1918 kwimbali weRashiya: eziphambili iziganeko

Kwimbali yelizwe ngalinye, kukho iminyaka ezijongwa ingongoma esitsha ukutshintsha eziqaphelekayo. Bona luphawulwa zazilele kuyo phantse onke amanqanaba oluntu yobomi, etsolo ntlekele, kwaye basoloko ekuqalekeni eyaqala ngawo. Ngaloo ndlela zaphumela ngo-1918 kwimbali Russian. Kwi babantu liphambili eli xesha, iziganeko ngoko zenzeka kwi ummandla lizwe, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo ukulungiselela izizukulwana ezizayo, ngoku ukuxoxa.

Ngomhla obandulela 1918

Ngaphambi kokuba wangena maelstrom of izenzakalo, 1918, ukuze aqonde ukujula ngokupheleleyo isizathu, kuyimfuneko ukuba achaze ngokufutshane oko iziganeko lohamba.

Okokuqala, kufuneka ukuba athi nyaka 1914-1918 kwimbali Russia kunye nehlabathi - lithuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukuba esi siganeko umfutho ekuqaleni ukuze zonke iinguqu eziye zenzeke kwilizwe lethu, kuquka uninzi amazwe aseYurophu kwexesha. Uqalile kubola uBukhosi Russian akazange ukutsala nayiphi na imiqathango zomkhosi okanye noqoqosho ekulweni elide. Enyanisweni, oku onokuchaza iziphumo kweMfazwe Russian-Japanese ka-1904-1905.

Romanov ubukhosi, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-300 kulawula ubudala, waqala ukuphelelwa ngokukhawuleza igunya layo bangaphambili. Events revolution engagqitywanga ka-1905 kuphela harbingers uqhwithela ezayo. Yaye kungekudala kwasuka.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwithuba run-up ezichazwe yi-Februwari -Oktobha neziphithiphithi ngo-1917. Eyokuqala kubo kuyiphelisa le lobuzwilakhe le Romanovs kwaye eyesibini wabeka isiseko i imodeli entsha ngokupheleleyo karhulumente esekelwe kwimigaqo, akukho namnye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku engakhange asetyenziswe practice.

Kodwa njani athembisayo urhulumente omtsha kwafuneka ukuba babonise 1918 kugqiba kwimbali Russian.

Amanyathelo wokuqala wokugcina amandla Soviet

Kwangoko emva kokuba amandla, yamaBolshevik Party yaqalisa yonke nomxokelelwane njengenguqu kweli lizwe.

January 26, 1918 wakhutshwa umyalelo abazazisayo ekuqaleni wohlaziyo wekhalenda. kubume bayo iqulathe kwi inguqu kule khalenda Julian ezisetyenziswa yi-Orthodox, de kube ngoko ingqalelo igosa kuBukhosi Russian, i-Gregorian yaziswa ukusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, ingakumbi olawula ikhalenda ngeenkwenkwezi. Ukuhlaziywa lwagqitywa ngo Februwari 14, xa Soviet Russia iye yabangela ngokusemthethweni ubalo olutsha kwikhalenda.

January 28 wakhutshwa Ndiwise eBhunga Labantu Commissars of ukuyilwa Workers 'kwaye Abalimi' Red Army. Yile laba sisiqalo ubukhulu elizayo semkhosini eSoviet Union.

Februwari 2 umthetho kwathiwa, onahluleyo kwezinya kwiCawa Orthodox evela kuRhulumente. Ukususela ngoku zonke iintsingiselo zonqulo kweli lizwe amalungelo ngokusesikweni alinganayo, kwathiwa inkululeko yesazela kunye nonqulo.

Uthethwano kunye Germany

Umsebenzi wokuqala yaye kubalulekile kwamandla eSoviet yindlela yokuphuma leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, nto leyo esele ngelo xesha iRashiya, Kakade ke, ebilahlekile. Kodwa ke, malunga naluphi ukuthula epheleleyo kwakungelula. Kwafuneka ukuba ukugqiba isivumelwano kunye Central Powers, ngelo xesha eRussia kwi imfazwe, kwiimeko ezininzi ithembisa ukuba zifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe kangangoko imeko yangoku nzima.

Malunga ezi thethwano ukubaluleka kuba abasemagunyeni eSoviet ibonisa ukuba ekuqaleni lenziwe ngakumbi ngoDisemba 22, 1917. Baba nzima kakhulu, kuba akukho namnye amaqela akazange afune ukuba bakuthembe ezinkulu.

Kwakhona indawo yayo kwimiba emininzi, le abathunywa eSoviet wenza kut- impi kunye advance yimpumelelo kakhulu German ngaphambili Russian-German. Ezi ziganeko spodvigli iiBolsheviks ukuba bakuthembe ebonakalayo.

I Brest-Litovsk uxolo isivumelwano

NgoMatshi 3 1918, oko ekugqibeleni utyikitye Brest-Litovsk lokusinyemba. Soviet Russia wavuma ilahleko ezibalulekileyo zendawo, kuquka abo banikwe, Ukraine, Belarus, i aseBalti, Finland, iqela kwiingingqi abaseAfrika. Ukongeza, ukuba bekunyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule izibalo ebonakalayo imali ngohlobo izibonelelo kumagunya noloyiso, ukuba bayeke ukusebenza emkhosini nxamnye nabo aze okunene ukunyibilika emkhosini.

Urhulumente eSoviet ayikwazanga mazingasileli ukuqonda ukuba ngokusayina le ngesivumelwano eyahlukileyo, oko ithe nkqu amathemba illusive ukwenzela ukuqaphela semthethweni lwamazwe Entente, yaye wenza ukruthakruthwano ngqo kunye nabo. Kodwa akukho enye indlela, kangangokuba uxolo iJamani yaba ngumbandela okuphila.

Ukuqala ekubunjweni intshukumo White

Zisuka nje, safika igunya, kwiBolsheviks waba bamelene ezininzi phakathi Russia ngokwayo. Eyona engundoqo ophambili nokudaleka na intshukumo ekuthiwa-White. It ekufuphi nebheyi kuphela monarchists abanyanisekileyo, kodwa abaxhasi yemifanekiso karhulumente Republican, wentando yesininzi ngakumbi abo thembisa urhulumente waseSoviet, kunye nezinye abachasi iiBolsheviks.

Noko ke, iinkokheli intshukumo White, ngokwahlukileyo kurhulumente eSoviet, leyo iqwalasela ngokwaso ngumasipala othabatha isikhundla ngokwasemthethweni i-Russian uBukhosi kunye noRhulumente Provisional ohlulwa ngo-Oktobha Revolution. Nokusayinwa i Brest-Litovsk izivumelwano ahlule okudluliswa kwamagunya Central Amagunya negalelo de ukuqondwa facto neenkokeli White intshukumo ye amazwe Entente njengoko urhulumente osemthethweni eRashiya. Nangona ukubhaliswa ngokwasemthethweni indawo babe Musa ukungxama.

impi Amavolontiya

iphiko silwe intshukumo White yaba umkhosi ntliziyo, waqala ukubonakala ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-1917 phantsi kobunkokheli yokuqala ka-General Alekseeva M. V., uze emva koko - Kornilova L. G. Ukuba lokugqibela lisenokuba ngumdali yokwenene kuyo. Ukwenziwa yokugqibela zamavolontiya Army yagqitywa ngoJanuwari 7, 1918.

Kodwa Kornilov wabulawa ngomhla woku-13 ka nyaka ngethuba inkululeko Ekaterinodar ukusuka iiBolsheviks. Iinkokheli Lamatsha Army waqalisa akukho ezingenamandla Anton Ivanovich Denikin.

Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ubunzulu ngokupheleleyo zentlekele kwezopolitiko, egubungele eli lizwe. Ukuqonda ukuba ukuzimisela zawo ngo-1918 kwimbali eRashiya. Impi lokulwa.

Songenelelo Entente

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwenziwe isivumelwano hlukanisa Germany kunye namahlakani ayo, urhulumente waseSoviet ayifake kwimeko ngxabano ngqo kunye namazwe Entente. Ngaphezu koko, le mpi engaphumi indalo nje yezopolitiko, kodwa kwakhula ukungqubana abaxhobileyo. 1918 - 1920 ngonyaka kwimbali Russia iphawulwa njenge ixesha yesigaba kakhulu esebenzayo yokungenelela kwamanye amazwe emkhosini.

Qala eyaqala amazwe Entente nxamnye Soviet Russia kungekabekwa ukutyala ngoMatshi 1918 e Murmansk kwendiza French, kwakunye ikwaxina uyezibuko ka Arkhangelsk Fleet UK.

Kamva, xa Russian Civil yimfazwe swing ngokupheleleyo, into ndlongo amazwe waba Vladivostok, Odessa, Kherson, Sevastopol, Batumi kunye nezinye izixeko. ehlasela Geography landiswa.

Yi ungenelelo ngoncedo bajoyine amathanga British kunye zibubukhosi, kwakunye amazwe ukuba abangengomalungu Entente (i-US, Japan kunye nabanye).

impi yombango

ngonyaka 1918-1922 kwimbali weRashiya sibonakala njengokuba ixesha War Civil. Nangona mbali ezininzi ibalwa ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-1917, kwaye umhla lokugqiba yi 1924, kodwa ke eyona esebenzayo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uqalisa ukutyhileka ngo kwithuba wafunda.

Ngasemthonjeni ka-1918 Army zamavolontiya ezikhandelwa ngokupheleleyo njengoko zilwe-ukulungele amandla ukuba akwazi umngeni yamaBolshevik Red Army.

Ukususela ngoMatshi, eqalisa ukuba baqhube imisebenzi yokulwa esebenzayo. Imvukelo nxamnye Amandla eSoviet ithatha indawo yokuqala Don Cossacks, uze emva koko - Kuban. Ngokukodwa, kwaba ngexesha ukuhlasela wabulala Ekaterinodar alimwi yokuqala zamavolontiya Army Kornilov Lavr Georgievich.

intshukumo White empumalanga Russia

NgoJuni, amalungu All-Russian iKomiti yeNdibano neqela (Komuch) yasekwa Samara, ngubani ingqalelo ngokwakhe ezihlangwini i Isibonelelo Government of Kerensky. wadalwa Komuch Abantu Umkhosi, nto leyo phambi elingasempuma intshukumo White. kodwa wazibandakanya umlo kunye Red Army of the iiBolsheviks,, ngempumelelo encinci.

NgoSeptemba 1918, i-All-Russian Provisional Government (Ufa ulawulo) yadalwa Komuch Ufa ezisekelwe. Ngenxa yoko, emva kokuba ukusilela kwisenzo zezopolitiko emkhosini, ibe itshitshisiwe ngoNovemba, Admiral Kolchak. Ngelo xesha elifanayo eOmsk, waye wachongwa njengoMlawuli ePhakamileyo ka-Russia, kunye ukusuka mzuzu yayinguye inkokheli esivunyiweyo le intshukumo White eRashiya. Ngoko nangoko wazibonakalisa inkokeli odlamjke kakhulu nenkokeli omkhulu wamajoni, waphumelela uloyiso eziliqela ezibalulekileyo phezu iiBolsheviks. Noko ke, kwincopho uzuko zayo zezopolitiko weza nelilandelayo, 1919.

Zonke amathuba ezintsha nezazingalindelwanga, wamngenisa 1918 kwimbali eRashiya. Iziganeko beDA, ngaphandle ukunciphisa isantya.

Ukuqaliswa Romanovs

Enye iziganeko ixakayo kwezo ukuba baye kwaba nyaka-1918 kwimbali weRashiya, yaba kukubulawa kwiBolsheviks ngoJulayi 17 e Yekaterinburg, intsapho yasebukhosini Romanov, ikhokelwa ngu owayesakuba uMlawuli Nicholas II. De kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali baye bavuma ukuba kufanelekile ukuba esi senzo sobundlobongela, kwaye nokuba okanye hayi zimelwe ngamalungu ezilahlekileyo kwayo phakathi abantu ubukhosi isoyikiso sokwenene ngamandla eSoviet.

separatism National

1918 kwimbali Russian Kwakhona kuphawulwa ngokuvela separatism yesizwe kwimimandla ezibe yinxalenye Romanov bukhosi. Enye karhulumente ezakhiwe phezu emanxuweni bukhosi likwazile ukulwela inkululeko yayo (Poland, Finland, kumazwe eBaltic), ngelixa abanye kwanyanzeleka lokuncamela ulongamo yayo ngexesha ukulwa enzima (UPR, Georgia), kunye nabanye Ngokuqhelekileyo esiyinyani, akazange isixhobo ezona (BPR) yesine, enyanisweni, kuba yisathelayithi Soviet Russia (i Far Eastern Republic, kwiriphabliki IDonetsk-Krivoy Rog kunye LitBel t. h.).

Eyona nto ngephanyazo ngo-1918 kwimbali Ukraine. Apha umzabalazo phakathi imikhosi Ukrainian karhulumente kazwelonke (UPR), ezihlangwini zakhe Hetman Skoropadsky, Denikin kaThixo Njengevolontiya Army, i-Red Army of the iiBolsheviks kunye anarchist ezahlukeneyo, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu izigelekeqe namaqembu.

abantu eziphawulekayo

Zonke ezi ziganeko zingentla nto ayizange yenzeke ngaphandle izenzo zabantu ezithile. Eyona nyaniso yile, ngubani na kusenokwenzeka ukuba nefuthe meko, leyo wasekwa ngo-1918 kwimbali Russia, Ulolawula wakhokela amajoni, uMenzi umoya kwezopolitiko.

Masiqalise kunye nabameli kwamandla eSoviet. Kakade ke, lo negalelo elikhulu iziganeko nganeno enikiweyo Vladimir Ilich Lenin, lowo ngaxeshanye inkokeli yamaBolshevik Party kunye norhulumente Soviet. Yaba ke nempembelelo kakhulu iziganeko wenza 1918 yalitshintsha kwimbali Russian. ULenin photo kuyabonakala ngezantsi.

Ukongeza, indima ebalulekileyo ebidlalwe yi abaphetheyo liqela ezifana Leon noTrotsky, Lev Kamenev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, baba ngakumbi nangakumbi inzuzo, uJoseph Stalin. Ngaphezu koko, kwisithuba ulandelayo abadumile iingqwayi-Red Army Basil CHapaev, uMikhail Frunze, Gregory Kotovskij kunye nabanye.

Abaququzeleli kakhulu ebonakalayo intshukumo White, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, baba Lavr Kornilov kunye Anton Denikin, yaye ekupheleni kuka-1918 bafudukela Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kuka-1918 urhulumente oselula yiSoviet wayengqongwe ziintshaba, nto leyo wabumba abameli intshukumo White, amaqela zasekuhlaleni kunye abahlaseli. Umzabalazo ukuba nje kuphela kuqala, kodwa urhulumente waseSoviet wenza eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuxhathisa ingcinezelo lencinibakazi yokuqala iintshaba. Le nyaniso, kwakunye nokuqhekeka abachasi iiBolsheviks, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba umzabalazo evulekileyo wezigalo phakathi kwabo, kwakhokelela ekubeni bayahlelwa lizwe kwiminyaka engama-70 ezayo kokuvalelwa. Noko ke, imiphumo kunyaka imbali waziva nangoku.