Of kobugcisa nenkcubeko le Renaissance. Amanani obalaseleyo Renaissance: uluhlu

Renaissance (Renaissance) iye endaweni ngamaXesha Aphakathi, kwaqhubeka de yiEnlightenment. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali Europe. uhlobo ezahlukileyo inkcubeko yehlabathi, kwaye nobuntu kunye anthropocentrism (kwindawo yokuqala kukho umntu). Engumfuziselo Renaissance nabo batshintsha izimvo zabo.

isishwankathelo

Kwasekwa inkcubeko entsha ngobuhlobo zoluntu iye yatshintsha eYurophu. Ingakumbi abachaphazelekayo ukuwa yakhe karhulumente lamaByzantine. A lot of amaByzantine bafudukela kumazwe aseYurophu, yaye nabo bazisa inani elikhulu kakhulu imisebenzi yobugcisa. Akukho yale njengeveki eYurophu zamaxesha aphakathi, kunye Kozimo Medichi, bachukunyiswa, sidalwe Florence Academy of uPlato.

Ukusasazwa komzi-ithi kwakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda yeeklasi, leyo kude kubudlelwane wobukhosi baba. Ezi ziquka amagcisa, zasebhange, abarhwebi njalo njalo. Abayi kuqwalaselwa ukuba amaxabiso aphakathi ukuba akhiwa libandla. Oku kubangele zobuntu. Phantsi le ngcamango ithetha ngendlela yentanda, leyo iqwalasela komntu njengoko inani eliphezulu.

Kumazwe amaninzi baqalisa ukwenza amaziko yenzululwazi kunye nophando yehlabathi. umahluko yabo kumaxesha yaba wahlukana ecaweni. Oko wenza utshintsho omkhulu kwinkulungwane XV, wayila lokushicilela. Oku kwenza kube ngakumbi yaye ngokufuthi ngakumbi kuvela abanegama le Renaissance.

Ukwakheka luhlaza

Okokuqala wabonakala Renaissance Italy. Apha waqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu kwi XIII kunye XIV eminyaka. Noko ke, ukuthandwa ixesha akunakuze win, yaye kuphela 20 kwinkulungwane XV ukuba angakwazi ukuluqonda amadimoni. Kwenye eYurophu, Renaissance kuthe kwaqhenqetha kakhulu kamva. Kuyinto ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, lo abenzi bemilingo, le meko.

Leminyaka elilandelayo yaba nengxaki le Renaissance. Isiphumo ibe ukuvela banomkhwa kunye ezimbejembeje. Zonke Renaissance yahlulwe izihlandlo ezine. Ngamnye kubo thaca inkcubeko yabo, ubugcisa.

Protorenessans

Kuyinto ixesha transitional ukusuka ngamaXesha Aphakathi ukuya Renaissance. It lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amabini. Esokuqala ngexesha ubomi Giotto, okwesibini - emva kokufa kwakhe (1337). Le yokuqala izele eziye zafunyaniswa kakhulu kweli xesha lalenza amanani ziqaqamba le Renaissance. Eyesibini iye yabanjwa ngaxeshanye isibetho esibulalayo esasingcungcuthekisa Italy.

Artists le Renaissance kwexesha bavakalisa izakhono zabo kakhulu imikrolo. Ingakumbi ungahlula Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea pisano kunye Nicola kunye Dzhovanni Pizano. Mizobo yexesha zimelwe izikolo ezibini, apho ibekwe Siena no Florence. A indima enkulu ekupeyinteni xesha wadlala Giotto.

amanani Renaissance (artists), ingakumbi Giotto, ophuma ngemizobo yakhe imixholo zonqulo ukongeza kwebala kunye nezehlabathi.

Kule ncwadi, utshintsho wenza wabe Aligeri, owadala "comedy 'odumileyo. Noko ke, inzala ka wamzisa, wambiza ngokuthi 'Divine Comedy. " Sonnets of Petrarch (1304-1374 GG.), Yabhalwa kwixesha yaphinda yathandwa omkhulu waza waba ngumlandeli wakhe Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375 GG.), Umbhali "Decameron".

abaziwa le Renaissance Italian baba bemeko- ulwimi zoncwadi. Imisebenzi lwaba babhali ebedume ngaphaya kwemida karhulumente zakowabo ngexesha lokudla kwabo, yaye ekugqibeleni bonke wabhekisela ubuncwane zoncwadi yehlabathi.

Early Period Renaissance

Eli xesha yathatha iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo (1420-1500 gg.). Amanani okuqala Renaissance akazange anikezele elidluleyo ukusoloko kutshanje, kodwa ophuma emsebenzini wakhe ukubhenela kudala zoqobo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, baye bafudukela ukusuka kumaxesha kwimigaqo yamandulo. Le nguqu abachatshazelwa lutshintsho kubomi kunye nenkcubeko.

Italy olwaboniswa ngokupheleleyo ngemigaqo yamandulo lwamandulo, yaye kwamanye amazwe nangoku wanamathela izithethe isimbo zwe. Kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane XV Renaissance eyangena Spain nasemantla Alps.

Kulo ukupeyinta, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, waqala ukubonisa ubuhle lomntu. ixesha Early ikakhulu zimelwe isebenza Botticelli (1445-1510), kwakunye Mazachcho (1401-1428).

Ingakumbi nomkroli odumileyo Donatello lelona xesha (1386-1466). Xa imisebenzi yakhe alawula uhlobo ngobude. Donatello kwakhona ixesha lokuqala ukusukela mandulo wadala Umfanekiso yequmrhu ze.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunye nabayili-waziwa kakuhle kuzo ixesha Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Wakwazi ukuba ahlanganise Roman kunye nezimbo Gothic kwimisebenzi yabo. Lokubandakanyeka ukwakhiwa Izindlwana iicawe amabhotwe. Kwakhona wabuyela bokwakha Antique.

Ixesha le High Renaissance

Eli xesha yaba nokugqama Renaissance (1500-1527). Italian Art Centre ise eRoma, kodwa hayi kwi yesiqhelo Florence. Isizathu soku yaba entsha Pope Julius II. Yena waba ubhalo izama kwaye sizimisele, ebudeni bokuhlala yakhe kwetrone kapopu inkundla bafika amanani best lwezenkcubeko kweli Renaissance.

E Rome, waqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezimangalisayo, abakroli abaninzi yobuciko ukuba zingazizinto zehlabathi yobuciko ngexesha lethu. kuza Ukubhala esekelwe nemizobo ukuba ziyachulumancisa kunye ubuhle babo. Zonke ezi amasebe nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa, bancedane.

Uphononongo lidala iya enzulu. Zonke ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi izalana inkcubeko kwexesha. Ngelo xesha ukubazolisa Ages Aphakathi endaweni sidlala zobuciko. Noko ke, engumfuziselo Renaissance, uluhlu apho kumba, uboleke nje ezinye iimpawu kudala, kunye isiseko udala owakho. Ngamnye iimpawu zayo ahlukile.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Owaziwayo le Renaissance mhlawumbi uLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Le ubuntu kakhulu ubhetyebhetye kwexesha. Wafunda ukupeyinta, umculo, ukukrola, inzululwazi. Ngexesha lakhe, Da Vinci wakwazi ukuba zizakhele ezininzi izinto ziye zaba yinxalenye yobomi bethu namhlanje (ibhayisekile, iparashute, itanki, njalo njalo). Maxa wambi amalinge akhe yasilela, kodwa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ezinye fyabo ngayo, kuyenzeka ukuba bathi ngaphambi kwexesha.

Uninzi iyaziwa, Kakade, kubulelwe film "Mona Lisa." Izazinzulu ezininzi ujonge iimfihlelo zakhe ezahlukeneyo. Leonardo washiya abafundi abambalwa.

Renaissance Period Late

Ngaba Inqanaba lokugqibela le Renaissance (ukusuka kwiminyaka 1530 ukuya 1590-1620., Kodwa ezinye abaphengululi uxolela 1630, kuvela iimbambano rhoqo ngenxa yale).

E Southern Europe, ngelixa intshukumo waqalisa ukuba kuvela (Counter), onjongo yawo ukubuyisela nobukhulu Catholic Church kwaye ukholo lwamaKristu. Yonke icengceleza umzimba womntu akaphumelelanga kuye.

ungquzulwano ezininzi neziphumo yokuba waqala ukuzibonakalisa eziyingozi iingcamango. Ngenxa yesiphumo kozinzo Renaissance amanani zonqulo waqala ukuphelelwa vi phakathi komntu ngemvelo, phakathi corporeal kunye ngokomoya. Isiphumo ibe ukuvela banomkhwa kunye ezimbejembeje.

Imvuselelo Russia

Renaissance inkcubeko kwezinye iindawo ibe nefuthe kwi kwilizwe lethu. Noko ke, impembelelo yawo wayethintelwe umgama elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, kwakunye attachment Russian amasiko Orthodox.

Umlawuli wokuqala, i-Renaissance iyilungisile indlela yokuba eRussia Ivan III, ngubani ngexesha sakhe phezu kwetrone waqalisa ukumema abakhi Italian. Nokufika yabo, izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe zokwakha. Noko ke, kukho revolution enkulu bokwakha ayizange yenzeke.

Ngowe-1475 ukubuyiselwa kwingcinga Cathedral yayiganelwe yi womzobi Italian Aristotle Fioravanti. Yena babenamathele izithethe nenkcubeko Russian, kodwa wongezelela kwiprojekthi ububanzi.

Ngenkulungwane XVII ngenxa yempembelelo icon Renaissance Russian abe zinjalo, kodwa ngaxeshanye, artists follow zonke izinqumo yamandulo.

Kungekudala, iRussia wakwazi ukufunda yazo. Noko ke, ukwabiwa elikhetheke ifunyenwe kuphela kwinkulungwane XVII. Uninzi ubugcisa ezisakhulayo eYurophu, yaye ngokukhawuleza amazwe eRashiya, apho iphuculwe yaye yaba yinxalenye isiko. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho hypothesis omnye, lo ivodka ingeniswe evela eItali, iye zalunga-lungiswa ukwenzela ukuba ifomula, kwaye ngo-1430 wabonakala kwinguqulelo Russian ye othululwayo.

isiphelo

I Renaissance banika ihlabathi abaninzi aneziphiwo amagcisa, abaphandi, oosonzululwazi, abakroli kunye nabayili. Ukususela inani elikhulu amagama achongwe ezo ezaziwa kwaye uninzi iyakhunjulwa.

Zefilosofi nezesayensi:

• Bruno.
• UGalileo.
• Pico della Mirandola.
• UNikolay Kuzansky.
• Machiavelli.
• Campanella.
• Paracelsus.
• UCopernicus.
• Munzer.

Ababhali iimbongi:

• F. Petrarca.
• Wabe.
• J .. Boccaccio.
• Rabelais.
• Ingawenzi.
• Shakespeare.
• E. Rotterdam.

Abayili, ngabapeyinti kunye abakroli:

• Donatello.
• ULeonardo da Vinci.
• N. pisano.
• A. Rossellino.
• S. Botticelli.
• Raphael.
• UMichelangelo.
• Bosch.
• Titian.
• A. Durer.

Kakade ke, le yinxalenye encinane kuphela ye engumfuziselo Renaissance, kodwa aba bantu baye isimntwiso yayo ngenxa yabaninzi.