinomdla Turkey ingafumaneka kwi imithombo efana iincwadi ezibhalwe ngababhali balapha. inkcubeko Ancient kulula ukufunda imisebenzi wadalwa ngexesha Seljuk kulawula in Arabic. Iimbongi kwinkundla xesha wabhala Persian. Ukuze yasinda yamandulo iintsomi, amabali, iintsomi, izafobe, iingoma kunye amaqhina kunye neziqhulo. iincwadi ngaphambili wadala kuphela kwisihobe - in indlela efanayo abe zokulwa kwaye uyayibonga nabasemagunyeni.

Ngexesha ekuweni Ottoman, baseTurkey wabhala incwadi satirical, ukubhenca zokunyoba, izimali, ubomi ekrakra kunye nokunxila. iprozi Ordinary esetyenziselwa kuphela imisebenzi zenzululwazi - usebenza unqulo, amayeza, imbali. Uncwadi ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo kuvele zizelwe, ngoko inoveli, adventure okanye neenoveli ekuhlaleni kwakunye nemidlalo ngokuqhelekileyo asusela langoku. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulwimi Turkish sele lula kwaye ngoku kwiincwadi, yena akukho eyahlukileyo ebantwini.

cuisine Turkish

Ukutya ukutya yenye izinto ezingundoqo ngamasiko eMpuma. Cuisine Turkish uphakathi bazizinhanha flavour ehlabathini. Ezinye izitya ukwazi ukuhlola iimfihlelo basemzini, kunye nabanye sikulungisele ukupheka onamava kakhulu kuphela. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kummandla ngamnye - ezabo izitya yabo yemveli. Ngokwahlukileyo uluvo lokuba cuisine oriental elibukhali kakhulu, iziqholo zisetyenziswa moderation. kwintlutha kukuba uninzi izitya ekhoyo inyama - izitya Turkish zahlukene kwaye ulungele inyama nje kuphela, kodwa ezahlukeneyo imifuno, iziqhamo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo cereals.

amasiko

Ukuze siqonde ngcono ubomi balapho, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ezinye imithetho yabo. Ngokomzekelo, abafazi imifanekiso abamnyama akuvumelekanga, kwaye amadoda kufuneka acele imvume. Kukufaka mosque okanye ikhaya labucala, baseTurkey usoloko akhulule iimbadada zabo bakushiye emnyango. Xa kukho ingozi ukuba ulahlekile, ungongeza izihlangu ebhegini uze uyithabathe. I Turks ungaze usele utywala ezitalatweni. Eyona ekhubekisayo, ukuba unako ukwenza ngumbharbhari - ozakudidekisa lizwe kunye eGrisi. Akubuzwa yokuhlekisa Atatürk - nangona ezinye iziphene, iya kuhlala hero othandekayo kazwelonke unanamhla. Enye impazamo enkulu - kubiza Istanbul eConstantinople. Igama endala ababekolo kwikomkhulu yaseByzantium, apho waphumelela Ottoman. Usebenzisa kuyo, ungenza buhlungu kakhulu kwaye babonise nokungazi imbali. Kakade ke, kufuneka mazingabhidaniswa noviwo - isixeko iphambili kweli lizwe yi Ankara.