Imvuselelo Carolingian kwe-Emphaya yamaRoma

Isihloko "Pope" (utata -. Lat) iye iingcambu Greek. Kubonakala ukuba, echasene inkolelo ethandwayo, akazange eze evela Pappas - "uyise" (isiGrike.), Kwaye ukusukela tune jo - (. GK) "umcebisi". Ekuqaleni, bathi bonke ubuveleli, kodwa kamva igama wabelwa ngubhishophu eRoma njengoko ezihlangwini St Peter -. Ngokutsho legend, ubhishophu yokuqala ka eRoma. Igama elithi "papa" asinto isihloko esesikweni yentloko Roman Catholic Church. izihloko zakhe ezinkulu - Episcopus kukaRomanus Pontivex Maximus, gama elo elithetha "nguMbingeleli Omkhulu Ephakamileyo". Le isihloko sesibini njengelifa evela langaphambi kobuKristu eRoma. Gregory I Enkulu ngokuba "Servus Servorum Dei" - "umkhonzi abakhonzi bakaThixo." Eli gama kwakhona zibandakanyiwe titulature loopopu.

Gregory wayevela isengqiqweni esisityebi intsapho yamaRoma. Kwindima yakhe ngumphathi eRoma, yafumana amava ulawulo ozakuzo. Kodwa ntlekele ebangelwe ayehlasela Lombards, yaguqula imbono yakhe. Ukunika ubutyebi bakhe ukwakha yoonongendi, waqala ukuba akhokele ubomi yedwa kunye obungqongqo. Kodwa emva kwethuba uPope Pelagius II wammisa ukuba abe ngummeli wayo eConstantinople eyadini. Ngowe-590, emva kokufa Pelagius Gregory wanyuselwa kwakuphethe. Esehlela nje urhulumente neecawa, kodwa eneneni wema intloko kwindawo baseRoma, ucwangcise ukhuselo, ukutya, uncedo iimbacu, njl Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwemisebenzi karhulumente Gregory I kuye kwabangela ingqumbo umlawuli yaseByzantium, ayendityhola i Pope of gwenxa igunya, yayiqinisekisa kuye ngokubhekiselele abefundisi, abantu, nkqu Lombards, owaqalisa impembelelo wakhe uYehova unokubangela ukuba kubuKatolika.

Gregory waseka urhulumente wobuthixo umzekelo eItali, kuya kuphuhliswa ngexesha lokusekwa urhulumente ekuthiwa kweqiwa.

Ngeminyaka yoo-VIII ngo. Lombards bahlasela phantse zonke izinto Italian waseByzantium. Ngowe-752, Ambamba Exarchate of Ravenna, ephelisa baseByzantium iRhuluneli-Jikelele in Italy. Inyathelo lesibini kuba kuthinjwe eRoma. Bengathembeli umlawuli eConstantinople, ukufunxile yi izixholoxholo lwangaphakathi, uPope Stephen II wathumela isicelo uncedo kukumkani amakhosi. ZeKrismesi Korol Pipin wayenombulelo abazali ukunceda ukubhukuqa ubukhosi Merovingian yangaphambili ibandla kufuneka abe legitimization ngakumbi bamandla akhe. Emva amaphulo ezimbini zomkhosi eItali, wabanyanzela uKumkani Lombards ezihlambulukileyo loo mmandla ukusuka eRoma ukuya Ravenna, kubandakanywa. Kuba engafuni ukuba ukubuyisela lwerhuluneli yaseByzantium, njengoko akhuthazwa ngurhulumente eConstantinople, kwaye aninako ukufika baphendule imicimbi Italian, Pepin wanika owayesakuba Exarchate of Ravenna phantsi kolawulo kulawulo loopopu.

Iinkcukacha zesivumelwano azichazwa ngqo eyaziwa, njengoko amaxwebhu anxulumene aphel. Kodwa kamva upapa lokungavinjwa evakalayo njengendawo deed ye isipho - ". Isipho Pepin" Emva kwexesha elithile, omnye ezingaqondakaliyo "Umnikelo Pepin" baba "Umnikelo of Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - enye forgeries zinkulu zembali. I Kwenziwa iNgqonyela iye eqamba isatifikethi sibhalwe egameni loMlawuli Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Ngokutsho kwesi senzo Constantine, kusithiwa unyangiwe imithandazo iqhenqa Priste waseRoma uSylvester wamnika igunya lokugqibela ngaphezu kwezinye nabaveleli wamnika kunye nabalandeli bakhe igunya elongamileyo phezu eRoma, Italy kunye yonke Western uBukhosi baseRoma. Yena umlawuli, ukuba ukwabelana amandla kunye Pope, waya eConstantinople. Ngokutsho oluguqulelo, Pepin ibuyiswa kuphela kwakuphethe ukuba wayefanele abangabakhe kunye IV.

Akuthandeki ukuba Pope nobuganga angenise olu Pepin fake kwaye enamandla ngakumbi ezihlangwini zayo. Waba eyaziwa kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane IX. phantsi uPopu Nicholas I kwixesha elizayo nje isetyenziswa yi kwakuphethe zokuzigwebela nokuzigwagwisa eqolo ngamandla wempangelo. Ubunyani eliphezulu "Conatitutum Constantini" wangqineka ngo-1440, kodwa ke kuphela kwinkulungwane XIX. Church Catholic kweziqu esi senzo.

Pepin waseka ubukhosi yesibini ookumkani amakhosi igama Carolingian imbeko kuyise - usodolophu ibhotwe ka Charles. EsiJamani "Uku-" ingqamana Russian "ovich". Carolingians - ithetha Karlovic, inzala ka- Karla Martella. Ummeli ibalulekileyo yale ubukhosi wayengunyana Pipina Karl, wehla embalini njengoko uKarl Veliky.

Le laseburhulumenteni kwamandla angaqhelekanga kunye italente uye lilinge kakhulu yimpumelelo ukuba "ukuphucula amandla bamaRoma ngezikrweqe zaseJamani." Ilifa ubukumkani amakhosi olubanzi kayise, nokwandisa ngempumelelo ukuya ngasempuma, nasentla, nasezantsi, uKarl waba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane VIII. inkosi phantse yonke yezwekazi Western Europe. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe urhulumente amakhosi sandisiwe ukusuka zasePyrenees ukuya IsiNgesi Channel kunye kuLwandle lweMeditera kwiBaltic. On kula mazwe ngoku ibekwe eFransi, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western and Southern Jamani, Austria, kumntla-mpuma Spain yaye inxalenye enkulu Italy.

Ukuqhubeka nkqubo kayise, Charles uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo aphazamise kwimicimbi Italian. Ngo-772, besiya emfazweni Franco-Lombard. Ibhaxa ayehlasela Italy waba isicelo upopu elilandelayo ukuze ufumane uncedo emkhosini. Ukusabela intsikelelo Pope kunye neminqweno ukuba ukoyisa ngokukhawuleza i Lombards, Karl wathi yena ufuna "lokuphumelela, kungekhona ukoyisa." "Mna - Wathi - uya kubizwa ngokuba iNkosi Franks kunye Lombards, ukuze singabakhubekisi abantu banethemba ukuphumelela." Embindini ka-774, i-Lombard ukumkani Desiderius uyekelwe ukoyiswa. Boyiswa wayevalelwe Lihlale eMonastri, yaye lowo uphumeleleyo isithsaba isithsaba sakhe.

Esekwe Karl Power kwathathwa yi ababephila njenge ezihlangwini the Western uBukhosi baseRoma. Phofu eli gunya, kwaye ngokusemthethweni ibango isihloko umbusi.

Ekwindla ka-800, kwakhona uKarl waya eItali, apho izikhulu wamaRoma iyelenqe Pope Leo III. Wachitha phantse ezintandathu iinyanga eRoma, ixesha ingxabano phakathi upopu abachasi bakhe. NgoDisemba 25, Usuku lweKrisimesi, yena wayephulaphule Mass eSt uPetros. UTata waya ngamadolo noCharles waza wabeka phezu kwentloko yakhe isithsaba segolide lombuso. Oku kwalandelwa acclamation ebizwa njalo-: abakhoyo Cathedral abameli i Franks, amaRoma kunye amaSaxons, Bavarians kunye nezinye izizwe zezifundo kathathu wathi: ". Uwina ud 'ukhokhobe noCarl Agasti, isithsaba nguThixo omkhulu mirotvoryaschy umlawuli waseRoma" Acclamation bekufanele ukuba babonakalise inkxaso abantu yomlawuli ophakamileyo.

UKarl wathabatha bebephethe asebukhosini. Kodwa kamva, njengoko umbhali yakhe Einhard kunye umcebisi, wavakalisa ukunganeliseki kunye nezenzo "engagunyaziswanga" of Leo III waza wathi, wazi utyekelo Pope, bekuya kuba loo mini khange aye ecaweni, nangona leKrismesi. Obu bungqina Einhard eliyinkohla mbali, kuba, njengoko iziganeko ezilandelayo abonisa, uCarl ngokwenene wamncoma kwisihloko yakhe entsha.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uCharles akukho kwango ngokupheleleyo inkqubo kokubekwa, nezilungisiweyo ngabom III of Leon, wambeka isithsaba ukuya acclamation, ebonisa ukuthanda yabantu, kwaye zithathwa isenzo constitutive yoMlawuli lonyulo. angaphambili iye yabekelwa: zokwamkelwa isihloko komlawuli wawuxhomekeke isenzo le ibekwa uPopu. Kamva, uKarl wazama ukwaphula i Zibe ezingathandekiyo. Ngowe-813, xa uvutho- unyana wakhe Louis bakhe intsebenziswano umlawuli kunye indlalifa, yena uyasuswa inxaxheba Pope. Ngokomyalelo Karl namfama kumkani ngokwakhe wagabadela isithsaba phantsi acclamation abo langoku, wavakaliswa umlawuli Augustus. Noko ke, olunye upopu yebhongo ngelithi ukuba Karl Veliky kuphela ukumkani, ngoxa Leo III ubeke phezu kwakhe isithsaba asebukhosini. Ukuphendula, i ideologists igunya komlawuli bathi impumelelo udala uBukhosi Western babephuma kuphela Charles kunye nendima upopu kuphela umsitho.

Ukwamkelwa isihloko Carl ubudlelwane ombuso nzima nge Byzantium, nangoku ukubheka yindlalifa kuphela uBukhosi baseRoma. Byzantines, wakholwa ababezibiza kwabaseRoma (Greek - Romeo), kunye nabalawuli balo - Roman (romeyskoy). Inkangeleko igunya yesibini kombuso, ibango elo ilifa waseRoma, wabonwa eConstantinople nje usurpation.

Charles kunye nabacebisi bakhe kwakhona kusetyenziswa "Roman" Igama ubukhosi: eMpuma Koloni. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha linye wafuna ithuba wokubuyisa ingqibelelo amagunya indlela waseRoma okanye ozakuzo. Senza izicwangciso kumtshato uCharles kunye umlawuli yaseByzantium, Irina, ngale ndlela 'ukudibanisa eMpuma West "kwaye abuyisele umanyano phantsi uRomanus intonga Orbis (" Uxolo Roman "). Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo yale projekthi eConstantinople kwafika izigidimi amakhosi. Kodwa ngo-Oktobha 21, kwakukho 802 g ebhotwe kombuso, ndayihluthwa amandla Irina. KweTrone eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma wathabatha uTimoti amanene Nicephorus I (802 - 811), amakhosi ngoyaba i "bhedengu". Kuphela ezayo 812 Basileus Michael mna ukuba bamazi nokubuyiselwa ubukhosi Koloni kunye nesihloko ombuso uCharlemagne.

IXesha ekuPhulukenwe nalo (restauratio) kunye nokuhlaziywa (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl wacinga kubizo lwabo yimbali. Kanye nabalawuli baseRoma , wayefuna alibophe ukuya kummandla subordinated kwiindlela, imisele iibhulorho, kwakunye nenkqubo efanayo zemilinganiselo amanyathelo, enye imali yodidi oluphezulu. Imali ixesha yomfanekiso uCharles ingubo waseRoma yaye isidanga ngowakhe engqongwe ngabantu othi "INP uAUG" ( "Augustus"). Impembelelo "umlawuli yasentshona" uye ngaphaya amagunya ayo. imbono yakhe waphulaphula kuyo izikumkani Anglo-Saxon, eSkotlani, kuzo izilawuli yesizwe Irish.

izinto baninzi abazisa uKarl ulawulo ubunye nokuphunyezwa ulawulo lomthetho yaqala ubukhosi beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo. Uye wangena izizwe "amaqaba" wayalelwa ukuba alungiselele kuqulunqo izithethe zabo, kunye ithemba kuyondelelaniswe yabo emva, phakathi kwabo kunye umthetho waseRoma. Carl ngokwakhe ingqalelo enkulu nomsebenzi mthetho. Emva kokuba ibekwa komlawuli wapapasha 47 endlini isahluko eziku, zanwenwa kuso karhulumente.

Ixesha Karla Velikogo ebizwa ngokuba "Carolingian Renaissance". Yena waphila nje urhulumente waseRoma, kodwa inkcubeko yamandulo ngokusekelwe umKristu entsha, enethemba ukunqanda ukubola kwaye ungala. Emva ngo-789, endlwini yakhe isahluko izifundo aphefumlelweyo "Admonitio generalis" wacinga ngemfuneko yokuba imfundo. Mlawuli lula kwizikolo zaseprayimari nasesekondari, ukuqokelelwa kunye nokubuyiselwa-ngqangi yamandulo, ukwakhiwa kwamathala eencwadi, ukuphucula i "ncwadi ubugcisa".

Xa intliziyo ubukhosi Karla Velikogo waye ingcamango ubunye Western Europe. namandla akhe, amandla kunye charisma, "magnanimitas 'yakhe Wazenzela inkxaso ababephila nokunyaniseka akhonze zakhe. Umntu ithemba Italy kunye eGaul uya kukwazi ukucima isiphumo ngesinyanzeliso iqaba, abantu bomthonyama baya kuzixuba kunye baseJamani kwaye kunye ukuvelisa i Western Empire emanyeneyo.

UCharles wafa ngomhla wama-28 Januwari 814 Body "umlawuli omkhulu owandise ubukumkani amakhosi kwaye iminyaka ngolonwabo XLVII ulawula kubo" wangcwatywa kwigumbi ka-Aachen Cathedral. kokufa kwakhe Kungekudala emva kokuba kuqalise yokubola (ukuthotywa) wadala ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente. Nyana kunye indlalifa Karla Lyudovik, wehla kwimbali kunye negama engalunganga ukuba umlawuli, "i" abangcwele, ebunzimeni abagcina ingqibelelo bukhosi. Ngo-817, wacel indlu isahluko "Ngomhla umyalelo bukhosi" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), leyo wathi Lothair, unyana wakhe omdala "intsebenziswano umlawuli kunye nam kwimicimbi bukhosi." Kamva ezandleni zakhe wayeza kukugxininisa gunya. abantwana abancinci, nakuba benawo kumazwe amaninzi, kwafuneka ukuba bazithobe Lothar imfazwe yaye wezepolitiki. Noko ke, "Ordinatio imperii" iye yaphunyezwa. Emva kokufa Louis, noonyana bakhe Lothar, Louis kunye uCharles, abakwazi ukuba ukwabelana amandla, wahlula amandla uyisemkhulu akhe amakhulu, yaye ngaloo ndlela Western Europe.

Yaba le khosi engaphephekiyo ziganeko? Kubonakala ukuba impendulo luyathandabuzeka. Carl lokuphinda ubukhosi lusekelwe igqityiwe isiseko ngembali yombuso waseRoma. Romance nabantu esiJamani sele yabonisa ukuba nokwenzeka nokwenziwa efanayo. Gcina uze ubuyisele iintsalela kweziseko yamaRoma, ekuphuhliseni unxulumano kunye nenkqubo sezemali. Xa iimeko zivuma, uBukhosi Western nako ukumelana utyekelo centrifugal nokuqinisa centripetal. Kodwa kwekhono kunye engayenzanga yeendlalifa zopolitiko uCharles wavula indlela yokwabela amagunya abo bajongelwa mome. uvavanyo Bright nangokweemvakalelo iziganeko ezenzeka wezakwalizwi wanika uFlor eLyons kwi "Isikhalazo se kwicandelo Empire." Empire, leyo "lakhanya emehlweni zehlabathi, - wabhala - ngoku eqwengiweyo manikiniki kaRhulumente kutshanje ungekatshati, yahlulelwe kwii zahlulo zithathu ... Endaweni yoMlawuli -. Measly" blood orange "endaweni Amandla -. Iingceba sakhane iye yaphela ... yonke kwelifunekayo iimfuno zabo: ucinga nantoni kodwa ulibele uThixo ".

ISivumelwano laseVerdun wazisa Western Europe sokonakalisa, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, ungquzulwano engaphele ndawo, igazi kunye gxwa isidumo. Ngelo xesha xa lithwale impahla ukusuka kwindawo A ukuya point B gqitha a feat, unxibelelwano wayezimisele kwimarike, ukuba uqoqosho obumi.

De kwinkulungwane XIX. ulwahlulo umbuso uCharlemagne kaThixo zithathwa inzululwazi zembali ayintsokothanga negative. Nangona kunjalo, le mbali French F. Guizot, kunye A. Thierry ehlaziyiweyo Luqikelelo iSivumelwano laseVerdun, lowo uyaziwa, ngokoluvo lwabo, ukwakhiwa kwiindlela ithi zesizwe, kuqala kwiinto zonke, kakade, France. Abayi ithathele ingqalelo ixabiso ehlawula abantu ukuba icandelo elimanyeneyo Carl Western eYurophu futhi, ndibe dibanisa, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule.

Nxaxheba izivumelwano laseVerdun baba kude lweengcinga qhinga, sikhokelwa iinzuzo zexesha elifutshane. Abayi ukumela nkcukacha ukuba wabahlula kwintsimi kamva yabangela iingxabano ezininzi. Akukho esanda labantu States ungekabikho isizwe esinye.

nomzukulwana omncinane Karla Velikogo, leyo wangena imbali njengoko uCharles the Bald, kwakukho ummandla romanized ngasentshonalanga iRhine. nomzukulwana eliphakathi - Louis wafumana nje German indawo empuma iRhine kunye nendawo-bank lasekhohlo ezincinci ecaleni efikelela embindini iRhine, walungiselela "nangewayini", eziveliswa kule izidiliya South waseJamani. Ekugqibeleni, lo mzalwana omdala - Lothair wafumana Italy kunye 'median "zamazwe amakhosi ime phakathi ebukumkanini umzalwana wakhe yaye kungekudala kakhulu yaba thambo usukuzwano. Louis noCharles zange ayamkele into yokuba igunya komlawuli Lothar, kodwa wemka isihloko komlawuli, akanayo umxholo lokwenene.

Iziganeko emva lubonise ukuba wonke umntu uyakwazi ukulawula ngempumelelo. Abathathi-nxaxheba isivumelwano laseVerdun kungekudala kakhulu kufuneka ukuba ahlawule amatyala. izinto zabo bahlaselwa ukusuka emazantsi Arabhu (Saracens), ukusuka empuma - i Hungarians evela entla - Vikings aseScandanavia.

Karl Veliky wanika phambili ekukhuseleni kwemida nge umgca iinqaba komda yokwakha. Emantla, oko yasekwa brand Danish, yokugubungela Saxony, ngasempumalanga - kaMatshi ka Pannonia, undoqo ikamva Austria, njl madala kwaye port zisaza ngenkuthalo yakhiwa.

Noko ke, ezihlangwini zakhe, endaweni zokuqinisa kwizithuthi zibhuqwe neenqaba zibandakanyeke iingxabano zembujiswano kunye. Kungekudala emva kokusayina iSivumelwano laseVerdun 846, kwi-Saracens squad mihlaba ngeenqanawa Pirate, wahlasela eRoma, wabatshabalalisa yinxalenye sixeko. North division of bukhosi yaba lula ukuba ngokusemthethweni. Ngowe-845 imikhumbi yawo, phezulu iElbe, weza Hamburg. Esi sixeko phantse wabatshabalalisa, abahlali abaninzi babulawa. Enye fleet Norman wehla Seine eParis kunye, bungenazintshaba, baphanga oko. Xa nenani-50. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl i Bald wacela ukuziphendulela Norman iyangena umlingane wakhe uRobert Abanamandla, samenza kwisihloko Count of Paris. Kamva, ngowe-987, i-umzukulwana Robert Gugo Kapet uba owaseka ohlanga French Capetian.

Not wehlisa emva iSivumelwano laseVerdun, le abazukulwana Karla Velikogo liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama ukuthatha impahla ngalinye enye. Ngoko ke, ngo-858 German Ludwig wazama ukuba itrone uCharles the Bald. Ngenxa yoko, uCharles i Bald wazama ukumbamba ilizwe abatshana bakhe - oonyana * uKhesare Lothair mna, abasweleke 855. Ngo-869, wabathimba i-Lorraine, kodwa kwafuneka ukwabelana ngayo noLouis i waseJamani. Ngowe-875, emva kokuba kwezithandani ka Lothair ubukhosi, uKarl nangoko waya Italy isithsaba komlawuli, ngoyaba amalungelo umzalwana wakhe omdala Ludwig.

Pope John VIII wavakalisa uMlawuli uKarl, enethemba ukufumana ukhuseleko nezoyikiso Arab. Ngowe-876, emva kokufa Ludwig the German, uCarl, ukuzama nokuhlanganisa zonke "yamaRoma and amakhosi bukhosi 'ezandleni zakhe, yahlasela eJamani, kodwa woyiswa koonyana Ludwig. Ngelo xesha, Italy,-Arabhu wabalekiselwa iindonga baseRoma. Upapa kuthiwa umlawuli omtsha uncedo. ngaphambili Carl wathenga off ngokusemthethweni elidlavula Seine ntili, kabuhlungu waya 877 eItali, kodwa kungekudala liphele, esoyika kokuqala kwekhefu imikhosi yaseJamani. Kwi indlela wagula waza wafa eneminyaka engama-54. Iindaba ukufa komlawuli wavuka iinkanuko phezu yokulandelelana etroneni.

Nkqu eyiyona UCharles bangenakucikideka adventures bakhe Italian, echaza ukuba awunanto yakwenza e Italy xa ebukumkanini bakhe uyachitheka. Kubingelelwe kuyo, uKarl phambi kwiphulo yesibini Italian eligunyazisiweyo ukuguqulwa benefices ilifa ilizwe ilifa, kwakunye post yofuzo count. Lo mthetho kuloo ndawo kunye nonyaka wopapasho isihloko Kersiyskogo isahluko indlu 877 izikhundla karhulumente izibalo kunye neendwalutho aba izihloko zofuzo amakhosi. Emhlabeni, wabumba bomlibo njengenkosana yamalungelo akwa indawo. "Bala ubabalo lukaThixo" - ekuthethwe bona ngokwabo kwiinkalo abalawuli ezithile 878.

Eliwaka wokugqibela ubukhosi Carolingian yaba lixesha yokwabela abaphantsi ngakumbi isidima ngokupheleleyo amandla yasebukhosini kunye komsipha of Umatshini isisitheliso ngemisonto uqoqosho sisizwe esizimeleyo. endlini isahluko Royal ebizwa efumana ngenxa ekulweni "ukuphanga ububi kunye intshabalalo." "Yintoni na ayimangalisi kukuba lo ... abantu ehlaselayo thina, ubusela ubutyebi bethu, ukuba ngamnye kuthi Ophanga ummelwane wayo okufuphi?" - endlini isahluko funda 884

Inkqubo eqalwe iSivumelwano laseVerdun, yajika esingaphathekiyo. Nabazukulu uCharles bafaka umzekelo ombi abantwana babo kunye akhonze. Ngexesha umzabalazo wabo zembujiswano ukwazi phambi kokuba zidityaniswe kwi etroneni komlawuli, wafunda ukuba uhamba njani ukusuka inkampu omnye komnye, ngokuphanga ookumkani ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kunye namalungelo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane IX. Karl Veliky ngeke sazi wayeshiye bukhosi. Ukuphatha inzala yakhe baqhubeka 'ivuthu- "kwi semi-elizimeleyo seigneury, yaye kungekudala ubukhosi wayiqonda waphela. E Italy Carolingians walawula de 887 g e East Francia (Germany) - ukuya ku-911; e West Francia (elizayo France) - ku 987

Ingakumbi isiphelo somdlalo wafumana Lothar "phakathi" komhlaba. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-855 zazo zifumaneka kwi kodonga lasekhohlo iRhine, waba similise ubukumkani ezimeleyo, wakhupha unyana wakhe wesibini Lothar II. Yayibizwa ngokuba Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane elinanye elandelayo Lorraine waye into somzabalazo phakathi eFransi iJamani, olwaqhubeka kwaze ekupheleni Second World War.

Kwimeko "isiphithiphithi seignorial," ixesha Karla Velikogo waqalisa ubonakale "Golden Age", yaye - i "uyise ka-Europe".