Imithombo yamacandelo ezinkcazo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo ezinkcazelo kwiintetho

Ulwimi lwesiRashiya lunenye yezona zicebile kwaye zicacisa kakhulu kwihlabathi ngenxa yobuninzi beendlela ezicacileyo. I-Phraseology yincwadana yeelwimi apho kuhlanganiswa khona ukuhlanganiswa kwamagama angabonakaliyo, okubizwa ngokuba ngamacandelo ekhethekileyo. Ngosizo lwabo, intetho iya kuba yinto enhle.

Kuthetha ukuthini igama elithi "phraseology"? I ntsi ngiselo

Umntu ngamnye usebenzisa iincwadana ezinamaphiko entetho yakhe ngokuzithandela okanye engazi kakuhle ukuba amnike imibala engqondweni. Kuye wonke umntu uyazi imvelaphi yemvelaphi yeelwimi kunye nento ehluke ngayo kwezinye iindibano. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yamagama angamaphiko kunye nokungabadibanisi namanye amacandelo okuthetha, kubalulekile ukwazi iziganeko zabo.

Iinqununu zenkcazo zihlala zixakeka ngokubunjwa, oko kukuthi, ziqukethe amagama amabini okanye ngaphezulu.

2. Nentsingiselo engacatshangwanga. I-Phraseology ayikwazi ukwahlukana, kodwa ingabonakaliswa ngamanye amagama-iinguqulelo. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "roll roll" lisetyenziswe ngombono 'wokugxeka umntu ngokungenangqiqo'.

3. Ngokungafani nemibandela yamahhala, iinqununu zemihlathi zibonakaliswa ngokuqhubekayo kobunzima - izixhobo azitshintshi ngamanani kunye nemigangatho (awukwazi ukuthi "ikati yakhala" esikhundleni sokudibanisa neklasi "ikati yakhala" okanye "endaweni yeenkukhu ayifuni" - "inkokhelo ayifuni", ngeendlela Ngentsingiselo "ezininzi" kunye "ncinane" ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiintetho).

4. Umyalelo wamagama ukhankanywe ngamagama aphiko. Kuphosakeleyo ukutsho "amathambo kunye nesikhumba" endaweni "yesikhumba kunye namathambo." Lo mgaqo usebenza kuzo zonke iiyunithi ezisemgangathweni.

Amabinzana aphilileyo ngolwimi olunye, njengomthetho, aguqulwanga igama ngelizwi kwelinye. Ukuba ngesiRashiya kukho ibinzana elithi "ukukhafulela kwisiqwenga", isiNgesi siya kuthi "hlala uphenduke ngesithupha sakho", ngelixa intsingiselo iya kuba yinye - "udibanise".

Imisebenzi yamacandelo ebakalayo kulwimi

Amagqabantshintshi anamaphiko anika intetho ye-vivacity kunye nemifanekiso. Ukwaziswa kwegama lokubhaliweyo luyakuxabiswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi wabantu, ngokuqhelekileyo iindaba zentatheli zijika kwiindlela ezinjalo kwiimifanekiso kunye neengqinisiso, kodwa oko kuyimfuneko ukwazi kakuhle ukuba ibinzana lithetha ntoni. Ukusebenza kwe-humorist okanye i-satirist iya kukhanya kwaye icacise ngakumbi xa efaka amabinzana enamaphiko entetho yakhe. Ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo e-phraseological kwimihla yamaphephandaba kwimihla ngemihla ibalulekile, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo umbhali wale nqaku uyayibonisa ukuguqulwa kobugcisa. Kukho iimeko ezingama-5 apho ibinzana elinamaphiko lithatha intsingiselo entsha.

1. Ukwandiswa kobunjwa ngokusebenzisa ukucaciswa kwamagama: "Amakati, kungekhona amancinci, kodwa amakhulu, anamanqatha ahlambulukileyo, awanqabile intliziyo yakhe." Kule meko, i-phraseology eyaziwayo yaqhekeka ngamanye amagama.
2. Ukwamkelwa ukunciphisa (ukunciphisa) kuboniswa kwinqaku e-TV eyaziwayo "Musa Ukuzalwa Mhle". Iyabongoza ukuqhubeka: "uze uzalwe ujabule."
3. Imithombo yombhalo wencwadi yombhali ifakwe kwintsebenziswano ehleliweyo yeklasi. Ngaloo ndlela, inkulumo yesiLatini "veni, vidi, vici" ("yeza, yabona, iphumelele") intatheli angenza ngendlela yakhe: "weza, wabona, wabhalwa."
4. Ukudibanisa amagama amaninzi: "Asisona isizathu sokuba ukwesaba kuthiwa ukwesaba, ukuba uBat god uhleka ngogumbe weHericeric laughter?" Ukuqhagamshelana kufuneka kube yimpumelelo, ukwenzela ukuba ibinzana likhangeleki.
5. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwentsingiselo engumfuziselo, xa i-phraseology inentsingiselo ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye ingekho imifanekiso, umzekelo: "Isifanekiso sikaBuddha sasinezandla zegolide".

Iibinzana ezinamaphiko zafika njani?

Ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko yabantu ngabanye kwenzeke kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ilifa lelizwe elinye laqala ukuba nomdla kwabanye, ngenxa yokuba ubani unokuphawula into ebalulekileyo yokufana. Imithombo yamagatya aseburusiya ahlukeneyo aseRussia ahlukeneyo ngamaqela amakhulu amabini: amaRashiya amakhulu kunye nebolekayo. Amazwi aphilileyo aseRashiya ahlawulwe kwiilwimi zaseSlavic nakwiSlavic. Ukususela kwisiNgesi kwafika amabinzana amnandi "isiphango kwisiglasi samanzi," "ukuba okanye angayi kuba," "inkosazana kwi-pea." Ngako oko, iinqununu zeRashiya ezinokwakheka kwamanye amazwe zisasazeka kwihlabathi. AmaCzech kunye nabaseBrithani basoloko bevuyiswa ngamazwi anamaphiko e- "service service", "iqhawe langethuba" kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Iinqununu zengqungquthela zesiRashiya zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu: obscheslavianskie, vostochnosljanskie kunye ne-samo-russkie. Ukwahlukana kubangelwa kwintsimi abasasazwa kuyo.

1. I-Slavic yamandulo okanye iProto-Slavic ingathunyelwa kwi-phraseology kwizihloko ezinxulumene nezimo zeBhayibhile, umzekelo, "uKristu esifubeni" ngentsingiselo "ekukhuselekeni ngokupheleleyo."
2. Amaseyunithi ase-East Slavic asetshenziswe ngabaRashiya, i-Byelorussians kunye ne-Ukrainiya ("bebeka ingulube" - "zenze intsingiselo," "akukho nxaxheba okanye inkundla" - "akukho nto").
3. Amazwi anentsingiselo elineRashiya: "ngeengcango ze-gulkin" - "encinci", "gcina umlomo wakho uvaliwe" - "cwaka."

Iimpawu zeStlisti zegama

Umntu usebenzisa inkulumo yakhe ihlanganiswe inhlanganisela yamazwi enentsingiselo ephathekayo, ngaphandle kokucinga ngayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi yinto engcolileyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zahlula zonke iiyunithi ze-phraseological zibe zihlulo ezintathu ngokuxhomekeke kumbala wazo wesitayela.

1. Ukuhlanganiswa okungathathi hlangothi , njengokuthi "uNyaka omtsha", "indawo yokujonga." Iipraseologisms kunye neentsingiselo zesicwangciso esinjalo, njengomyalo, zilula ukutolika, ekubeni umntu usebenzisa zona entetho yakhe rhoqo.
2. Incwadi . Zingasetyenziswanga kuphela kwimpapasho eprintiweyo, kodwa nakwiintetho zansuku zonke - oku kuya kubonisa imfundo yomntu ("iBabiloni pandemonium", "I-Achilles" isithende "). Nangona kunjalo, akufanelekanga ukusebenzisa ii-unitologicalological units kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga okanye rhoqo.
3. Ingxoxo . Isetshenziswe ngokuqhelekileyo "iqhuba elimhlophe", "i-peffon peas" kunye namanye amacandelo. Ibanga lesi-6 lixesha elifanelekileyo kakhulu lokufunda umfundi ngamazwi afanayo, ukuze aqale ukuwasebenzisa ngokuzenzekelayo.
4. Iinqununu zeengqamaniso zesigxina azivumelekanga kwintetho yomntu ofundisiweyo, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezisemthethweni. Kulo mpawu, unokukhetha unxibelelwano lwegama elifanelekileyo. Ngoko, ibinzana elithi "isisiphukuphuku" singathatyathwa yi-phraseology "iza njengejirafi."

Amazwi anamaphiko kwezinye iilwimi

Zonke izizwana zehlabathi zinelifa lemveli enkcubeko, elinokuthi lithathwe kwiincwadi. Amagama angamaphiko awakhoyo ngesiRashiya kuphela, kodwa nakwabanye abaninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto zitshintshile, ngoko akunakwenzeka njalo ukuqonda ukuba yintoni ibinzana lithetha, kodwa intsingiselo yalo iyaqhubeka. Ezinye iintlukwano zingafumaneka kumzekelo wesiNgesi.

• Ibinzana elithi "intaka engaqabileyo" ("i-rara") ivela kwisiLatini. NgesiRashiya kwavela i-phraseology "isikhala esikhulu", kwaye ngesiNgesi ukuguqulelwa akuzange kutshintshe.
• "Yilwe njengentlanzi ekhanda" - ngoko bathetha ngomntu owenza umsebenzi onzima kwaye ongenanto. NgesiNgesi, ilizwi lizwakala ngathi "yitsho umgca ngomsila".
• Iifraseologisms "zokwenza intaba ukusuka kwimitha" kunye "nokwenza intambo yeendlovu" zizalisekisiweyo ezipheleleyo, kodwa okokuqala kufunyanwa kubantu baseYurophu.
• NgesiNgesi, ibinzana elinamaphiko "njengoko umoya uphuma" lizwakala ngathi "linyamalale emoyeni ocacileyo." Ngoko bathi ngomntu okhawuleza wanyamalala ngaphandle kokuchaza.
• Inzwi elidumileyo "lithande kabini amabini amane" ngesiNgesi livakala kakhulu: "ngokucacileyo njengempumlo ebusweni." Ngaba idibene nolwazi olubuthathaka lweemathematika?
• NgesiNgesi, i-phraseology "ukubiza izinto ngamagama abo afanelekileyo" ivakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo: "biza ifosholo ifosholo." Umbuzo othakazelisayo unokuvela: "Kutheni kubakho ithuluzi legadi, kungekhona i-pudding okanye ikhofi?"

• Ukuba umntu waseRashiya uthi "gcina umlomo wakho uvaliwe," isiNgesi uya kwenza ibhokisi yokuxoxa "iqhosha emlonyeni wakhe." Ukukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-phraseology ithetha ukuba awuzange ulive ngaphambili, kufuneka uguqulele kwisichazizwi.
• Amanye amabinzana aphiko ukusuka kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi alondoloza ngokupheleleyo iqela lesichazamazwi ekuguquleleni. Ngaloo ndlela, iinqununu zegama elithi "zihamba emlilweni nasemanzini", "isifo sohudo", "umphefumlo ongaqhamanga" kunye "nokukhangela inaliti kwindawo yokutya yezonyosi" isandi esifanayo kwisiNgesi nangesiRashiya.

Iimbonakaliso ezinamaphiko zababazi, oomkhumbi kunye nabanye

Ngolwimi lwesiRashiya, iqela elikhulu lihlala ngamagumbi ezinkcazo ezazisetyenziswe kwintlobo ethile yomsebenzi. Nika ingqalelo indlela amaqela angamazwi abonakala ngayo kwisigxina esincinci sabantu, esiya kuba nefanelekileyo kubantu. Ngoko, amazwi atyunjwe ngamanqanawa "ukuqhubela phambili" kwaye "ukuhamba nokuhamba" aneentsingiselo-"ukuhlala kungekho nto" kunye "nokuthobela iimeko." Ibinzana elithi "akukho ngqongqo okanye i-hitch," "unciphisa ngaphantsi kwe nut" kunye nabanye basebenziselwa abachwepheli beengcali, kwaye kamva bonke abanye. Ukuba abalobi basebenzisa ibinzana elithi "bafikelele" okanye "baxhamle kwi-hook" kwintetho yabo, abanye bathi njalo kwiimeko ezingahambelani nokuloba. Ngaloo ndlela, imithombo yamacandelo angama-phraseological ingatholakala kwiinkalo zobugcisa zomsebenzi.

Amazwi anamaphiko kunye nokudala

Ihlabathi lanamhlanje lininzi kwiinkcubeko zaseGrisi naseRoma, njengokuba isampula yobugcisa beklasi bebekwe kulo xesha. Iingcaphuno ezivela kwiintsomi zamandulo kunye neengqungquthela zisetyenziswe kwincwadi yale minyaka. Imithombo yamacandelo ebinzana achazwe kwiGrisi yaseRoma naseRoma, njengoko izifundo zasendulo zihlala zifuna uluntu.

Namhlanje kunqabile ukuva i-phraseology "ingena kwiingalo zikaMorpheus," kwaye ngaphambi kokuba inkosi yelizwi iphendukele kule ngxelo. Imvelaphi yegama eliphilileyo lidibaniswa ngokukhawuleza kunye neziganeko ezimbini. Ukulala kwe-morphine kufumaneka kwiintloko zeentyatyambo ze-poppy, kwaye unkulunkulu u-Morpheus waseGrisi yasendulo wafafazwa ngeentyantyambo ze-poppy kwaye akazange avule amehlo akhe.

Hymen kwihlabathi la mandulo - umgcini womtshato. Ukuthetha malunga nomanyano wabathandi ababini, ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa igama lokudibanisa igama, eliqulethe igama elibonisa iminyango, iigaments okanye ezinye izinto ezidibeneyo. Ngezibophelelo zibophelelane omnye komnye - kwaye ngoko kubonakala sengathi i-phraseology "iimbopho ze-Hymen", okuthetha uthando olungunaphakade noluthando lwabantu ababini.

Esidlulileyo, unkulunkulukazi wokungaboni ngaso u-Eris wanquma ukuphindiselela koothixo, ongammemele emthendelekweni. Wawaphonsa i-apula yegolide kunye nombhalo othi "iHera enhle kunazo zonke, uAphrodite noAthena." Oothixokazi abathathu baphikisana ixesha elide ngubani omele afake ngokufanelekileyo le sihloko, kodwa uParis wenza ukhetho lwakhe ngokuthanda uthikazikazi wothando. Ngenxa yoko, wamnceda ukuba afumane uElena, ngenxa yokuba i-Trojan War ende yaqala nini. Ngoko kubonakala ngathi "i-apple yokungahambelani".

U-Aesop owayengumGrisi wasendulo akazange anikwe bonke abantu. Kwintetho yakhe, wayedla ngokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuthetha, ngenxa yokuba abantu abakuzungezile babengenakuqaphela into awayeyithethayo. Namhlanje, igama elithi "ulwimi lwe-Aesophiya" lithetha ukukwazi ukuveza iingcamango zabo kwiingxelo kunye nemifanekiso.

Indima yamacandelo ebakalayo kumajelo

Umsebenzi wokupapashwa ophrintiweyo kukukhawulela abafundi kunye nokufumana abaphulaphuli abaziintloko, ngenxa yokuba imfuno yephephandaba iya kuhlala iphezulu. Abaphengululi beendaba bahlala bezama ukufumana umxholo oqaqambileyo, ngokusekelwe kwibinzana. Kwilizwe le-CIS bayabahlonela kwaye bakhumbule abalobi baseRussia be-Golden Age, yingakho bahlala bekhetha isihloko senkcazelo eyaziwayo yiGriboyedov "Bangobani abagwebi?" Ukusuka emsebenzini wakhe "Yeha ku-Wit". Ngokuqhelekileyo, abalobi basebenzisa iiyunithi zegama okanye bawancedise ngezitsha zamagama. Ngoko, kwisihloko esithi "Iingqunto azitshisi," kukho uxhulumaniso noMikhail Bulgakov kunye nesigama sakhe esidumile esithi "Imibhalo yesandla ayitshisi." Ngaloo ndlela, imithombo yamagumbi angama-phraseological nawo ayingcamango. Ibinzana labantu abanamaphiko "umkhumbi omkhulu wokubhukuda" kunye "neenkukhu ezantsi zikholelwa" intatheli zatshintshile "i-ruble enkulu indiza" kwaye "imimiselo kaMeyi ekwindla ikholelwa." Iingcali ziqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo ebinzana kumajelo eendaba kunomtsalane kubafundi. Kubalulekile ukwazi intsingiselo yomfanekiso ngamnye we-stylistic, ukwenzela ukuba akukho ntloni.

Iimpazamo ekusebenziseni iinqununu zomhlathi

Umntu ofundayo uzama ukuhobisa intetho yakhe ngamagama angamaphiko, sebenzisa amagama olwazi kunye namazwi angaphandle. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwefomu enye okanye enye iphosakeleyo, enokuchaphazela intsingiselo yomxholo kwaye uyitshintshe ngokupheleleyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezibonakaliswa rhoqo kwiintetho zomntu.

Ezinye zinciphisa ngokungabalulekanga ukwakhiwa kwegama elithi "ngenxa yokulahleka yecandelo:" impumelelo yomfundi ifuna into engcono "esikhundleni sokuba" impumelelo yomfundi ishiyeke into enqwenelekayo. " Ifom yokuqala isetyenziswa ngephutha. Ukutshintshwa kwelinye lala maqumrhu linokuba yintsusa, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kubangelwa ukuhleka.

Abasebenzi beendaba badla ngokusebenzisa i-phraseology kwiintetho zabo "apho unyawo lwentatheli lungahambanga khona." Kwintsebenziswano ezinzile, kulo mzekelo, endaweni yegama elithi "umntu", omnye ukhethwa.

Ukutshintshwa kwesigxina esisondeleyo kwisandi yiphutha elingakhokelela umntu ofundayo ukuba amise. Ngoko, esikhundleni sefomu echanekileyo "ungalahleki nesibindi" unokuva "ayikho intliziyo elahlekileyo" - isenzi kwixesha elidlulileyo likhethwe endaweni engapheliyo.

Ukutshintshwa ngokungafanelekileyo kweefom zegrammatical, nazo, kunokubangela ukuhleka, ingakumbi xa esikhundleni segama elithi "bhabhisa imbungu" abantu bakuva "izibindi." Ukutshintshwa kweyodwa kunye nobuninzi akuvumelekanga.

Ngokuqhelekileyo iphutha libonakalisa kumxube wamagama amabini. Iifraseologisms "zinentsingiselo" kwaye "idlala indima" inokudideka kunye nomnye, okuphumela ekuphenduleni "umdlalo wexabiso".

Ukungaphumeleli ukuqonda intsingiselo yeentetho ezinamaphiko kukubongamela, kuba oku kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela amaqela abonisa ngayo amagama kunye naziphi na iimeko ekufuneka zisetyenziswe ngazo. Ngoko, ibinzana elithi "abagqibeleleyo baphumelele benza ingoma yabo yengoma" (ingoma ihlabelelwa yintaka efayo) ivakalisa ingcikivo, ngoko ukuba awuqinisekanga malunga nokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi, musa ukuthatha ingozi.

Sisebenzisa kaninzi kangakanani ukuhlanganiswa kwegama? Iipraseologisms kwintetho yansuku zonke

Umntu usebenzisa amabinzana enamaphiko entetho ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokuba ubonakala. Njengomthetho, oku kwenzekayo ngaphandle kokuqonda. Ngoko, ngomnye abanye bathi iintetho ezimbalwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo ikharityhulam yeekharityhulam iquka ii-unitological unit (ibanga lesi-6 nangaphezulu).

Sibiza "i-scapegoat" umntu omele aphendule ngenxa yokuphosakela kwabanye, aze athukuthele umntu, uthi "Ndiza kukubonisa u-kuz'kina umama!" Ukuzama ukufezekisa umphumo onqwenelekayo kuyo yonke imizamo, "sijika njengegrowor in wheel", kwaye sinesivila, siqala "ukusebenza ngemikhono." Ukubona umfazi omdala, onokuthobeka, simbiza ngokuthi "idandeli yaphezulu," kunye nomntu obonakala njengecala elibi lomlingiswa - "izimvu ezimnyama kwintsapho."

Ngaphantsi kaninzi abantu bafuna ukuthatha iinqununu zeengqungquthela ngokugqithiseleyo, ukunika umbala wokubala umbala. Abathethi, kuxhomekeke kwisihloko sentetho yabo, baqale ngamagama angama-wing, ukuze abaphulaphuli babonise umdla. Abafana abancinci badla ngoku "bamba iintolo" ukuze bafumane ubuhlobo, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba "bafake umdumba" ukuze bafumane amandla. Ngaphandle kwendlela abantwana "bayigatya" imiyalelo eyilumko yabazali babo, malunga "nezantsi" emva kweminyaka edabukisayo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-phraseology iye yaqina ngokuqinisekileyo ebomini babo bonke abantu.