Isakhiwo ngemikroskopu ithambo. Ikakhulu amathambo

Lab "isakhiwo ngemikroskopu ngethambo" liqhelekile yonke schoolchild. Wonke ukhumbula ukuba enkosi awohluke yesakhiwo yeselula ye umzimba inkqubo kakuhle nelungelelanisiweyo ngamalungu, ukuqinisekisa intshukumo yomzimba esithubeni.

weentshukumo intsingiselo

inkqubo traffic iqulathe amathambo, izihlunu kunye nemisipha adibanayo kubo. Le yindlela evumelanayo ngawo umzimba emise amalungu akhe zangaphakathi ezikhuselweyo kakhulu nxamnye umonakalo, iinxalenye ngamnye kwaye umzimba uphela Ungasa esithubeni. Kubaluleke kangakanani na lo msebenzi? Intshukumo - oko ubomi. Le yenye iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo, kunye ukuphefumla, ukukhula kunye nokukotshwa ngohlobo lwazo. eziphilayo amaninzi apha yokuphila. Ngokomzekelo, izityalo. Kodwa luphawulwa ukukhula intshukumo ukuya kwelanga.

Kaloku umzimba womntu lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo inika ubume amathambo.

osteocytes

Isakhiwo ezincane ngethambo bubonakaliswe zaso. Zibizwa ngokuba osteocytes. Baye fusiform okanye star-ezimilise, ezinkulu, nucleus ngeenxa zonke. Igama eliguqulelweyo lodweliso ezi seli lithetha "ithambo".

Xa kukho icytoplasm of osteocytes izakhiwo zeselula esisigxina embalwa ebizwa organelles. Xa sijonga phantsi ngemicroscope, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwahlula izinto ngamnye mitochondria kunye reticulum endoplasmic.

Iiseli bone ukuba inkalo ebalulekileyo zahluke. Ihlala yokuba abadala kwakhiwa osteocytes ephilayo balahlekelwe ukukwazi kwabo zahlule baze baqalise inkqubo kukuwohloka ukwaluphala.

ijwabu bone

Isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa ngesakhiwo ithambo ngenxa ijwabu ithambo. It ziquka amacwecwe ngamnye lisekwa osteocytes, nempahla intercellular. Bone inyama uhlobo lwe nokuqina. osemqoka kwayo kukuba isixa esikhulu wenkqu intercellular, apho iiseli elinye ezithunyelwa.

amalungiselelo nje ithambo. Its into intercellular lisekwa Imicu collagen kunye neeminerali, ezo izakhiwo protein indalo.

Lab "isakhiwo ngemikroskopu ithambo"

Phawula olu hlobo yethishyu phantsi ukukhulisa eliphezulu. Ezibonakalayo, ubume kakhulu ngethambo ufana womnatha. Loo nesakhiwo esakhiwe ezininzi outgrowths osteocytes ezingcakacileyo, ukuba ezihambelanayo. Le inethiwekhi onika amathambo amandla. Ngenxa yobukho Imisonto collagen, leyo zineproteni contractile, ithambo ekwaziyo ucinezelo kunye nengxabano.

Isakhiwo ezincane zomzimba bone ingezantsi ibonisa kakuhle kakhulu.

Le khemikhali Ukubunjwa amathambo

25% ye ubume lilonke umcimbi ngamanzi. Ipesenteji efanayo kwingxelo izinto eziphilayo. Ngokomthetho le protein collagen elastic ukuba isakhiwo ezinezikhondo. Yena unika amathambo indawo, ezifana luthambe. Umzekelo, isakhiwo thambo cortical liyayivumela ukuba ukumelana nomthwalo 1.5 tonnes. Minerals inikezwe kuqala phosphorus kunye neetyuwa calcium. umsebenzi wabo kukuqinisekisa yobulukhuni namandla emathanjeni. Kuyinto inani ingakumbi ibalulekileyo kwezi zinto mkhondo ngexesha lokusekwa amathambo yomntwana. Calcium-rich iimveliso zobisi, iimbotyi, ikhaphetshu, iitumato, nangwevu nestrawberry zasendle. Phosphorus ifumaneka neemveliso zezilwanyana: inyama, amaqanda kunye nentlanzi.

izinto ezibangel 'umdla

Isakhiwo ezincane ngethambo uneempawu zawo. Kodwa yintoni into kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba uphuhliso eli laphu? Ukuze uqonde oku, uyakwazi ukuchitha amava.

Bone ayifake isisombululo zolwelo of zehydrochloric acid. Ngenxa yoko, zonke izimbiwa iqhawulwa. Ithambo uba abongi ukuze ngokulula kunxityelelaniswa iqhina. Kodwa ngoku bekuya kuba umzimba yethu akukho isiseko kunye nenkxaso.

Ukuba calcined ithambo kwi abile kakhulu, ngokuthe ngcembe oko yiluciferase yonke into ephilayo. Ngenxa izihlunu enjalo ziba nje.

Kwisigqibo: iqela ngalinye izinto eqhotyoshelwe amathambo kwiipropati ezithile, ukwenza le ilaphu ezizodwa neemfanelo emzimbeni womntu.

ngezigaba amathambo

Kuxhomekeka imilo mathambo amaqela eziliqela. Long, nezaziwa ngokuba tubular, ibe umgodi ngaphakathi. Igcwele into ezikhethekileyo - lomongo wethambo emthubi. Kuyinto zizityebi okunamafutha izihlunu, ondla amathambo, kwaye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo metabolic. La mathambo, enkosi iimpawu zezakhiwo, hlanganisa amandla kunye ndandifeketha na. Imizekelo ezi yifemur - ithambo elide ka umzimba, brachial, iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano, kunye nabanye. Iindonga ezinjalo kwakhiwa kweziyobisi ithambo compact. unit yayo zolwakhiwo lo osteon, eyakhiwa sinamathambo ezizodwa. Intloko amathambo elide iqanjwa kweziyobisi nomsi-, amasuntswana apho umongo wethambo red - enye igazi-oyinxalenye ukwakheka komzimba.

amathambo amafutshane amathambo, esihlahleni, metatarsus. Nemizekelo ebanzi - yakudubula kunye isinqe. Bona wabumba kweziyobisi ubukhulu becala nomsi-.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zingakanani, ithambo ngalinye igutyungelwe umaleko phezulu kwizicwili - periosteum.

Top-kakhulu

Ubume wethambo cortical imisela isihloko salo kakhulu ixesha elide yaye elide. Apha endlebeni ithambo imfutshane - endlebeni. Ubude bayo lingaphantsi kwe-3.5 mm. Ithambo enamandla - umhlathi.

amathambo ukumangala nobungakanani zabo. Khawucinge: unyawo lomntu yenziwa amathambo 52. Kuyinto phantse omnye yesine iyonke. An okunika umdla kukuba inani amathambo kuyancipha kunye nobudala. Umzekelo, umntwana usana malunga 300, njengoko umntu omdala, eli nani kunzima ufikelela 206. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngaphezu kwexesha ezinye amathambo, ezifana ukakayi ezinyibilikiswe kunye.

ukukhula bone

Umntu ozalwa amathambo apho isakhiwo esilawulwa intlala. inguqu wayo ithambo ihlala i-avareji engama-20-24. Okulandelayo ukumisa ukukhula kwabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuzibandakanya kwimidlalo emininzi oogqirha ukucebisa esemncinane xa enza umzimba yayisathe elastic. Isakhiwo ezincane ngethambo kuvumela ukwenza izigqibo, nangeendleko Ziziphi izinto wenza ukukhula kwabo. Umaleko engaphakathi periosteum inika ukunyuka ubukhulu. Ukukhula ubude kwenzeka ngenxa iiseli intlala ngokucandeka abakwiindawo eziphelweni amathambo.

Isakhiwo kunye noqhagamshelwano kwamathambo

Zonke iindawo ngamathambo abantu uzalisekisa imisebenzi yawo. Ngoko ke, qhagamshela amathambo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. A uxhulumaniso esisigxina kuthiwa umthungo. Yesakhiwo apho lunamaqoqo ngethambo enye ifakwe kwezinye lekhefu. Ngenxa yokuba amathambo amathambo entloko. Ekuqaleni, kusenokubonakala nkqu ukuba ukhakhayi ibandakanya ithambo enye eqinileyo. Ngoko kuhle le uqhagamshelo. Kwaye kukho ke kungekhona ngengozi, kodwa ngokunxulumene nemfuneko ezisebenzayo. Yaba lukakayi likhusela ingqondo ukusuka umonakalo ngexesha iingozi. Kwaye ulithambo enye kuphela idibanisa yeselula. Yinto umhlathi asezantsi.

uqhagamshelo Flexible amathambo kuthiwa joint. Ngawo la unxulumano kwaye kukho intshukumo yomzimba kunye namalungu ayo. Ziziphi iimpawu ubume namathambo ezidibeneyo? Ngokukodwa, isibakala sokuba intloko enye inxalenye kukuqiniswa enye. Amanqaku zoqhagamshelwano zizele intlala hyaline kunye kumphezulu kakuhle. Esi sakhiwo inceda ukwehlisa ukukhuhlana ngexesha intshukumo.

ukhuselo eyongezelelweyo esuka ekusoluleni lo philisi joint, esijikeleze phezu ngaphandle. Ngaphakathi yinto ulwelo okhethekileyo, nayo leyo kunciphisa ukuxabana. Ngu philisi iqhotyoshelweyo izihlunu edibeneyo kunye nemisipha, ezikhokelela ngqo kuyo motion.

uqhagamshelo Mobile amathambo kwahluka phawu ebalulekileyo. Eli linani sesindululo nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi. Umzekelo, joint idolo yi ombaxa-axis, kwaye ivumela intshukumo inyonga ngeendlela ezintathu.

Kakhulu omnye Isakhiwo kwalapho yabantu. Amathambo akhe uqhagamshele kweemaleko ngabanye intlala. Le joint semi-uyivulele ithambo. Le intlala maleko ekwaziyo ucinezelo kunye nengxabano. Bona zinika nokwenze yale yinxalenye amathambo kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida ethile. Noko ke, isakhiwo inikeze isiphumo absorber yokothuka, uyothuka ukunceda ngexesha kokuba ngesiquphe kunye neentshukumo.

Ubume ngamathambo omntu

Amathambo njengesiseko kwinkqubo musculoskeletal ibandakanya ungamalungu amaninzi. Amathambo entloko okanye ukhakhayi, ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe kabini: ngobuchopho kunye nobuso. Okokuqala umntu abe ubungakanani lubalaseleyo, nto leyo ehambisana kunye nophuhliso ubuchopho - inxalenye usembindini luvo. ezinamathele skeleton idibanisa umnqonqo kunye iimbambo, ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela amalungu angaphakathi lweHo- esifubeni. Inani omqolo emzimbeni womntu ilingana 33-34. Oku 7 wesibeleko, thoracic 12, zantlanu empontshwa, zantlanu sacral edidekile, kunye, 4-5 coccygeal. I ezimbini zokuqala kubo - Atlanta kunye epistrophe - eziqhagamshelene yimiqolomba, ngoko ke intloko uyakwazi ukuhamba. Hi ndlela leyi, inani omqolo wesibeleko kuwo onke amalungu odidi elifanayo ezincancisayo yaye ezisixhenxe. Loo mali yi indlovu, kunye mouse entsimini. Umahluko kuphela kukuba kuphela ngobukhulu.

igxalaba skeleton, nakumbhinqo zangasese kumelwa clavicle kunye scapula ngasentla yaye edidekile amathambo hip ngezantsi. Ezi ziqhotyoshelwe nomlenze free: igxalaba, ngesa-, iwotshi, akha lomzimba ezamahala ongentla hip, nomlenze nonyawo - asezantsi ngokulandelelanayo.

Ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi eyenziwa ngenxa isakhiwo iziqalelo inkqubo musculoskeletal, ukususela ezincane ukuya inyama kunye nenqanaba amalungu omzimba womntu.