Utyani eyetundra yasehlathini kumathafa

Utyani eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa, uhlobo yayo, iindlela zezityalo lokuzala, lithathelwe ukusinda ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeka iimpawu okuluphawu lezi ndawo.

indawo okuyo

Indawo emathafeni iwela phezu imimandla Arctic yomhlaba. Kwi nemisinga Eurasia oko Ulaneka ecaleni konxweme ye-Arctic Ocean engamawaka amashumi amawaka eekhilomitha. Unxweme esemantla kwilizwekazi North America kwakhona ekuhlala kumathafa. Ubude lommandla ukusuka emantla ukuya ezantsi ngokomlinganiselo ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezimalunga ne-500. Ukongeza, Tundra usesikhundleni ezinye iziqithi kufuphi Antarctica. Ezintabeni, apho ummandla omkhulu-ephakame ngayo, kumathafa wasezintabeni kwakheka. Ngenxa wonke ummandla, apho kukho ummandla, zibalwa kwindawo iyonke loo mhlaba. Oku malunga nezigidi ezi-3 km2.

Emathafeni - ummandla apho use amabala ezincinane kwezityalo eyetundra njengotyani hlathi. Emathafeni asuka entshona ukuya empuma kwi ngasezantsi kumathafa naseAsiya nakuMntla Melika. Ubude zephetshana ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi ziyohluka kuluhlu ukusuka iikhilomitha ezingama-30 ukuya 400. Kwi imida esemazantsi kumathafa yabo kummandla ehlathini.

iimeko zemozulu echaphazela ukukhula kwezityalo

Imozulu kommandla eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa zibi kakhulu. Winter ithatha ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kweye 8 emva konyaka. Ngeli olu xesha ibanjelwe inshorensi ikhephu rhoqo, maxa wambi ubushushu umoya kusithwa 50 degrees zero. Ubusuku polar ithatha malunga neenyanga ezimbini. Phantse ze ibuye yimimoya enamandla ebandayo, izaqhwithi ikhephu.

Ihlobo kwi eyetundra zimfutshane kwaye imnandi. Kuneqabaka zinokwenzeka kwaye imvula ngohlobo ikhephu. Nangona ngosuku polar, ngaphantsi komhlaba akafumani isixa esikhulu ubushushu njengoko ilanga lisephantsi elundini, anise emva imitha Earth saa. Ukukhula kwiimeko ezinjalo, utyani kumathafa makatshintshe.

Effect permafrost ukubunjwa iintlobo Izityalo

Kwiinyanga ezifudumeleyo kummandla womhlaba kumathafa nomkhe- kuphela ubunzulu akukho iisentimitha ngaphezu kwama-50. Elilandelayo umaleko permafrost. Lo mba yenye yezona zokugweba xa kunikwe kwakhona kwezityalo kwindawo emathafeni. Lo mba kuchaphazela iyantlukwano yabo.

Permafrost inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kulo mmandla. Ngqele thawing iintlobo ikhokelela deformation zabo. Ngenxa yenkqubo ukudumba kuvela ezifana imilo kumphezulu njenge hillocks. ukuphakama kwawo ayikho neemitha ngaphezu ezimbini ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, kodwa ukuvela kwezi fom nazo kuchaphazela utyani kumathafa, zokuhlala yayo kwintsimi ethile.

Impembelelo zomhlaba kwi ukungafani kweentlobo kohlaza

Xa eyetundra ehlathini kukho umhlaba ngamanzi-ungene phezulu. Kuyinto obonakala ingakumbi ngexesha snowmelt. Amanzi awukwazi ukungena nzulu ngenxa phambi permafrost. uwase Its Kwakhona kwelona enkulu ngenxa lobushushu ngaphandle elisezantsi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, anyibilike amanzi kunye imvula inokuqokelelana phezu komhlaba, ukwakha imigxobhozo ezinkulu nezincinane.

zokuxinana kwamanzi High, ubukho permafrost, ukwanda amaqondo aphantsi ethintela ukuhamba iinkqubo imichiza nezamachiza emhlabeni. Iqulethe wamatye encinane, oqokelela oxide yentsimbi. Imihlaba emathafeni-gley ezifanele ekukhuleni kweentlobo ezithile zezityalo kuphela. Kodwa utyani emathafeni ukuze zisebenze kwiimeko ezinjalo zobomi. Umntu wayetyelele la malungu kwixesha kweentyatyambo, ihlale inkenteza ongunaphakade kwiminyaka ezayo - intle kangaka nomtsalane lokuntshula kumathafa!

Ehlathini yendalo echumayo umaleko womhlaba nawo malomoschen. Umhlaba ngowona uphantsi izondlo, oko luphawulwa asidi. Xa ukulima umhlaba emhlabeni ukwenza isixa esikhulu izimbiwa kunye nezichumiso organic. Imimandla baphathwa amahlathi-kumathafa kukho iintlobo enkulu iintlobo zengca, imithi kunye namatyholo.

iintlobo

Utyani eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa ikakhulu ixhomekeke kuhlobo kwimimandla yendalo. ubume babo kuphela xa uqala babonakala obungabangeli mdla.

Tussock nenamathafa benqumla ukulidla ntsimi inkulu. Le Turf nezimbuku zezityalo Iifomu hillocks kunye hummocks, apho iingcambu kunye iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo. A uhlobo olulodwa kumathafa - polygonal. Apha ungenza ukubukela iifomu isiqabu ngohlobo weepholigoni ezinkulu, apho zahlulwe misinga neentanda iqabaka.

Kukho nezinye iindlela ukuhlelwa kwiindawo zendalo ezifana kumathafa. Yintoni uhlaza egunyileyo kwindawo ethile, ngolu hlobo, kwaye kukho uhlobo kumathafa. Umzekelo, kumathafa up iindawo moss-ulele wayifulela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ubulembu kunye ulele. Kukho kwakhona kumathafa ezibutyholwana, apho kweengqimba zamafu willow polar, nompleyini, nenomlanga, alder zaziya.

izityalo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, utyani eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa kwafuneka ukuba ziziqhelanise iimeko ezinzima zemozulu lommandla Arctic yomhlaba. Kungenjalo ubomi bakhe kunye nophuhliso bekuya kuba nzima apha.

Nezimo kwezityalo eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa sibonakaliswa ngolu hlobo. Uninzi izilwanyana ezi Perennials. Annuals kule ixesha elifutshane zasehlotyeni akayi kuba nako ukugqiba umjikelo wobomi balo. Kuphela inxalenye encinane eso sityalo ezityalwe imbewu. Indlela esisiseko ixesha elide - kwezityalo.

izityalo emathafeni ithuba ivumela ukuba ubambe ngexesha yimimoya enamandla. Oku kunegalelo ezirhubuluzayo Namagatya nomlinganiswa kunye nokukwazi kwabo iyahlangana kunye namanye, ekusekeni uhlobo ezintofontofo. Ebusika, zonke iinxalenye izityalo ziyabandakanywa likhephu. Oku kugcina kubo kuneqabaka kakhulu. emathafeni Uninzi nesityalo ehlathini amagqabi kuba ukutyabeka Yanjengomthwebeba, nto leyo enegalelo ukumodareyitha komphunga komisa imiphezulu zabo.

utyani emathafeni, iifoto kweentlobo ezithile ezifumanekayo kwinqaku thaca iqabaka ongatshiyo zengca: sedge, ezibalaseleyo emathafeni kunye anemigxobhozo, buttercup, umqhaphu ingca, edandelion, imbewu poppy. Kumile yimithi, nenomlanga, willow polar, alder zaziya. Ezi ntlobo imithi yehlathi sele ifikelele kubude eziimitha ezintathu nangaphezulu. Phakathi Imithana zande iiblueberries, cloudberries, iiblueberries, cranberries. Ezisezintabeni zona ubulembu kunye ulele, uninzi lwazo imboniselo feed siphambili izilwanyana abahlala kwezi ndawo.

Forest eyetundra hlathi

Njengotyani eyetundra hlathi yahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Emathafeni na ummandla lenguqu phakathi kwabo. Ngomhla kummandla yehlathi-kumathafa phakathi kweziqithi ukubonakalsa isithuba inokufumaneka ezintshinyeleni nespruce, ezinde, larch kunye nezinye imithi.

zone amahlathi emathafeni nguye yedwa ummandla wayo idibana utyani eyetundra hlathi izityalo ngoku beye besiba kakhulu ekuphakanyisweni wasemzantsi. iindawo Forest, eliquka kweentlobo ngamnye imithi namatyholo, ukudala iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ukukhula kwezityalo herbaceous. Ngenxa imithi namatyholo lifinyele isantya somoya, zila iqhwa, nolwenzelwa izityalo, ukuwalondoloza ngumkhenkce.

Uphononongo kohlaza zone Arctic

Uqweqwe njengotyani eyetundra yasehlathini akukabikho kufundwe ngokupheleleyo. inkcazelo ngendlela zenzululwazi lweentlobo ikhula apha yaqala kuphela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Ukuze uqhubeke lo msebenzi, yaye namhlanje kukho hambo okhethekileyo. Ekuhambeni ezi izazinzulu nazo zenza ukuba ukumisela indlela utyani kwi eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa kuchaphazela izilwanyana ezihlala lezi ndawo. Bafuna iimpendulo kwimibuzo malunga nokuba utshintsho lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo bubukho kweentlobo ezithile zezilwanyana, kufuneka ukuba angachacha ngokupheleleyo utyani kutshatyalaliswa elide kangakanani. Ngexa abaphandi bengafumananga iimpendulo yonke imibuzo emalunga eseleyo lwendalo kummandla ommandla sub-Arctic le planethi.

Protection kulona

Nature eyetundra ihlathi kumathafa izisulu kakhulu. Ukubuyiselwa komhlaba, utyani ifuna kwiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kwiinkulungwane.
Umntu elide yayingaqondwa ukuba egqajukelwa Ifuthe elibi kuhlobo eyetundra ihlathi emathafeni. Ukuzama ukulungisa, abantu baye benza iqela zolondolozo lwendalo, iipaki zesizwe, umdlalo zolondolozo. Bona elise kummandla Russia kunye namanye amazwe ehlabathini.