Yintoni na ukuthembeka? Iimpawu Ukuthembeka: ukuchonga kunye kwabalinganiswa

Lo mhlaba yenjongosenzi ukwenza imisebenzi ethile singaneli kunabela kuyo lo gama kugcinwe yokusebenza ngaphakathi uluhlu ethile esilingana iindlela kwangaphambili kunye nemiqathango yokusetyenziswa - le ukuthembeka. indices ukuthembeka yahluke kakhulu, kodwa ke kubo kuxhomekeke kakhulu umgangatho wokupasa ngayo imveliso.

zizinto

Kukho amacandelo amathathu aphambili kule nkcazelo:

• benza imisebenzi yayo;
• ixesha elifunekayo le njongo;
• iimeko ezithile yokusebenza.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi elikhankanyiweyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula izinto ezimbini ezinxulumene ukuqonda ithiyori kwaye aluncedo oko okuthathwa ukhuseleko. Iimpawu ukuthembeka kule uluvo, ezi zilandelayo: imeko kunye nokusebenza le mveliso.

Ukufumaneka kunye serviceability

Operability yimeko ethile into apho inokuba ingxaki ukwenza le misebenzi kunye parameters ezichazwe amaxwebhu zobugcisa. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukufumaneka kunye serviceability ngendlela engalunganga echongiweyo njengoko yesibini yimeko apho ozifezekisayo iimfuno zomthetho kwi kuxwebhu zobugcisa.

Ixesha - yenye into ebalulekileyo ebandakanya ukuthembeka. kulo mzekelo, i-indices ukuthembeka iquka le nto ayikho ngengozi, ngokuba umongo ebonakalayo kukuthembeka kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba zonke imveliso kufuneka inyanzelekile ukuba ixesha elithile ukugcina yobugcisa iparameters zabo.

namanye amacandelo

Ukongeza, ukuthembeka nkcazelo iquka imiqathango yokusebenza le. Kwiinkqubo zobugcisa zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kusenokuba uphawu ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo phambi kokuba iimeko lokuqala ukusilela.

Kufuneka uqonde kakuhle oko ingqiqo uvelisa igama elithi "ukuthembeka". ekwandiseni Ukuthembeka ziquka high uluhlu esemgangathweni ngaphandle ukuqingqwa ethile kunye quantification iipropati ezithile. Noko ke, kule nkqubo yokuseka ukuthembeka into ethile okanye iinkqubo alukhuni kukho imfuneko kwi ukubhengezwa iikhonsepthi neempawu eziyinxalenye ku luphawu entsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, izixhobo ezizodwa izityalo amandla ezahlukeneyo kuquka izinto ezifana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• kwalo;
• maintainability;
• ukuthembeka.

Kwaye bona baxhomekeke nabo kwakhona kwi eziliqela nezinye iparameters.

Iimpawu zamabanga

Xa sithetha ngento limisela parameters ezisisiseko ukuthembeka, kukho izinto ezintathu. Zezi:

• Umgangatho. metric kwizinga (ukuthembeka) ibandakanya isethi iipropati leyo iza kucacisa ngesidanga ukufaneleka isixhobo lobugcisa ukulungiselela injongo yawo.

Mfanelo ihlobene ngqo indlela apho wasebenzisa enye okanye enye imveliso. Umzekelo, ukuba iyunithi injini umphunga ezizodwa, apho sayilwa ngokweqobelo ukuba bawuthwale umthwalo isiseko, ziya kusetyenziswa kwindlela eqondisa okhethekileyo, umsebenzi ofanayo uza kuqalisa esilimaza imeko yayo, ngokufanelekileyo, umgangatho walo kwaye iza kuthoba iziphumo ukuba ibala izalathi ukuthembeka.

• Okuphila. Ingaba ubuchule kwezixhobo zobugcisa ezithile ukuthintela naziphi na ukunyhashwa kakhulu, yaye walawula ngaphandle uphuhliso kuzo zonke iintlobo iingozi kunye nokusilela izixhobo eziphathekayo.

• Ukhuseleko. Ukumiselwa iimpawu izixhobo zobugcisa, obonelela akukho ithuba elivela kuzo naziphi na iimeko ezinobungozi kubantu nendalo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo lwenziwa njengoko ekubaleni nezalathiso ukuthembeka ziyarekhodwa kwaye ezi mpawu.

Ngexesha imibuzo yokubuyekeza ukuthembeka iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezahlukeneyo ithathwa njengokuba ingqiqo ezifana uzinzo ngokunxulumene ukusilela lweziqalelo ngamnye. lengcinga 'kulondolozwe "nazo kusetyenziswa ngabanye.

Yintoni na?

Preservation na ipropati nasiphi isixhobo ukuba ahlale zikwimeko entle ngexesha logcino. Njengezinye iinkqubo ukuthembeka, ulungiselela iimveliso ukugcina iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko zobugcisa ngaphakathi kwemida ethile. Ukuba kuthetha ukuba ukugcinwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo msebenzi, ukhuseleko - ukuba ukuthembeka kwiimeko zokugcina.

Sinokuthi olu khetho inzima kakhulu, kwaye kakhulu kunzima ukuba ahlole inkalo ethile, ekubeni iinqobo zokhuseleko koko babe naziphi iimpawu imveliso ukuthembeka.

Eyona iphambili kolu luvo kukuba esilawulwa yokusilela rhoqo ngenxa ukuya kwabancinane iseti efakiweyo uneempawu zenzeka ngenxa yokuguga. Protection ligama kunokuba ebalulekileyo zobugcisa, kwaye zidityaniswe kunye ukuthembeka ukumisela ukuthembeka kukho izixhobo ethile kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Oku kubaluleke ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezixhobo kukho amaxesha ezithile ethile zokugcina, nto leyo ilingana no okanye ngaphezulu iseti ixesha besebenza. Ingcaciso kwezalathisi nokuthembeka iinkqubo zobugcisa kuquka inani nangoku elikhulu kakhulu ezinye izinto ezahlukileyo ngokwendalo.

umzekelo

Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuthembeka yeyunithi injini umphunga, equka:

• umgangatho izinto ezisetyenziswa inkqubo yokuvelisa;
• ukuphelela isakhiwo yacetywa;
• technology lokuvelisa wasebenzisa;
• zokuhamba technology enokusebenziseka nokufakwa kwezixhobo;
• umgangatho zamafutha asetyenziswe;
• imiqathango yokusebenza nokulondolozwa kwazo.

Kwaye yiloo nto kanye uluhlu emfutshane iquka uphawu iparameters kukuthembeka. Indalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezintsha, letiya ibandakanya imfuno ukulungiswa rhoqo degree ezinyukayo kukuthembeka. Kungenxa yoko le nto iba "ingcamango ukuthembeka" ezikhethekileyo, kutshanje waqala ukunandipha ukusasazeka ngokubanzi ngokufanelekileyo.

theory

Namhlanje yanika izixhobo zemathematika e-worldwork theory kukuthembeka, nto leyo isoloko isetyenziswa kulo mkhuba yokusombulula inombolo ngokumangalisayo lemisebenzi ezahlukeneyo ezivelayo inkqubo yemveliso kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, nezimaphambili ezingundoqo ezichaza parameters kukuthembeka (ukuqina) yezixhobo ziquka:

• inkqubo;
• bengavumi;
• element.

Ukuqulunqwa la magama iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo nale ngcamango bulumko yonke kunye element. izinto ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, nekuxoxwa ngazo nethiyori ukuthembeka thaca ngohlobo lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano nokusebenza kunye nengqokelela lokunxibelelana izinto. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba enze ingqibelelo inkqubo efunekayo. Njengoko imiba ngamnye kwenkqubo ingqalelo, nto leyo enze umsebenzi ngokuzimeleyo imisebenzi ethile.

Ukhetho nkqubo, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo amalungu alo yi ngqo. Ukuba kusetyenziswa le ngxaki eyandisiweyo, ngoko nayiphi na inkqubo ekugqibeleni uya kuba yinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu, yaye zonke izinto zahlulo, yena, iguqulelwa sezulu. Ngenxa yoko, lahlule izixhobo ezahlukeneyo izinto kule nkqubo ixhomekeke ngqo kwinqanaba oluneqela apho imisebenzi isonjululwe.

GOST ingqikelelo nkqubo kunye element kudityaniswe zibe esinye - "object".

Yintoni na?

Le into ebizwa isixhobo ethile inkqubo, okanye ezinye iimpawu zayo, nto leyo yamkelwe ukufunda iipropati ezithile kwabanye zonke iintlobo unxibelelwano namanye amazwe.

Ngexesha ukusebenza, njengoko le nkqubo xa uwonke kwaye sezulu ngabanye lunokwenzeka iimeko ezinjalo apho kukho ilahleko olupheleleyo okanye olungaphelelanga iipropati zabo ezisebenzayo. Loo ilahleko nempumelelo kwithiyori kukuthembeka ekuthiwa ukuphika, kwaye yenye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo.

Ukwala kunye neempawu zayo

Ukuphika na isiganeko ebandakanya ukugxojwa okanye kumiwe ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza into. Ngoko ke:

• ngequbuliso kancane kancane;
• oxhomekeke okanye esizimeleyo;
• buso okanye yokugqibela.

Ukuba ukwaliwa into ethile ayibandakanyi zokwala yezinye iinxalenye, oko kuthiwa ezimeleyo, lo gama ukungaphumeleli isixhobo ngenxa ukusilela kwezinye izinto kuthiwa zixhomekeke.

ukusilela ngesiquphe, ngokusekelwe igama, kukho ngokupheleleyo ngokungalindelekanga naziphi na iimpawu ezibonakalayo imbonakalo yazo, lo gama i-kancinane ukunika anxibe okanye nokushwabana umbandela, sesichengeni elide kakhulu imithwalo kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ukunciphisa yokusebenza kwi ulondolozo epheleleyo okanye kwinxenye ucikizeko lwezi nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo .

iintsilelo sokugqibela okanye epheleleyo - luhlobo yokusilela kwezixhobo apho inkqubo ithe umsebenzi walo okanye iinketho ukoyisa imida xesha efana unobangela ukusilela lilungiswa. Partial kukhokelela efanayo kuphela ukuba isebenze i-alam, kwakunye nemfuneko ukunciphisa parameters yokusebenza ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.

Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ingqalelo eyodwa ihlawulwe iintsilelo okanye indibanisela yazo, athi abenoxanduva shintsha kurhulumente umda apho ukusetyenziswa kwayo okwalandela injongo eyenzelwe yona lungafanelekanga okanye ayamkelekanga.

Njani na ukuthembeka izixhobo kwinkqubo yemveliso?

Ukunikezela ukuthembeka ophezulu kunye nokusebenza ukuqina kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka ukuba uhambe ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nokwenziwa kunye nokufakelwa nobugcisa nayiphi na inkqubo. Uhlalutyo data-manani zibonisa ukuba unobangela womonakalo zobuchwepheshe efanelekileyo, ngoko ke abenzi banamhlanje bazama ukusebenzisa iintlobo iziganeko ezizodwa evumela kwinqanaba wokwenziwa nofakelo ukunciphisa iingozi lembandezelo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo uninzi amatyala yokumisa olungxamisekileyo izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na lwezalathisi eziphambili kukuthembeka izama ukuqinisekisa ukuba umenzi, umsebenzi wabo kufuneka kwenziwe ezi nkalo zilandelayo:

• Ukwandisa izinga prefabrication ngokuthi kukhutshwe yokusebenza oluthembekileyo izixhobo. Umzekelo, imibhobho, turbines, boilers kunye nezixhobo ezizodwa amanzi ezinokubonelelwa Iimodyuli preassembled, uninzi wendibano-welding ophezulu ukusuka kwisiza ufakelo yoqobo ukuya kumgangatho mveliso, njengoko kwiimeko ezinjalo kulula kakhulu ukufumana kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwezi kobugcisa yoqinisekiso lomgangatho mihla kwisigaba ngasinye zemveliso, ukusuka kulawulo kwigalelo intermediates ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto uqale ukunika ukulawula iinkqubo ukugqibezela, uvavanyo yendalo okanye kwibhentshi. Eluncedo kolawulo ngegalelo uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuqinisekiswa yi-manani ze-iziphene eziye esafunyanwa ekuhambeni kolawulo ezikhethekileyo yeemveliso ezahlukeneyo.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo imveliso nobuchwepheshe obuphambili nolawulo inkqubo eziphakamisa amacandelo processing iinkcukacha ze imveliso ngokuchanileyo esiphezulu.
• Ngoomatshini kunye esizisebenzelayo iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa eliphambili.

Practice iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo singqiniwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo mihla kwinkqubo imveliso, kwakunye nokuthobela ngokupheleleyo iindlela emisiweyo msebenzi kakhulu ukufumanisa ukuthembeka imveliso yokugqibela. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka uqonde kakuhle iimpawu zemveliso izixhobo ezithile okanye nayiphi na imveliso, kwakunye eyona miba ephambili ubungozi usebenzise onke amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa kubo. Nale ukulinganisa indices ukuthembeka uya kusoloko phezulu nokuba ngowuphi umsebenzi intsimi othile yenziwa.