Utywala, amanzi anetyuwa kwi-Mars: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neenyaniso

Njengoko abantu bahlola isikhala esingaphandle, abantu banomdla ngokugqithiseleyo ngombono wokufumanisa ubomi obungaphandle. Ngokuphuhliswa kwetheknoloji, kuye kwaba lula ukufunda iiplanethi ezikufutshane noMhlaba. Enye yazo yayiyi-Mars - iplanethi yesine kwindlela yokukhanya kwelanga, ngokumangalisa ifana noMhlaba, kodwa njengokungathi bekude kuphelile kwaye sele sele ipholile. I-Permafrost, iimeko ezingathandekiyo kwizidalwa ze-biological, iziqhumane ezinamandla kakhulu ezinothuli - konke oku kwenza kube lula ukufikelela ebomini. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi afunyanwe kutshanje kwiMarta anika ithemba lokujonga iplanethi njengekhaya lesibini kubantu abasemuva.

Ulwazi jikelele

I-Mars ine-radius phantse kabini njengento encinci njengeyoMhlaba (umyinge wama-6780 km), kwakunye nenani elincinci elincinci (kuphela i-10.7 pesenti yoMhlaba). Isiphakamiso somhlaba ojikeleze ilanga senziwa nge-elliptical orbit. Ukujikeleza kwiplanethi ejikeleze i-axis yayo kwenzeka kwiiyure ezingama-24 kunye nemizuzu engama-39, malunga nokufanayo kwiMhlaba. Kodwa i-Sun Mars ihamba ixesha elide - ngaphezu kwama-686.98 iintsuku ngamanyathelo omhlaba. I-Phobos kunye ne-Deimos zi-satellites zePlanethi ebomvu yesayizi encinci, enemilo engavumelekanga.

Ngaphambi kokuba amanzi atholakale ku-Mars, izazinzulu zaqala ukucinga ngokuphila kolapho. Iingqungquthela apho kunokubakho ubomi ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale kwiMhlaba, kodwa kwenzeka okuthile okonakalisa umoya kunye nobomi bomhlaba.

Uphando

I-USSR, iUnited States, i-Indiya kunye ne-European Space Community baye baqhutyelwa uphando kwiplanethi ukususela ngo-1960.

Ulwazi oluchanekileyo kunye nezinto ezithengisayo zenziwa ngenxa yendawo yokukhangela kunye neendonga ezisebenza apho iMarta, iMariner, iCuriosity, Opportunity, Spirit. Kwakuyi-Martian probes eyakwazi ukuthatha iifoto ezintsha kwi-planethi, ukufunda iisampuli zomhlaba, ukufumanisa ubukho bentaba, iqhwa namanzi.

Iifoto ezicacileyo zeMars zenziwe nguHubble - inombane yombane inamandla kakhulu.

Ubuso bomhlaba

Iindawo zokukhanya eziphezulu kummandla we Mars zibizwa ngokuba ngama-continent, kwaye iindawo ezimnyama zibizwa ngokuba yizilwandle.

Uphando olutshanje lubonise ukuba kukho ixesha le-Mars. Ubukhulu beentloko zeepolisi zitshintsha, ehlobo ziba zincinci, kwaye zibusika. Umhlaba weeplanethi uhlanganisa iigorge, iimpazamo ezinkulu, izikratshi ezinzulu, ezibonakalisa umsebenzi we-seismic kunye ne-tectonic.

Iplanethi ineendawo ezintle eziqatha. Uncedo olusenyakatho kwi-Southern Hemisphere lubonisa ukuba kwixesha elide iplanethi yafumana ukudibanisa okukhulu kunye ne-asteroid, isifo esinamandla.

Mhlawumbi oku kukuguqulwa kwexesha apho amanzi egeleza kuMars. Igalelo lakhokelela ekunyuseni kwintsimi yamagnetic kwiNtlabathi yeNtlabathi ngenxa yohlengahlengiso lwenkcitho yenyukliya yeMars.

Uphando loMhlaba

Kufunyenwe yi- rover Inzululwazi yomhlaba malunga neenjongo zokuphanda ezisebushushu, ngeli xesha liye laphawula ukuphuma kwamanzi. Emva koko i-NASA yafika ekufumaneni into emangalisayo, ifumanisa ukuba i-cubic meter yomhlaba iqulethe malunga neelayitha yamanzi. Ukunikezela, apho kuseManzi amanzi, akukho mntu kulindeleke ukuba phantse yonke indawo.

Ezinye iindawo zomhlaba zomile, kodwa iindawo ezininzi ziyanelisekile kwaye ziqulethe amanzi angama-4% ekubunjweni. Ukongezelela, iindawo eziphezulu zingaphezulu, kwaye ngaphantsi kwazo ziindawo ezomileyo. Akucaci ukuba kutheni umswakama ophantsi komhlaba phantsi komhlaba useMars phezulu.

Uphando lwemigangatho yomhlaba ejulile efunyenwe ngumbumba kwindawo yokumangcwaba ibonakalise izixhobo ze carbonates kunye nezinye izityeyiloni ezinomxholo wodongwe. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba amanzi amanzi kwi-Mars nawo asemgangathweni wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.

Ukutshala kwexesha elide kumhlaba weplanethi, ukufotwa kwii-satellites, kuya kuvela ukuba kumiswe iziteshi zemilambo ejulile. I-permafrost iphendulele onke amanzi abe yiqhwa, phantsi kwamanzi ahambayo kuthiwa afihla ngoku. Uluhlu oluqingqiweyo lweqhwa luwuthintela ukuba lukhuphe, kubangela ukuba imilambo iqhubekele ukunyusa imilambo.

I-atmospheric kunye ne-radiation emhlabeni

Uzityebi emoyeni we-oksijini awukwazi ukuziqhayisa ngePlanethi. Amanzi ngesimo se-steam yinxalenye encinane kakhulu. I-atmospheric iyancipha, ngoko ke umgangatho we-radiation apha kakhulu.

I-carbon dioxide iqulethwe emoyeni kunabo bonke - ngaphezu kwama-95%, ihlanjululwa kunye ne-nitrogen ne-argon encinci.

Iqondo lokushisa eliphakathi kwiplanethi li--50 ° C, kodwa lingawela kwi--140 ° C. Ngokweminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo imimozulu e-Mars yayishushu kakhulu kwaye ifudumala, kwafika imvula.

Iingcamango nokuqinisekiswa kwazo

Ubungqina bokuba ubukho bemithombo e-Mars bude buxhalaba ngabantu. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezizodwa, iiselesiko ezinamandla, izazinzulu zaqala ukucinga ngokubakho kwamanzi kwiplanethi ngaphambi kokuba i-satellite yokuqala ithunyelwe kwindawo.

Nangona kwiXIXX yekhulu leminyaka, uGiovanni Schiaparelli wavuma ukuba kukho amanzi eMars. Ngaphezu koko, wathi kwiplanethi kukho izithuba ezininzi ezenziwe ngendalo ezidalwa ngobuchule. Wayekholelwa ukuba xa amanzi egeleza kuMars, izalisa iziteshi ezenziwe ngabantu ezenziwe njengeenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ukugcina izibonelelo zamanzi.

Ukuqinisekiswa okukhethekileyo kwenzululwazi yokuqaphela kwaba kukufumaniswa kwamanzi kwiplanethi. Le yimeko yokuqala yokuba nobomi. Isinyathelo sokuqala endleleni eya kwiindawo zokuhlala kwilizwe elikude ngabantu.

Ukufunyanwa kwamanzi kwi-Mars kwakuyiphumelelo lokwenene ekuhlolisweni kweplanethi. Ukufumana okubalulekileyo okulandelayo, mhlawumbi, kuya kubakho ubomi boqobo.

Amanzi eTyuwa eMars

Ngethuba lokuqala, utshintsho lwamaxesha e-Mars lwaqala ukuthetha emva kokufunyanwa kweengubo ezimhlophe kwiipalo, ezithe zahla ngokuvakala, zanda.

Ngo-2011, i-NASA yenza isitatimende esivakalayo: kwafunyanwa imifudlana yamanzi - i-perchlorate, eyayiwela kwiintlambo ezungeze i-hemphake esezantsi kwiplanethi kunye neendonga ze-craters. Imifanekiso ebonakalayo ye-Mars Rreconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) yashiya ngokungathandabuzeki ukuba amanzi ahamba.

Ukuhamba kwamanzi entwasahlobo, ukwakha imilambo yamanzi yobude bamakhulu, nobubanzi bemiitha engamahlanu, kwaye iyalalalala ebusika.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanzi aqhelekileyo aya kutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza abe yiqhwa phantsi kwefuthe lokushisa okuphantsi komhlaba. Kukho inkolelo yokuba umbane unobisi, uhlobo lwe-brine olusekelwe kwi- perchloric acid, ebonakala ngenxa yokubunjwa kwalo alufaki. Kuze kube ngoku, izazinzulu azizi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba luhlobo luni lwamanzi. Kodwa ukuba kunene ityuwa yamanzi kwi-Mars, ngoko ke iinqununu ezithanda ityuwa njengabantu basemhlabeni zihlala kuyo.

Inkungu phezu kwePlanethi eliBomvu

Ekushoneni kwelanga, kancane kancane inkungu ibonakala emhlabeni jikelele. Esi sisinye isiqinisekiso sokuthi amanzi asemanzi akhona kwi-Mars. Umkhuhlane uphuma ngaphezu komhlaba ocolile. Iqulethe ezinqabileyo zeqhafaza zeqhwa eziwela emhlabathini zisuka kwintambo phantsi kobunzima bayo. Baye bakwazi ukufotoza i- "Phoenix" ngokujolisa i-laser. Ezinye iinqununu zeqhwa zibhaptizwa emhlabathini, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukutshintshisana rhoqo phakathi kwemoya kunye nomhlaba ngamanzi.

Ebusuku, ubhujamo buba bunzulu, bukhuphuke phezulu, ngaphezulu kweengqungquthela zeqhwa ziphuma kuwo. Ubukhulu kunye nokuphakama kwalo kuxhomekeke kwithuba lonyaka.

Iziphepho neziphepho kwilizwe

Ngaphambi kokuba bafumane amanzi kwi-Mars, izazinzulu zithathwa ukuba zenzeke iziphepho zomoya kunye neziphepho. Isimo sezulu kwi-Planet ebomvu uye soloko isomile kwaye ibanda ngokutsho kweengxelo kunye neengcamango ezivunyiweyo ngaphambili.

Imodeli eyakhiwe, ebonisa iziganeko zeMartian malunga ne-3.5 ibhiliyoni leminyaka edlulileyo, yabonisa ubukho bechibi elifudumeleyo. I-Steam, ephakama ukusuka phezulu, yakha ifu, ikhephu liye lathula khona iqhwa. Oku kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba kwi-planethi ungayigcina kunye neempuphu.

Ngo-2015, i-Rover Opportunity yenze i-panoramic shots of storm storm. Umnye uMoya wakhe wenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo imifanekiso efanayo. Kodwa ngeli xesha iqhankqalazi yayinkulu kakhulu, yafihla ubuso bomhlaba.

Ukuguqulwa komoya ngexesha lezantya zithutha isanti, uthuli kwaye zifike kwizantya ezili-100 ngomzuzwana.

IMartian Ocean

Yenziwe kwimifanekiso engama-70, bonisa ukuba kwiMars ngaphambili kwakukho ulwandle olugqubuthe ininzi yeNyakatho yeNtlabathi. Ubukho beentlupheko ebusweni bubonisa ukuba khona kwamachibi amakhulu kunye nemilambo.

Izifundo ezisebenzisa i-radar enamandla zibonise ukuba ubunzulu obuphantsi komhlaba, ubuninzi be-glaciers bafihliwe. I-MRO yenza ukuba kube lula ukubonakalisa iigriciers ezalula iikhilomitha ezilikhulu ukusuka kwisibonda esisentla ukuya kwi-equator. Amanzi e-Mars ngendlela yeqhwa enzulu ngaphantsi kweenyawo zeentaba zeentaba, ngaphakathi kwee-craters ze-volcano.

Yayiyinkqubo yeendlela ezinzulu eziza kuthiwa zenze ulwandle olusemva. Amashishini ngokwabo ayenzeka ngenxa yokuqhuma kwelava, isanti, amatye kunye nokukhukhula kwamanzi. Umsebenzi we-Volcanic wenza ukuba kuphuhliswe umthamo omkhulu wegesi, owaba yimbangela yokubunjwa kwamagquma amakhulu.

Ukusela amanzi eMars

Oososayensi baseMerika baphakamisa imbono yokuba ekuqaleni kukaMarta kwakukho umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ukuba inkqubo yomqolomba yancipha kancane kancane. Emva kwayo yonke indawo, imihlathi ibe yendalo, iindawo zokuhlala zendalo, mhlawumbi nokusela amanzi, okuya kuba khona kude kube ngoku.

Kwiisampuli zomhlaba ezivela kumhlaba iMarts, izityewa, kuquka nekhabhoni, zatholakala ziyimfuneko ukugcina ubomi bomntu. Oku kusivumela ukuba sitsho ukuba iplanethi yayisakuba ngamanzi okusela. Ubuninzi bamanzi obunxilisayo bubonisa ukuba kwi-Mars kukho imeko yokuphuhliswa kobomi, okufana nehlabathi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ii-micronutrients eziphilayo zingena kwi-planethi ukusuka kwindawo, kunye ne-asteroids ehlala idibanisa kunye nomhlaba wayo, i-craters iyakuthi. Ngoko ke, kukhuselekile ukutsho ukuba amanzi atholakala kwi-Mars, afanelekileyo ukusela, ayengatholakali.

Imfihlelo yamagquma angaphantsi komhlaba ayingasombululwa, izazinzulu ezilungileyo kakhulu zehlabathi ziphule iingqondo zabo. Kodwa ukufunyanwa kwemifino esithombeni, imigodi ebusweni bukaMarsi, apho amanzi ayenokuhamba khona, ubonisa ubukho balo bunzulu emaphandleni.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukulungisa iMaroni?

Izifundo zePlanethi eliBomvu ziyaqhubeka. Ngokuqinisekileyo kusekho indawo ezininzi apho amanzi aseMars, kwaye mhlawumbi ubomi bendalo buhlobo lwebhaktheriya lukhona. Ukwenza ukukhangela kusebenze ngakumbi, kuya kuba mnandi ukuthumela uhambo lophando kwilizwe, kodwa le ngcamango isesigaba sokucwangcisa.

Ukunyuka kwi-Mars, kuya kuthatha ubuncinci ngaphantsi konyaka. I-Cosmonauts iya kubanjelwa izibonelelo, ekunciphiseni ukuhamba, ayikwazi ukuhlamba, kwaye kuya kufuneka badle ukutya okusemathinini kuphela. Umntu akanako ukuhlala kwindawo evaliweyo ixesha elide. Isongela ukungazinzi, ukuxinezeleka okude kunye nezinye iingxaki zesifo.

Ngexesha elide kwithuba, indoda yayingekelwe ngenxa yengozi yokulahleka isisu, kunye namathambo esifuba phantsi kwefuthe lobunzima bokudala. Isixa esiphezulu sokuhlala kwe-cosmonaut kwi-ISS sinesiqingatha sonyaka.

Iikholeji zokuqala azikwazi ukuba nabantwana, umphumo we-radiation unomphumo onobungozi ekuvelweni kwesidoda. Kwakhona, imisebe ayiyi kuvumela ukuba ibe phezu komhlaba ngaphandle kwe-spacesuit, ingaba yiphulo lophuhliso olungaziwa kwizifo zesayensi zesayensi.

Nangona kunjalo, i-colonization yeeplanethi inokwenzeka, kodwa ukuze ithathe amanyathelo okuqala ekufezeni injongo, iiphononongo zexesha elide leplanethi, ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ezintsha zokuphumelela kwendiza kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela umonakalo owonakalisayo we-Mars kumntu kuyafuneka.