Imizekelo semiconductors. Types, iimpawu, izicelo ezisebenzayo

Eyona idumileyo ke silicon semiconductor (Si). Kodwa ngaphandle kwakhe, kukho abanye abaninzi. Imizekelo zendalo, izinto semiconductor ezifana blende (ZnS), cuprite (Cu ₂ O), galena (PbS) kunye nabanye abaninzi. Usapho semiconductors, kuquka semiconductors zilungiswe kwiilebhu, umele omnye kwiiklasi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izinto ezaziwayo emntwini.

Abalinganiswa of semiconductors

Izakhi-104 ze-lwezakhi nje isinyithi 79, 25 - nonmetals apho i-13 imichiza ilifa iipropati semiconducting ne-12 - Heating. Main semiconductor osemqoka sikuko ukuba conductivity lwabo kuphula ngokwandayo lobushushu. Kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, benza ngathi insulators, yaye aphezulu - njengoko ngababhexeshi. Ezi semiconductors bengafani metal: ukuxhathisa metal kwandisa ngooceba abanyulwe kukwanda lobushushu.

Omnye umahluko ukusuka metal semiconductor kukuba kweelana le semiconductor kunciphisa phantsi kwempembelelo wokukhanya, ngoxa le yokugqibela wentsimbi ayiphazamiseki. Kwakhona ke conductivity of semiconductors yahluka xa kubhalwa ukuba isixa amancinci ukungcola.

Semiconductors zifumaneka phakathi anemichiza kunye nezakhiwo crystal ezahlukeneyo. Ezi isenokuba izinto ezifana lesilicon kunye selenium, okanye imichiza kabini ezifana kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide. iikhompawundi abaninzi organic, ezifana polyacetylene, (CH) _n, - izixhobo semiconductor. semiconductors ezithile ukubonisa ngemagnethi (Z _1-x MN _x Te) okanye iipropati ferroelectric (SbSI). Okunye alloying ne babe superconductors ezaneleyo (GeTe kunye SrTiO _3). Uninzi superconductors-lobushushu eliphezulu 'Ncwadi babe kwisigaba sisinyithi semiconducting. Umzekelo, La ₂ Čuo ₄ a semiconductor, kodwa ukuyilwa ingxubevange kunye Sr uba sverhrovodnikom (La _1-x Sr _{x) 2} Čuo _4.

iincwadi Physics ukunika inkcazelo njengoko izinto semiconductor kunye resistivity yombane ukususela 10 ^-4 ukuya 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Mhlawumbi enye inkcazelo. Ububanzi webutho balelwa semiconductor - 0 ukuya 3 eV. Metals kunye semimetals - kukho izinto kunye abana zero amandla, kwaye into apho idlula W eV ebizwa insulators. Kukho ukuxolelwa. Umzekelo, nekalikedo semiconductor unalo esalelweyo wonke ummandla 6 eV, isemi-zokwambathisa Gaas - 1,5 eV. Gan, ngokuba izixhobo optoelectronic kule kummandla oluhlaza a eziphathekayo, lunebhendi ububanzi ebuntshontsho 3.5 eV.

umsantsa amandla

Valence orbitals atom kwi yikristale emkhusaneni bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini kwamanqanaba eneji - indawo free, emi kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, yaye imisela Unikezelo lombane lwe semiconductors, kunye Valence band, ngezantsi. La manqanaba, ngokuxhomekeke wolingano yikristale structure emkhusaneni kunye athom nga phambana okanye zishiyane ukusuka kwenye. Kwimeko yokugqibela kukho umsantsa amandla, okanye ngamanye amazwi, phakathi imimandla band esalelweyo.

Indawo kunye kwinqanaba nokuzaliswa umiselwa iimpawu conductive lo mbandela. Ngokwale into osemqoka lahlulwe abaqhubi, insulators, kunye semiconductors. Ububanzi webutho balelwa semiconductor yahluka 0.01-3 eV, amandla ithuba Heating kwe-3 eV. Isinyithi ngenxa ezifanayo lwamandla amanqanaba izikhewu abekho.

Semiconductors kunye insulators, ngokuchaseneyo zesinyithi, electron zizaliswe Valence band kunye mipu elikufutshane, okanye Uhanjiso band, amandla Valence sibiyelwe angabikho komsipha - inxalenye amandla balelwa electron.

Xa dielectrics yamandla thermal okanye intsimi yombane okungenamsebenzi akwanelanga ukwenza ngokutsiba ngokusebenzisa lo msantsa, electron ezi abawuthobeli Uhanjiso band. Abakwazi ukuhamba ngapha yikristale emkhusaneni kwaye babe abathwali yangoku yombane.

Ukuze amandla le lombane, ovela kwi kwinqanaba Valence kufuneka anikwe amandla, nto leyo iya kuba yanele ukoyisa isikhewu amandla. Kuphela xa isixa Ukunciphisa amandla ayikho mncinci kuno ixabiso abana eneji, uya kudlula ukusuka Valence kumphakamo electron kumphakamo Uhanjiso.

Xa kunjalo, ukuba ububanzi abana lwamandla ngaphaya 4 eV, conductivity semiconductor excitation zokukhanya okanye ukufudumeza phantse akunakwenzeka - amandla excitation ye electron kwiqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika kukuba alanelanga ukuba abatsibe umsantsa energy ngokusebenzisa kummandla. Xa itshiswe, ngembonakalo yikristale komthwebeba phambi conductivity elektroniki. izinto ezinjalo ziquka zwi (DE = 5,2 eV), idayimani (DE = 5,1 eV), iityuwa ezininzi.

Extrinsic kunye wokuphila conductivity semiconductor

ziikristale semiconductor Net abe conductivity analo. Ezo semiconductors amagama efanelekileyo. semiconductor kwenani iqulethe inani elilinganayo imingxunya kunye electron simahla. Xa amalahle conductivity okunexabiso semiconductors ukunyuka. Kwiqondo lobushushu ukusoloko, kukho imeko lizama mali olutshintshayo ngababini electron-umngxuma eyenziwe kunye nenani elektroni uhlanganise kunye nemingxuma, esala rhoqo phantsi kwezi meko.

Ukubakho ubumdaka kuchaphazela ngokubonakalayo Unikezelo lombane lwe semiconductors. Nokongeza kuvumela ukwanda kakhulu inani elektroni simahla kwi inani elincinane imingxunya kunye nokwandisa inani imigodi inani elincinane elektroni kwinqanaba Uhanjiso. semiconductors ukungcola - izinikezeli kokuba conductivity ukungcola.

Elimsulwa kulula banikele electron kuthiwa kubalizi. elimsulwa kubalizi ukuze imichiza kunye athom, amanqanaba Valence eziquka electron ngaphezu atom zezinto isiseko. Umzekelo, iphosphate kunye bismuth - a ubumdaka lesilicon kubalizi.

I-eneji efunekayo ukuze ngokutsiba umsebenzi ovela kummandla Uhanjiso, ubizwa ngokuba amandla lusebenze. Ukungcola semiconductor kufuneka eninzi kuwo ngaphezu izinto isiseko. Ekubeni ukufudumeza kancinane okanye ukukhanya ubukhulu sikhululwe electron-athom le semiconductors ukungcola. Indawo washiya atom kuthatha hole electron. Kodwa recombination electron hole akuthathi ndawo. abaxhasi umngxuma conductivity ayinamsebenzi. Oku kungenxa imali encinane athom ukungcola musa ukuvumela electron free rhoqo kufutshane emngxunyeni kwaye uyibambe kuyo. Elektroni ezinye emingxunyeni, kodwa bengenako bazizalisa ngenxa kwinqanaba amandla eyoneleyo.

Omncane additive donor ukungcola odolo ezininzi kwandisa inani elektroni Uhanjiso xa kuthelekiswa nenani elektroni simahla semiconductor analo. Electron apha - abathwali eziphambili ngezityholo atomic of semiconductors ukungcola. Ezi izinto ilungu n-uhlobo semiconductors.

Elimsulwa yekeyeke electron le semiconductor, ukwandisa inani mingxuma kulo, ekuthiwa acceptor. elimsulwa Acceptor zizinto imichiza kunye negcuntswana elektroni komgangatho Valence ngaphezu kwisiseko semiconductor. Boron, kaLayishe waseGalim, indium - acceptor ukungcola in lesilicon.

Iimpawu semiconductor lixhomekeke zalo iziphene njengekristale isakhiwo. Oku kubangela imfuneko yokukhula ziikristale kakhulu nyulu. Ipharamitha Uhanjiso semiconductor kulawulwa ngokuthi kongezwe dopants. ziikristale Silicon doped kunye phosphorus (V iqelana element) nto leyo onikele ukudala nomkhenkce lesilicon n-hlobo. Kuba crystal nge boron acceptor p-uhlobo lesilicon alawulwa. Semiconductors ingahlawulwa inqanaba Fermi ukuba ibe phakathi umsantsa band wadala ngale ndlela.

semiconductors single-element

Eyona semiconductor iqhelekileyo, Kakade ke, lesilicon. Sikunye eJamani, yena kwase kolo didi esikhulu semiconductors ukuba babe izakhiwo crystal efanayo.

Ulwakhiwo crystal Si kunye uGenubhati ziyafana naleyo diamond kunye α-nenkcenkce. It kaka ngalinye atom 4 elikufutshane athom leyo ibe tetrahedron. ulungelelaniso olunjalo kuthiwa izihlandlo ezine. Ziikristale tetradricheskoy bond isiseko sentsimbi kushishino elektroniki kwaye badlale indima ephambili ubugcisa bale mihla. Ezinye izinto V kunye VI zeqela lwezakhi nazo semiconductors. Imizekelo yalo hlobo semiconductors - phosphorus (P), nesulfure (S), selenium (Se) kunye tellurium (Te). Ezi semiconductors abe atom triple (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) okanye ulungelelaniso lunemiba emine ebalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko uyakwazi zikhona izinto ezinjalo izakhiwo crystalline ezahlukeneyo eziliqela, kwaye kufuneka ilungiswe ngohlobo yeglasi. Umzekelo, Se okhule monoclinic kwaye trigonal izakhiwo crystal okanye i window (apho kananjalo kuthathwa Polymer).

- Diamond uye conductivity ebalaseleyo thermal, iimpawu ezigqwesileyo ngoomatshini nezibonwa yonke, amandla aphezulu ngoomatshini. Ububanzi abana lwamandla - DE = 5,47 eV.

- Silicon - semiconductor ezisetyenziswa iiseli solar, kunye nefomu amorphous, - in a obhityileyo-bhanya iiseli elanga. Le yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu semiconductor iiseli solar, kulula ukuba wenze, uye iipropati elungileyo lombane nobomatshini. DE = 1,12 eV.

- Germanium - semiconductor ezisetyenziswa spectroscopy gamma-ray, ukusebenza eliphezulu iiseli elanga. Isetyenziswa kwi ilight yokuqala kunye transistors. Kufuna ukucoca ngaphantsi kwe lesilicon. DE = 0,67 eV.

- Selenium - a semiconductor, esetyenziswa kwi rectifiers selenium ukuba amelane radiation eliphezulu kwaye amandla okuphilisa ngokwayo.

iikhompawundi element-Two

Iimpawu Semiconductors benziwa izinto 3 no-4 lamaqela lwezakhi bafana iimpawu iikhompawundi amaqela ama-4. Inguqu evela kumaqela 4 lweziqalelo eqhola 3-4 gr. Lenza unxibelelwano ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba elektroni zothutho intlawulo ionic ukusuka i-atom Atom 3 IQela 4 Group. Ionicity utshintsho ngeempawu semiconductors. Yenza ukwanda kwi Coulomb amandla ion-ion intsebenziswano umsantsa amandla isakhiwo electron band. UMZEKELO iikhompawundi yokubini yale hlobo - indium antimonide, InSb, Gaas kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide, kaLayishe waseGalim antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide INP, aluminiyam antimonide AlSb, kaLayishe waseGalim phosphide isikhewu.

Ionicity ukwanda kunye nexabiso layo lukhula amaqela ngaphezulu iikhompawundi 2-6 iikhompawundi ezifana isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, selenide, zinc emanzini, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, emanzini, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, telluride, zinc selenide. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi iikhompawundi amaqela 2-6 esalelweyo band banzi kwe-1 eV, ngaphandle iikhompawundi mercury. Mercury Telluride - ngaphandle eneji umsantsa semiconductor, semi-metal, ezifana α-tin.

Semiconductors amaqela 2-6 kunye bomntu ukusetyenziswa enkulu umsantsa amandla ekuvelisweni kweti i-laser kunye nemiboniso. Amaqela Binary 6 2 ambaxa ne energy isikhewu iingqameko efanelekileyo ukuba balwamkele infrared. iikhompawundi Binary izakhi amaqela 1-7 (cuprous bromide CuBr, AGI iodide isilivere, chloride ngobhedu CuCl) ngenxa ionicity eziphakamileyo ngokubanzi bandgap W eV. Benza okunene semiconductors, kunye insulators. ukukhula Crystal okubambelela amandla ngenxa Coulomb intsebenziswano interionic liququzelela athom ayalelayo ityuwa kunye ukuze lesithandathu, endaweni equation nokulawula. Zithako 4-6 amaqela - emanzini, telluride ekhokelayo, nebhekile emanzini - njengoko semiconductors. Ionicity ezi zinto kwakhona ikhuthaza uququzelelo Ukwakheka sixfold. Kakhulu ionicity nto ayikuthinteli phambi kokuba babe izikhewu band emxinwa kakhulu, ukuba zisetyenziselwe ukufumana infrared. KaLayishe waseGalim ephuculweyo - kumaqela ezimbaxa 3-5 kunye umsantsa amandla ngokubanzi, ukufumana isicelo laser semiconductor kunye ilight-esikhupha ezisebenzayo kwinxalenye oluhlaza zazo.

- Gaas, kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide - ngokufunwa emva semiconductor lesilicon yesibini iqhele ukusetyenziswa njenge zeendawana abanye abaqhubi, umzekelo, GaInNAs kunye InGaAs, xa setodiodah infrared, transistors rhoqo aphezulu pha, iiseli kakhulu solar, laser ode, detectors gula yenyukliya. DE = 1,43 eV, Oku kuphucula izixhobo amandla xa kuthelekiswa ne-electronic. Nkum iqulathe ubumdaka nzima ukuvelisa.

- ZnS, zinc emanzini - zinc ityuwa hydrogen sulphide kunye imimandla esalelweyo band kunye 3,54 3,91 eV, esetyenziswa laser kwaye phosphor.

- SnS, nebhekile emanzini - semiconductor ezisetyenziswa photoresistors kunye photodiodes, DE = 1,3 no-10 eV.

oxides

Le oxides metal kukhethwa kukho insulators kakhulu, kodwa ke kukho iimeko. Imizekelo yalo hlobo semiconductors - oxide nickel, oxide ubhedu, ayibe oxide, ubhedu dioxide, oxide intsimbi, europium oxide, zinc oxide. Ekubeni lobhedu dioxide ikhona njengoko cuprite izimbiwa, iimpawu ayo efunda ngokuzimisela. Inkqubo zokulinywa olu hlobo semiconductor yiyo ayikacaci ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwazo isekhona ngokupheleleyo. An Okungumahluko zinc oxide (ZnO), amaqela ezimbaxa 2-6, lisetyenziswa transducer kunye nokuveliswa iiteyiphu kwakuse kunye iiplasta.

Le meko kakhulu emva esebenzayo wafunyanwa iikhompawundi ezininzi ngobhedu mpilo. Le superconductor lobushushu eliphezulu lokuqala ukuvula Bednorz kunye Muller, waye semiconductor compound ngokusekelwe La ₂ Čuo _4, amandla umsantsa ka 2 eV. Esikhundleni divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium okanye kwiteksti, eyaziswa abathwali isigxina semiconductor ezivuzayo. Ukuphumeza mngxuma xi kuyimfuneko yenza La ₂ Čuo ₄ superconductor. Ngeli xesha, iqondo eliphezulu lenguqu ukuya lokwakhiwa karhulumente bobabo ezibamba HgBaCa ₂ Cu ₃ O _8. Ngamandla, ixabiso layo ngu 134 K.

ZnO, kusetyenziswa nezinki oxide varistor, ilight blue ukukhanya-esikhupha, abenzi igesi, abenzi boluvo zebhayoloji, Ipeyinti windows ukubonisa ukukhanya infrared, njengokuba umqhubi ibonisa LCD kunye neebhetri elanga. DE = 3,37 eV.

crystals sixhobo sekhombuya

iikhompawundi Double njengelothe diiodide, kaLayishe waseGalim selenide kunye molybdenum dayisalfayidi kwahluka sekhombuya isakhiwo njengekristale. Ezi Ingaphandle iibhondi covalent bamandla enkulu, babomelele ngakumbi van der imixokelelwane Waals phakathi maleko ngokwabo. Semiconductors uhlobo ezinjalo umdla kuba electron aziphathe kweengqimba a sasemthethweni esinelungelo lokuwisa-mbini. Intsebenziswano lamanqanaba kutshintshwe ngokwazisa atom ngaphandle - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide lisetyenziswa detectors rhoqo, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. DE = 1,23 no 1.8 eV.

semiconductors organic

Imizekelo semiconductors ngokwesiseko oganikhi khompawundi - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. semiconductors Organic unalo ithuba elingcono non-organic: kulula ukuba bamnike umgangatho ofunekayo. Substances ngemixokelelwane udibaniso yenze -C = C-C = ilifa kakhulu woqondo non-linearity kunye, ngenxa oku, optoelectronics isicelo. Ngaphezu koko, amandla band umsantsa semiconductor zomgquba ambaxa kwifomula ziyahluka utshintsho kulula kakhulu ukuba ngaphezu semiconductors eziqhelekileyo. Crystalline allotropes of fullerenes carbon, graphene, nanotubes - nayo semiconductors.

- Fullerene has isakhiwo ngokohlobo emacala khaxa evaliweyo ugleoroda inani-athom. A kweziyobisi fullerene C ₆₀ kanye nentsimbi kwealkali eliguqula ibe superconductor.

- mifanekiso carbon monoatomic umaleko ibunjiwe, udityaniswe kwi efestileni onamacala amabini ezinamacala amahlanu. Rekhodi conductivity nokushukumisa electron, ngqongqo eliphezulu

- Nanotubes ke waqengqela ibe ipleyiti ityhubhu grafayithi ukuba ububanzi of neenanometer eziliqela. Ezi iintlobo carbon yedinga kakhulu nanoelectronics. Kuxhomekeka nokuhlangana inokuba ebuntsimbi okanye semiconductor esemgangathweni.

semiconductors magnetic

Zithako kunye ion kazibuthe europium kunye manganese babe iipropati ukwazi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye semiconducting. Imizekelo yalo hlobo semiconductors - emanzini europium, selenide europium kunye nezisombululo eziqinileyo, ezifana Z _1-x MN _x Te. Umxholo ion otsalayo ichaphazela zombini izinto ukubonisa iimpawu ngemagnethi ezifana ferromagnetism kunye antiferromagnetism. semiconductors Semimagnetic - yinto izisombululo semiconductors ngemagnethi nzima eziqulathe ion sibubona ekukhanyeni yoxinaniso eliphantsi. izisombululo ezinjalo eqinileyo ukutsala ingqalelo ithemba lakho kunye ikhono elikhulu izicelo kunokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya semiconductors non-magnetic, banakho ukufikelela ngokuphindwe million ezinkulu Faraday ujikelezo.

imiphumela Strong magnetooptical of semiconductors zemagneti uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwezwi optical. Perovskites, efana MN _0.7 Ca _0.3 O _3, iimpawu zayo kunabanye metal-semiconductor lenguqu, leyo ukuxhomekeka ngqo kwiziphumo sibubona lo mkhuba giant magneto-resistivity. Asetyenziswe ngayo kunomathotholo, izixhobo ezisebenzisa, ezo zilawulwa yi mhlaba otsalayo, kukho izixhobo microwave waveguide.

ferroelectrics semiconductor

Olu hlobo ziikristale luphawulwa ubukho zisihambela yabo yombane kwaye isiganeko nokwehlukana ezizenzekelayo. Umzekelo, iimpawu ezinjalo semiconductors kukhokelela titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, telluride germanium, GeTe, itoti telluride SnTe, leyo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi iipropati ferroelectric. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa enombala, abenzi boluvo nonlinear piezoelectric kunye nezixhobo memory.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo semiconductor

Ukongeza kwiincwadi semiconductor ekhankanywe ngasentla, kukho abanye abaninzi ukuba musa kuwa phantsi enye yezi ntlobo. Zithako of formula 1-3-5 elements ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ kunye 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ yakha ubume crystal chalcopyrite. Qhagamshelana iikhompawundi tetrahedral semiconductors emeleneyo 3-5 kunye namaqela 2-6 kunye zinc blende isakhiwo njengekristale. Zithako fomu semiconductor izakhi 5 kunye namaqela-6 (ezifana Njengoko ₂ Se _3), - i semiconductor ngokohlobo yikristale okanye ngeglasi. Chalcogenides of bismuth kunye kwistibhiya zisetyenziswa umbane semiconductor thermoelectric. Iimpawu olu hlobo semiconductor umdla kakhulu, kodwa bona baye udumo ngenxa isicelo elinganiselwe. Noko ke, isibakala sokuba kukho ke, siqinisekisa ubukho kodwa uphando ngokupheleleyo endle semiconductor physics.