Imoto Yak-40. Iiplani zabagibeli be-USSR. I-Yakovlev Design Bureau

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa siva malunga neenqwelo zomhlaba zendiza, sibonisa iibhasi ezikhulu ezinokubhabha kwiikhilomitha eziliwaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezu kwama-40 ekhulwini lokuhamba emoyeni kwenziwa kwimizila yomoya yendawo, ubude balo buyiikhilomitha ezingama-200 ukuya ku-500, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zilinganiswa kuphela ngamashumi eekhilomitha kuphela. Kwakungenxa yeenjongo ezifana ne-Yak-40. Ngalo moya oyingqayizivele kwaye iya kuxutyushwa kwinqaku.

Ngamaxesha amaninzi kuqala

Yak-40 (umfanekiso oboniswe kwinqaku, ibonisa le moya) yaba ngowokuqala kwiSoviet Union nakwihlabathi lokuhamba ngeenqwelo zokuhamba , elalijoliswe ekusebenzeni kwiinqwelo-moya zendawo. Yaba yindiza yokuqala yeSoviet eyafumana isatifiketi sokuhamba kwamanye amazwe kumazwe aseNtshona ngaphambi kokuvela kwesatifiketi esifanayo ezweni lethu. I-Yak-40 yiyokuqala ye-airbus yokufumana izatifikethi eJamani nase-Itali. Kwakhona waba ngowokuqala kweenqwelo zeSoviet ukudlula yonke imigangatho yokuhamba kwe-England BCAR ne-USA-FAR-25. Umsebenzi wokuqinisekiswa kwesi siza wanikelela ekunyuseni kombutho werekhodi ye-aviation kwi-USSR, ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokuhamba kwamanzi, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwishishini lethu lamanani kunye nezinto ezihambelana nemimiselo ye "West". Ukongezelela, yaba ngumgibeli wokuqala we-airline ye-design office ebizwa ngokuba nguYakovlev.

Umthengi wokuqala kunye nengxelo evela kwiingcali

I-Italy yaba lizwe lokuqala kwihlabathi ukufumana i-Yak-40. Kwakhona waququzelela umboniso weempawu eziphezulu zokusebenza zalo mshini. Uqhutywe ngumqhubi wovavanyo u-MG Zavyalov kunye nabaqhubi be-Italy, i-ndege yenze inqwelo-moya evela kwi-capital yaseItali iya e-Australia. Le ndlela yatshatyalaliswa ngaphandle kokusilela kunye nokuphazamiseka. Ngo-Epreli 1970, iphephancwadi laseFransi i-Aviation Magazine laphawula ukuba i-Yak-40 iyayilungisa ekuqaleni, ngobukhulu kunye neempawu zendiza. Emazantsi akukho nantoni inqwelo enokuthi iphikiselwe kumntu omtsha waseRussia. E-US, kuphela ukuphuhliswa kweeprojekthi ezifanayo, ukuphunyezwa kwayo okwakwenzeka kuphela kwiminyaka embalwa.

Zonke iingcali zehlabathi zanikezela ukulinganisa okuphezulu kwiinqwelo zaseRashiya kunye neYorkv Design Bureau.

Ukudala i-Aircraft

Ukuphuhliswa kweenjineli ze-Yak-40 zaqala ngo-Apreli, kunyaka wama-65 wenkulungwane yokugqibela. Injongo yokudala inqwelo entsha yayiza kutshintsha imizekelo ye-piston engapheliyo i-Il-12, i-Il-14 ne-Li-2, eyayisebenza kwiinqwelo-moya zendawo. Abakhi bee-aircraft baseSoviet bafuna kuphela unyaka omnye ukuyila nokwakha umboniso. Kwaye, ngo-Oktobha 21, 1966, umqhubi wovavanyo u-Arseniy Kolosov waqala ukufaka umzobo-moya-Yak-40. Ubunqwenelekayo beenqwelo-moya kwakukwazi ukukhupha emanzini omhlaba. Oku kwafaka isandla kwizinto ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela ukwakhiwa kweenqwelo-moya, ezibekwa kuyo yienjini zeYakovlev Design Bureau.

"Umqhubi we-kerosene", okanye "Intsimbi yensimbi"

I-Yak-40 (ifoto engentla) ngumatshini olula kakhulu owenzelwe abasebenzi basebhendi nabasemhlabeni, abaneemfundo eziphakathi. Emva kwakhe kwakukho izibheno ezimbini - "i-Iron Stub" (ngobukhulu obuncinci kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zokutshaya) kunye ne "Fighter kerosene" (ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi amaninzi). Le moya ye-airbus inokunyaniseka kakhulu, kwakunye nokukhuseleka kokusebenza. I-Yak-40 iyakwazi ukususa xa enye yeenjini ezi-3 ihluleka kwaye iyaphupha kwenye yeeyunithi zamandla. Kwiindawo zasemoyeni ezingalungiselelwanga, abasebenzi basondlo baququzelelwa ngumthumeli wokuzimela, i-flap ladder, kunye nokulawula okuphezulu komatshini. Ukufakwa kweenjini kumsila we-fuselage kunciphisa kakhulu izinga lokududuza kunye nengxolo.

Impumelelo yomsebenzi

Ingqikithi, i-Soviet icandelo lobuchwephesha livelise iiyunithi ezingama-1011 ze-Yak-40. Ukukhululwa kwavalwa ngowe-1981, kodwa umphefumlo wendiza awuzange uphele apho. Iminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi amane kwiindlela zomoya zengxowankulu - akuyiyo ingqinisiso engcono yokuthembeka komatshini, ukuchaneka kwezicombululo zobugcisa kwiingxaki eziyinkimbinkimbi ezavela xa kudala lo mzekelo! Kwaye abaqulunqi bezobuchwepheshe beMinsk Aircraft Repair Plant abazange banikezele kuphela ubomi bobabini bendiza, kodwa kunye neengcali ze-Yakovlev Design Bureau, kwenziwa utshintsho olutsha-ii-laboratories ezihambahambayo, ezisandula ukubaluleka kakhulu kwezoqoqosho lwesizwe. E-Russia, iinqwelo-moya zafumana isicelo esikhulu kakhulu. Ngoko, phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe i-Yak-40 yagqitywa ngokupheleleyo i-Il-12, i-Il-14 kunye ne-Li-2 evela kwiinqwelo-moya zasekhaya. Ukuba neenqwelo ezihamba phambili kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zelizwe, aba basebenzi ngo-1988 bathumela abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi asibhozo. Kwaye imbali yale moya ayigqibekanga. Amava ekusebenzeni kwalo mzekelo kwilizwe lethu langaphandle kwezilishumi elinesibhozo uye wabonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukungahambi kwesigqibo sokususa i-aircraft Yak-40 kwimveliso. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshintshwa kwamaseyunithi yamandla aneenjini ezininzi zonyango kuya kwandisa umveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwelo moya.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle

Ukuhanjiswa kweenqwelo zokuqala zangaphandle kwe-Yak-40 kwaqalwa ngo-1970, kwiminyaka emine nje emva kokususwa kweprojekthi yomzekelo. Kwiminyaka elishumi, iiyunithi eziyi-125 zeendlela ezahlukileyo zeendlela kunye nokuguqulwa kwathengiswa kumazwe ase-Asia, iYurophu kunye neRiphabhliki yaseCuba. Imodeli yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli yeerandi yayineenkalo ezahlukileyo ekubunjweni kwezixhobo zokuhamba zasekhaya nakwi-flight. Lezi ziphephe ze- passenger ze-USSR zanikelwa kwiizwe ezilishumi elinesibhozo zehlabathi: i-Angola, i-Afghanistan, iBulgaria, iHungary, iVietnam, i-Zambia, i-Italy, iCambodia, iCuba, iLaos, iRiphablikhi yaseRiphabliki, i-Poland, iSiriya, iJamani, i- Equatorial Guinea, i- Ethiopia, iYugoslavia. Ngo-2000, i-airline yaseKamchatka yathengisa indiza eHonduras. Ukususela ngo-1967, i-Yak-40 iye yaba nxaxheba kuyo yonke i-salon ye-airline e-England, eJamani, eJapan, e-Italy, eFransi, eSweden nakwamanye amazwe. Inqwelo-moya enemifanekiso eneenqwelo zokuhamba ngeekhilomitha eziliwaka ezimashumi amahlanu ehambele amazwe amaninzi kungekhona kuphela eYurophu, kodwa nakwi-Asia, eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Australia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Yak-40 yinqanaba lokuqala le-Soviet eliza kuthengiswa kumazwe angxowankulu kunye nenkampani yakhe yophuhliso lwezobugcisa. Ezi iindiza zisasebenza kwiinqwelo-moya zamazwe ayishumi nesithandathu.

Ifoto yobugcisa

Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu zobugcisa. I-Yak-40, ngokweedatha yepaspoti, ijoliswe kwienqwelo-moya ezide ubude beekhilomitha eziliwaka. Iphiko linendawo enkulu kakhulu - i-square metres ezingama-70, eziye zavumela ukushiya inkqubo yenkqantosi eninzi kakhulu. Ijubane lokuhamba nge-510 km / h. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zokuyila kweenqwelo zezixhobo zazilula, ukudibanisa kweenjini ezintathu kunye nephiko elikhulu, ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kunye neempawu zokuhamba. Amandla okuthabatha kwinqununu yamandla enye ithoni nesiqingatha. Enye inzuzo yesityalo esinamandla yi-injini ephakathi, ekhoyo kwi-fuselage, inokwenziwa okuguquguqukayo-isistim esikhethekileyo esikuvumela ukuba utshintshe ulawulo lwe-jet ye-gas exhaust xa i-aircraft iyaqhekeza. Olu fakelo luvumelekile ukunciphisa i-mileage yemoto xa ufika kumitha engama-400. Kwaye i-flaps for the back are the accessories not in engine, kodwa ye-moya. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukudibanisa isityalo kunye nokulula ukutshintshwa kweyunithi yesilinganiso. I-chassis yemoto ixhotyiswe kwinkqubo yokudambisa i-soft-tempered system, oku kunciphisa uxinzelelo kummandla wendlela. Konke oku kwenzeke ukuba inqwelo-moya ihambe kwaye ikhusele ngokukhuselekileyo kwiimimandla yomoya kunye nesimbozo somhlaba.

Kwi-cockpit kukho abantu ababini: umlawuli kunye nomqhubi-mlingani, kodwa ukuba kuyimfuneko, unokufaka isitulo sesithathu. Iifestile zeekhabhinethi zinefuthe elikhethekileyo lombane. I-Salon Yak-40 inomntu ohlala kwi-27 ukuya ku-32. Inqwelo-moya ixhotywe ngezixhobo zokuhamba ngee-elektroniki zomsakazo zanamhlanje, ezikuvumela ukuba ubaleke imini nobusuku, kwiimeko zemozulu ezinzima. Izixhobo ziquka: i-autopilot, ukukhanya kwemoya, inkqubo yekhosi, ikhampasi yamagnetic, iifomasi zombini zomsakazo othomathiweyo, inkqubo yokuhlawulela komhlaba, i-altimeter yomsakazo kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Inqwelo-moya ixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yomoya osebenza kakuhle, ekhusela ukukhwabanisa kweso. I-radar yemozulu-yomsakazo inceda ekufumaneni ukuba kukho ukuduma kweendudumo ekuhambeni kwendlela yokuhamba. Ngokutsho kwedatha yepaspoti, ubomi be-airliner ngamahora amawaka amathathu, kwaye ubomi benkonzo buyiminyaka engama-25.

Ulutsha lwesibini

Ngo-1999, iinjineli ze-Yakovlev Design Bureau zenza izifundo kunye nezibalo ezibonisa ukuba ubomi bokusebenza kweenqwelo zezixhobo zingaphindwa kabini kunye nokuqiniswa koyilo kunye nokugqitywa kwe-glider. Inkqubo yokwandisa ubomi iya kubangela ukuba iinkampani zihlehlise isidingo sokuthenga i-aircraft entsha, eya kusindisa imali eninzi. Inkqubo yesimanje iquka ukutshintshwa kweenjini kunye neeyunithi zamandla ezoqoqosho.

Ntlekele

Uninzi lwabantu, kwaye nabo bahlala besetyenziselwa iinkonzo zomoya, bayesaba ukundiza. Kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwomoya rhoqo kunokufaka isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwezi ziphobias. Abantu abanjalo abanamsebenzi ukubonisa amanani, ngokubhekiselele kuwo, kwiingozi zezimoto, kutshabalalisa ngakumbi kunezo moya. Esi simo sengqondo sichazwa lula, kuba xa idiza litshabalalisa, nangona kwenzeka ukuba lincinci, abantu abaninzi babulawa ngexesha elinye. Oku kusoloko kuphazamiseka, kungekhona kuphela kumaxhoba asondeleyo, kodwa nakwabaziyo. Kubonakala ukuba, ukwesaba kuyenzeka ngenxa yokuba umgibeli akakwazi ukutshintsha into, akukho nto incike kuye, uyazinikela kunye nobomi bakhe ezandleni zomqhubi kunye nomshini ohlazileyo.

Ngoko, makhe sicinge ngamanani elahleko ase-Yak-40 airliners. Iintlekele kunye nokulahlekelwa kweenqwelo zezizathu kwezinye iimeko ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 kwimbali yale modeli kudlulile kwi-10 ye-barrier barrier. Ngoko, ukususela ekuqaleni kokusebenza 117 iiplani zalahleka. Kuzo, iinqwelo ezingama-46 zatshatyalaliswa ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yeziphene zabaqhubi okanye abalawuli bezithuthi zomoya. Ama-71 aseYak-40 aseleyo awonakaliswe ngenxa yezizathu esinye, kubandakanywa neeplani ezibhubhile ngexesha lobudlova kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezitshisayo kwilizwe. Ngendlela, yokugqibela imoto enjalo, eyayilahleka, yingozi ye-aircraft eyonakaliswe ngexesha lokulwa needolophu zeDonetsk ngoMeyi 26, 2014.

I-Aircraft Yakovlev

I-ofisi ye-design yeYakovlev inomlando ocebileyo. Ukusuka kwindonga zafika ezininzi zoomatshini ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinqwelo zempi ukuya kubagibeli bezindiza. Kukho imimiselo yezemidlalo kunye nenjongo ekhethekileyo, umzekelo, ukuqeqeshwa kwabaqhubi. Cinga ezinye zazo, umzekelo we-Yak-42. Lo mzekelo waveliswa phakathi kwe-70s yekhulu elidlulileyo kwiinqwelo-moya kwi-USSR. Usebenziso lwezorhwebo lwalo moya luqale ngonyaka wama-80. Ngethuba lokuveliswa kwee-serial ngo-1980-2002, ii-aircraft ezingama-194 zakhiwe. Kulezi, iiyunithi ezingama-64 zoqwalaselo oluyisiseko lwe-Yak-42 kunye ne-130 - kwinguqu ephucukisiwe ye-Yak-42D - ukunyuka kwe-mass-off and off range. Ijubane lokuhamba nge-700 km / h. Inqwelo-moya yenzelwe ububanzi obude beekhilomitha ezine. Ikhabhinethi yomgibeli yenzelwe izihlalo ezili-120. Le moya ayifuni ukukhangisa, iinkonzo zayo zizithetha zona. Emva koko, wabeka iirekhodi zehlabathi ezithoba! Ngoko, kwelinye lazo, i-Yak-42, ejoliswe kumigca ecaleni, ingayinqoba umgama ukusuka kwikomkhulu yaseRashiya ukuya eKhabarovsk ngaphandle kokufika. Ukumangalisa kodwa kunjalo kukuba ngaphambi kokudalwa kweemodeli Yak-40 kunye ne-Yak-42, i-design ye-Yakovlev yophuhliso lwabagibeli beebhasi abahamba ngeendlela ezininzi abazange benze nantoni. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu imfundo, ezemidlalo kunye neenqwelo zokulwa.

I-Airplane Yak-18

Le moya yenzalo ye-UT-2L yonyaka wama-44 wekhulu lokugqibela. Kujoliswe kuqeqesho lokuqala lwabaqhubi. Kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe, i-Yak-18 yaba yinto yokuqala yokufundisa imitha. Ngengqiqo yakhe, izixhobo kunye nokuyila, imbono yokubhabha kwiimeko zemozulu ezinzima nobusuku kwachazwa. Inqwelo-moya ixhotywe ngeyunithi yamandla ene-160 litres. Ngomtya oguquguqukayo owenzela i-aeromechanical screw. Ukwakhiwa kwefuselage luhlobo oluthile lweemibhobho zensimbi. Inxalenye yempumlo ivalwe yimigca yemveliso, kunye nomsila uhlanganiswe ngelinen. Izigulane kunye neengqungquthela zinefestile yesinyithi ezineesokisi eziqinileyo. Iphiko lise-spruce e-2, i-detachable, kunye nephiko leziko. I-consacable consoles kunye nalo lonke iphiko leziko lokuqala ukuya kwi-spar yokuqala, kwaye yonke into ihlanganiswe ngendwangu. Kwimodeli ye-Yak-18, zonke iimpazamo ze-predecessor yazo zapheliswa, ziyi-aircraft ezizinzile kwaye zilawulwa kalula, kwaye zinempawu ezintle zokuhamba. Isantya esiphezulu sale moya siyi-257 km / h, izinga lokunyuka li-4 m / s, ubukhulu becala bendiza ngamamitha amawaka amane, ububanzi bendiza lukhilomitha eliwaka, isivinini sokuhamba si-85 km / iyure. I-Yak-18 inikezwa ngeenombolo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukwenza ubusuku obunokwenzeka kunye neenqwelo "eziyimfama".

I-Yak-18t yenguqu ye-Yak-18. Inqwelo-moya elula. Enye yeenqwelo ezikhuselekileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwizikolo ezindizayo. Njengoko kwathiwa ngokusemthethweni kwelinye leenkomfa zendiza-zezobuchwepheshe, ama-Yak-18t amajelo ahamba ngeeyure eziyi-1.5 yezigidi ngaphandle kweengozi ezinzulu ngenxa yephulo lobuchwepheshe. Kwimisebenzi yanamhlanje, le nqwelo iyaxhamla, ingaba ngumgibeli, uqeqesho, ucoceko, uthutho. Ukongezelela, isetyenziselwa ukulandelela ioli kunye neepayipi zegesi, imigudu yokudlulisa amandla, imigwaqo kunye namahlathi, kunye nokuthutha abagibeli abathathu ngomgama wamawaka angamakhulu amahlanu.

Inqwelo yezemidlalo evela kwiYorkvill Design Bureau

Ngomhla ka-8 kuMeyi 1979 esibhakabhakeni kwindawo yase-Tushino yabonakala umbane omncinci ophaphazelayo ngamaphiko abomvu. Inqwelo enomdaka omncinci wenzelwa i-aerobatics: iibhore, izitshixo, ukukhahlela. Iliso elinolwazi ngokukhawuleza liya kuqaphela ukuba oku akusiyo imidlalo evamile ye-Yak-50 kubahlali, kodwa imodeli eyahlukileyo. Isibane esikhulu sepakisha esibheke phambili esibhekisele kwi-unit unit. Xa sondela ekuhlaleni, kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ezinye izinto ezahlukileyo. Lo kwakuyi-brainchild entsha evela kwiinjineli zeYakovlev Design Bureau-Yak-52, inqwelo ekwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukileyo kunye eziphikisanayo. Kwaye oku kuqondakalayo, kuba iifowuni zokuqeqesha ezemidlalo udinga ukugcina ubuncinci bokugcina, imizamo emincinci ukuba umqhubi kufuneka afakwe kwi-handle yokulawula umatshini. Kufuneka enze ngokulula amanani ajikelezayo aerobatics. Kwaye njengenqwelo-moya yemfundo eprayimari, ngokuchaseneyo, kufuneka ibe yomelele kwaye kunzima ukulawula kwaye ayifanele iphule umsila.

Lo matshini for isixhobo uqeqesho yokubhabhah kufuneka iseke iseti olude okuqinileyo izixhobo navigation nokuhamba, kwaye yoguqulelo zemidlalo iza kuba umthwalo kuphela. Nazo zonke ezi ngxaki waza wadibana neqela lweenjineli kunye nabayili. Kunjalo, moya abanyamezela lo msebenzi njenge "ezigqwesileyo" kwaye kamsinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka: i-Yak-52 yakhiwa ngo elingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu. Esi monoplane kabini-metal. Le fuselage - semi-monocoque, ukuba unalo zokusebenza ithemba yesinyithi. Idibanisa kwisakhelo countersunk riveted. Wing - single-Spar, Axhotyiswe enezinto kokwehla, sijinga phezu shompolnye loop kwaye ilawulwa cylinder moya. unit Cantilever nomsila wayo. Le fin somfanekiso kwaye kwenziwe scheme dvulonzheronnoy. Yak-anesithoba-piston 52 inesixhobo iphiramidi ebonisa iyunithi drive umthamo seelitha ezili-360. a. okuzenzekelayo variable bozimisa elijikelezayo. Ukuchuleza ekufundeni nezixhobo flight likuvumela ukuba bendiza iimeko yemozulu embi kakhulu. Ukongeza iseti umgangatho izixhobo, le modeli ukubeka indlela izinga lotshintshiselwano, unomathotholo VHF kunye oluzenzekelayo ulwalathiso njengevyufayinda. uthanda lidilizwe Xa ekwenziweni odla ibhabha, into navigation extra kunye nezixhobo moya.