Abemi zomthonyama Melika: labemi, inkcubeko kunye nenkolo

AmaNdiya, abo bamanywe uhlanga oluthile Americanoid i labemi lomthonyama of America. Bona belimiwe mmandla wonke Yehlabathi Elitsha ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha yaye zihlala khona. Nangona kohlanga ezininzi, amazwe kunye nezinye neentshutshiso ngabo, ezibe zenziwe baseYurophu, asezikhundleni indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kulo ngalunye kwezi ithi kweli yinxalenye yehlabathi. Inqaku elilandelayo, siza kujonga ntoni na nokuba yintoni amanani balapha zomthonyama of America. Iifoto ze sub-iintlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nabameli bezizwe ngezizwe iya kwenza ngokucacileyo aqonde le sihloko.

Yokuhlala kunye nabantu

Abantu bomthonyama of the World New babehlala apha ukususela kumaxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, kodwa kumhla wethu, enyanisweni, encinane iye yatshintsha kubo. Ayavumelana zoluntu ezahlukeneyo, kuqhubeka sishumayela wemfundiso yabo zonqulo alandele izithethe wooyise. Ezinye abameli uhlanga lweenkobe Americanoid ihlanganiswe kunye baseYurophu kwaye ngokupheleleyo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini babo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ukuhlangabezana Indian olunyulu okanye mestizo kunokuba naphi kumntla, akumzantsi nombindi we-Earth Entsha. Iyonke "Indiya" yabantu Melika kwesigidi sabantu 48. Kwezi, 14 million abahlala ePeru, 10.1 yezigidi e Mexico, 6 million e Bolivia. La mazwe alandelayo Ecuador kunye Guatemala - 5.4 no-3.4 yezigidi, ngokulandelelanayo. million 2.5 AmaNdiya ingafunyanwa kwi-US, kodwa Canada wesiqingatha ngaphantsi kwe - 1.2 million Okuphoxayo kukuba, i-Brazil enkulu kunye Argentina, njengoko amagunya enkulu, amaNdiya akwasala noko .. I zemveli labemi of America kule ndawo ibalwa kwaye sele amawaka 700 000 600 000 ngokulandelelana.

Ibali zezizwe

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, abameli uhlanga Americanoid, nangona zonke iiyantlukwano zabo ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na yaziwa kuthi, safudukela ilizwekazi kwabo Eurasia nayo. Kangangamawaka amaninzi eminyaka (malunga nama-70-12 leminyaka BC. E.) amaNdiya weza Yehlabathi Elitsha le ebizwa ngokuba yi-ukukhumbula Bridge, indawo apho ngoku ke ukukhumbula Strait. Akuzange kube kodwa kwabantu bomthonyama of America ebegqwese kakuhle kwilizwekazi entsha, ukusuka Alaska ziphethe kunxweme esemazantsi Argentina namhlanje. Xa Melika waba kakuhle ngabo, esizweni single baqalisa zokuphuhlisa indlela eyahlukileyo. Imiba jikelele waphawula kuzo, ngolu hlobo. AmaNdiya of South America imbeko clan matrilineal. Abahlali inxalenye esemntla ilizwekazi sasisaneliswa ngamadoda. Izizwe zeCaribbean, kwakukho mkhwa utshintsho kwibutho eklasini.

A amagama ambalwa malunga nale

Ukusuka kwindawo yemfuza lwembono, uluntu lwemveli of America, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, abo kula mazwe yeyona nto konke konke. Kakhokho zezazinzulu Indian bakholelwa zeAltai, apho baya kunye ngamathanga babo mandulo phayaa, ukuze bafumane umhlaba omtsha. Isibakala sokuba kwiminyaka 25,000 eyadlulayo ukusuka eSiberia ukuya eMelika sasifika indlela isiwe, koko, ngamana bonke abantu ingqalelo la mazwe kwilizwekazi emanyeneyo. Ngoko ke abahlali ez zethu eUre kwi kumntla-Eurasia, uze emva koko bafudukela kweli saseNtla Koloni, nto leyo ibe Indians. Yiloo nto ke isiphelo zeza abaphandi ngenxa yokuba inzalelwane ze zeAltai uhlobo Y-chromosome efanayo izakhi zabo chromosome of the American Indian.

izizwe northern

BaseAleut and Eskimo izizwe, leyo singene ummandla Arctic kweli lizwekazi, siya akazukuyibamba, ngokuba intsapho eyahlukileyo lobuhlanga. Abemi zomthonyama Intshona Melika yemizi ummandla langoku eCanada eUnited States, ukususela umkhenkce engunaphakade nesiphelo i-Gulf of Mexico. iye Kukho iphuhlise iintlobo zeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, leyo ngoku kubala:

• North Ndiya belimiwe inxalenye engentla Canada - kuba izizwe Algonquian kunye Athapaskan. Ezingelwa icaribou, kwakunye njengoko benza yokuloba.
• izizwe Northwest - i Tlingit, Haida, Salish Wakashe. Ethatha inxaxheba zokuloba nokuzingela zaselwandle.
• California Indians - abaqokeleli aziwayo imbewu. Kwakhona benza yokuzingelwa yesiqhelo nokuloba.
• Woodland AmaNdiya ahlala okwimpuma iphela United States yanamhlanje. izizwe Native American zaye zimelwe khona ukukhala, Algonquin, amaNdiya. Aba bantu ezingelwa ezolimo yokuhlala.
• Amathafa AmaNdiya - eyaziwa abazingeli bison zasendle. Kukho izizwe ezininzi, phakathi leyo sibala nje ezimbalwa: Caddo, Unomyayi, Osage, Mandal, Arikara, Kiowa, Apache, Wichita kunye nabanye abaninzi.
• Xa ngasezantsi zezizwe North American ahlala ePueblo, Navajo kunye Pima. La mazwe ingqalelo le aphuhlileyo kakhulu, njengoko inzalelwane apha Sizibandakanye kwezolimo, usebenzisa indlela yonkcenkceshelo, nemfuyo part-siyakhuthazeka.

Caribbean

Kwenza ukuba bakholelwa ukuba abantu bomthonyama Central America yaba aphuhlileyo kakhulu. Kungenxa kule nxalenye lizwekazi ukuphuhlisa ezintsonkothileyo ngaloo mihla, isleshi esiya niqhumisele ezolimo kunye neenkqubo nisela. Kakade ke, izizwe mmandla liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukunkcenkceshela, elathi ukuba uma- izityalo nje kunye nezityalo iziqhamo ezifana nombona, iimbotyi, ujongilanga, ithanga, zeagave, ikoko, nomqhaphu. Apha kwakhona wakhula icuba. I zemveli yabantu Latin America kule mazwe kunye abelusi (efana amaNdiya abahlala Andes). Kule khosi apha ke ubukhulu becala Llama. Kwakhona qaphela ukuba waqala apho ukuphuhlisa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye nenkqubo abangekaphuhli nawoluNtu sele kudlule eklasini, ndajika zibe kwimeko likhoboka. Phakathi zezizwe ezibe awayehlala zeCaribbean, ekunokuthiwa-Aztec, Mixtecs, Mayans, Puyuma, Totonac kunye Zapotec.

umzantsi Melika

Xa kuthelekiswa ne izizwe-Aztec, ukuba andithethi nto nje, ephuhliswe kakuhle nabanye Totonac, abantu bomthonyama yoMzantsi Merika. An ngaphandle ungenza kuphela Imperiya Inkov, leyo imi Andes, waza kuhlala zamaNdiya kwegama elifanayo. Ngomhla kummandla Brazil mihla likhaya izizwe, abo benza uhlobo ngamagaba kwezolimo, kodwa babezingela iintaka lomthonyama, ezincancisayo. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho Arawak, zaseMatupi-Guarani. indawo Argentina yelungu ihashe abazingeli guanaco. E Tierra del Fuego wahlala izizwe Yalunka, yena alacalufe abantu. Baphila ubomi ephila, isintu impela kuthelekiswa kunye nezalamane zabo, kwaye benza ekulobeni.

Imperiya Inkov

Le manyano inkulu amaNdiya, apho yayikhona 11-13 kwiinkulungwane th kwi ummandla langoku Colombia, ePeru Chile. Phambi kokufika baseYurophu, abantu balapha baye hlula zazo zolawulo. Empire yayiquka izahlulo ezine - Chinchaysuyu, Kolasuyu, Antisuyu kunye Kuntisuyu, yaye ngamnye kubo, ke, yahlulwe yaba ngamaphondo. Imperiya Inkov waba sisizwe esizimeleyo kunye nemithetho, leyo uninzi thaca ngokohlobo isohlwayo-mthetho ezithile. inkqubo karhulumente ababenayo, mhlawumbi, olungumbandezeli, yileyo. Kule meko, njengoko kwakunjalo umkhosi, kwakukho ngendlela ethile kwezentlalo, phezu umaleko asezantsi apho wenziwa ulawulo. Eyona mpumelelo iphambili Inca ingqalelo umgca yazo emikhulu. Roads, bazakhela phezu kwamaxandeka i Andes, ekugqibeleni bafika 25 ophosa. Ukuwasa usebenzisa iillama njengezilwanyana zemithwalo.

Amasiko kunye nophuhliso lwenkcubeko

Inkcubeko Native American - kakhulu ngolwimi lwabo unxibelelwano, uninzi lwazo ungabi ukuwuqonda ngokupheleleyo kunokwenzeka. Inyaniso kukuba isizwe nganye nje lwesigodi zalo ulwimi lwayo liqulathwe-ngokwalo evakala kuphela ngentetho, akazange abe kule yokubhala. Oonobumba bokuqala eMelika, wabonakala kuphela ngo-1826, phantsi kwesikhokelo yinkokeli wesizwe Cherokee Indian Sequoyah. Ukuza kuthi ga inzalelwane belizwekazi kusetyenziswa imiqondiso pictographic, kwaye ukuba kwafuneka ukuba banxibelelane nabameli bezinye iindawo zokuhlala, emva koko kusetyenziswa izijekulo ngesandla, iintshukumo zomzimba kunye nembonakalo yobuso.

Indian unkulunkulu

Nangona inani elikhulu lezizwe awayehlala kwimozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla, iinkolelo Native American baba ilula kakhulu, kwaye uyakwazi ukudibanisa kwenye. Uninzi izizwe North America wayekholelwa ukuba isithixo - luhlobo-moya, nto leyo kude olwandle. Ngokutsho legend zabo, ookhokho babo ukuze baphile kule moya. Kwaye abo benze isono, okanye wabonisa ukungakhathali, kulahlwa yakhe ndingabi enkulu. E Central Merika, oothixo wanika iintlobo zezilwanyana, ubukhulu becala iintaka. izizwe Inca Wise kukholelwa oothixo bazo AMAGQABAZA ▸ abantu owadala ihlabathi nenzaliseko yalo.

iinkolelo zonqulo Modern of Indians

Namhlanje, abemi zomthonyama belizwekazi American asisekho ngqo izithethe zonqulo, ezo luphawulwa ookhokho babo. Inkoliso yabantu nakuMntla Melika ngoku bathi ubuProtestanti ezahlukeneyo. AmaNdiya mestizos abahlala eMexico kunye Kumazantsi eli lizwekazi, phantse bonke ukubambelela ubuKatolika engqongqo. Abanye babo amaYuda. Kuphela embalwa nangoku zisekelwe izimvo wooyise, kunye nolwazi ezinazo imfihlelo enkulu ukusuka abelungu.

isici wentsomi

Ekuqaleni, zonke iintsomi namabali, iintsomi, kunye nemisebenzi nabanye abantu, ebeyinalo amaNdiya, ukuba usixelele ngobomi babo, malunga ubomi, malunga indlela yokufumana ukutya. Aba bantu ehlabelela kweentaka, ezincancisayo zasendle kunye amarhamncwa, nabazalwana bakhe kunye nabazali. A kamva intsomi encinane Ndizuze umlinganiswa ngandlel 'ithile. AmaNdiya iintsomi malunga lingekadalwa ihlabathi, leyo efana kakhulu iBhayibhile wethu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amabali abaninzi abantu bomthonyama American kukho thixo - Umfazi braids. Kuyinto kokubili-isimntwiso ubomi nokufa, imfazwe kunye nokutya, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Kuye akukho gama, kodwa ukukhankanywa amandla alo zifumaneka phantse yonke imithombo yamandulo Indian.

isiphelo

Sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Indian American inani 48 million, ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni. Aba bantu ababhalisiweyo kwilizwe labo, ziphantsi eluntwini lobukoloniyali. Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo lawo AmaNdiya abasahlala izizwe, eli nani liya kuba phezulu kakhulu. Ngokutsho data ongekho mthethweni, eUnited States likhaya kubameli ngaphezulu kwe 60,000 uhlanga zomthonyama Americanoid, ezithi zivele zombini kwi Alaska kunye Tierra del Fuego.