Imbali: definition. Imbali: mbono. Imbali Ukuzimisela nje isayensi

Ngaba uyakholelwa koko unako-5 nomiselo imbali? Kwaye ngakumbi? Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ngokweenkcukacha, yintoni na imbali, ziziphi iimpawu zayo kwiindawo ezininzi kwimboniselo kule isayensi. Abantu Kudala wabona ukuba nesenzeko kunye neenkqubo ze iphela kwenzeka ulandelelwano ethile ngexesha, yaye ezinye semthethweni, nto leyo kuchazwe.

History ne Society

Ukuba sicinga ingqiqo ka "ekuhlaleni" yaye "Imbali 'kulwalamano lwawo, kuyabonakala ulwazi olunomdla. Okokuqala, ingqikelelo "imbali", kuba ntonye ingqiqo ka "nophuhliso loluntu", "inkqubo lwentlalo", ubonakalise self-nophuhliso loluntu abantu kunye neendawo alo. Ngoko kucacile ukuba le ndlela inkcazelo iinkqubo ngezimanga unikwa umphefumlo abantu ababandakanyekayo kuzo. Ngoko ke, lo replacement eYurophu Afrika solonitom latifundia, nerhafu serfdom okanye Taylorism kubudlelwano babantu ishishini zinokujongwa ube liqonga kwinkalo yezoqoqosho. Nale ukuqonda imbali ngayo ukuba abantu ithathe amanye amabutho entlalo engenabuntu.

Okwesibini, ukuba "uluntu" ukhankanyiwe ingcamango "ekuhlaleni", ababalulwa ngendlela ezikhona zentlalo, i "imbali" ikhankanya "uluntu" and definition yayo. Imbali, ke ngoko, wenziwe kwiinkqubo zobomi babantu. Ngamanye amazwi, uchaza apho ezi nkqubo zimbini, kwaye xa avuza t. D.

Okwesithathu, ukuba lo mbono kakhulu ukuqonda, nto uza kuzibonakalisa ubudlelwane layo nje kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo xa ezama ukuchaza. Imbali, kwelinye icala, othetha ngokwenene malunga Ngemihla yakudala, ngokusekelwe kwi imeko yangoku ubomi ezentlalo nezenkcubeko. Ngenxa yoko, iimfuno zale mihla ukuba iziganeko ezenzeka kwixesha elidluleyo, babe sobudoda. Ngamanye amazwi, kuvela oku kulandelayo xa ezama ukuchaza imbali uchazwe ngokunxulumene langoku, olu lwazi zangaphambili kwenza kube lula ukuba bazobe izigqibo eziyimfuneko elizayo. Ngale ndlela, inzululwazi, wayisingatha kweyokuqala, langoku elizayo, azinxulumanise izenzo zabantu.

Ukuqonda indlela yembali kuluntu ephuhliswe

Kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekhula ngayo imbali yoluntu ziqondwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Phantsi kweemeko kuphuhliswa uluntu kunye womelele ngaphakathi eziguquguqukayo wayo ulijonga elidlulileyo ukuya langoku nelizayo ukusuka ngoku. Ngokuqhelekileyo inkcazo imbali njengokuba inzululwazi inikwa ngokunxulumene kwimbali impucuko. Kukholelwa ukuba yaqala malunga 4000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ukuqonda imbali kubantu bemveli

Yesiko, uluntu ngasemva iye ubeke ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Ukulwela kuye ukuba isampuli ibekwe ngendlela ekujoliswe efanelekileyo. Kuluntu ezinjalo, iintsomi kuphumelela. Ngako oko ke kuthiwa kokubhalwa kwembali, akukho amava zembali yoluntu.

amathuba ezimbini yembali ukugcina

"Le iqhinga," imbali silele yokuba kuthatha indawo ngaphakathi, njengokuba kunjalo elubala ebantwini. intshukumo Kwalo inkqubela yabantu bethobela kuluhlu close kunzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, singathetha ngayo ithuba lokugcina amabali amabini. Enye yazo enxulumene nokusekwa ubuntu komntwana, kwaye omnye efanayo ukubhaliswa iintlobo ezithile kwintlangano amanqanaba iinkqubo zentlalo. Ngamanye amazwi, eli bali kuvele ezinye iintlobo zentlalo nobuntu.

Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile kwenkcazelo yembali njenge inzululwazi, ukumiselwa kwemida phakathi kwimbali yabantu kunye neziganeko ezenzeka phambi kwakho indoda abayibona. Ubunzima siyifumana kukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo ixhomekeke kwi imeko umbhali, indlela yokucinga, models zenzululwazi-theoretical nkqu ngokwabo izinto kufunxwa ngqo.

Le uthsintsho yaphawula imbali

Le nkcazelo, umdla kuthi, bekuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba asizange uqaphele ukuba kukho uthsintsho embalini. Uhlobo lo umphakathi ukuba ubukho bayo usoloko esiguquguqukayo. Oku kuyaqondakala. Le nyaniso, evakalisa iintlobo ubuhlobo babantu njengoko ulungiselelo lothutho, ezentlalo kunye nabantu practical-ngokomoya, akakwazi ahambisane.

Le uthsintsho ye kwimbali yoluntu isisifundo yokufunda ixesha elide. Oku kunokubonwa ngokuqwalasela imizamo amaGrike amandulo ukwazi ngezenzeko ezenzeka ekuhlaleni, kuquka nabakwaziyo iimfeketho zokufeketha. ukuba kwabonakala Uthelekiso era elula ukulingana abazingeli kunye nabavuni kwicandelo mandulo kwabantu amakhoboka kunye ikhoboka elithembekileyo-ukuba abanini kukhokelele intsomi yokuba i "Golden Age" intsomi. Ngokwale intsomi, ibali edakasa kwisangqa. Le nkcazelo, siya nomdla, ukususela lo mbono yahluke gqitha ukusuka mihla. Isizathu isindululo isangqa ezicatshulweyo iingxoxo ezinjalo: "UThixo uzimisele njalo," okanye "lo ubizo indalo", njl Kwangaxeshanye ekuqaleni ke waphendula umbuzo intsingiselo yembali.

Imbali ngokwembono unqulo lwamaKristu

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala yaseYurophu bacinga uphawu ngaphambili uluntu ngokwembono unqulo lwamaKristu wanika Avreliy Avgustin (354-430 gg.). Ngokusekelwe iBhayibhile, iye yahlulwe imbali yabantu abaneminyaka emithandathu. Xa eziqaphelekayo yesithandathu awayephila wasebenza Iisus Hristos, ngokutsho Avreliy Avgustin (umfanekiso wakhe eboniswe ngezantsi).

Ngokutsho ngenkolo yobuKristu, kwindawo yokuqala, eli bali edakasa kwicala elithile, ngoko, ine- logic lwangaphakathi kunye ingqiqo kaThixo, owakhiwa ingakumbi njongo. Okwesibini, imbali uluntu kancinci ezihamba inkqubela. Ngelo efanayo ixesha balawulwa nguThixo uluntu kokuqola. Okwesithathu, ibali wahlukile. Nangona umntu wadalwa nguThixo ngenxa yezono ezenziwe Oyena Uphakamileyo, uya kufuneka kuphuculwe.

phambili zembali

Ukuba, ngaphambi kwenkulungwane XVIII alawule ngokupheleleyo indlela amaKristu amele ayijonge ngayo imbali, yawona Yurophu ekuqaleni mihla inkqubela ubabalweyo kunye nemithetho yemvelo imbali, kwakunye ingqalelo ngaphantsi bayahlelwa zonke izizwe umthetho ohlangeneyo zophuhliso zembali. Italian J. há, isiFrentshi uMontesquieu noJean Condorcet, amaJamani Kant, abelusi, Hegel nabanye babekholelwa ukuba inkqubela kubonakaliswe nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkolo, intanda, nomthetho, njalo njalo. D. Bonke bephela, ekugqibeleni, lo mbono efanayo inkqubela yezentlalo-zembali.

Kwakhona Marx lweli umgca inkqubela kwezentlalo. Ngokutsho imfundiso yakhe, inkqubela ekugqibeleni iqamele uphuhliso imikhosi onemveliso. Noko ke, le ukuqonda indawo yayo kwimbali yabantu njengenyathelo ngenxa kungaboniswanga. Eyona engundoqo indima edlalwe yi kwiiklasi zentlalo.

Ukuzimisela yamabali kufuneka unike, ukuphawula ukuba kokuphela XX ukuqonda ngenkulungwane inkqubela wayo intshukumo kumgama owazisayo, okanye mandithi absolutization yayo, wabonisa ukusilela zayo ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba kuqale kumaxesha amandulo olwalukho ngokoluvo, ingakumbi, wasishenxisa ngeenxa zonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi mbono ezaqhutywa ifom entsha aphuculweyo.

Ingcamango yokuba imbali weebhayisekile

Zobulumko baseMpuma kunye West ndilolonga indlela imbali iziganeko ngolandelelwano ethile, repeatability kunye isingqisho ethile. Ngokusekelwe kwezi mboniselo ngcembe wabumba ingcamango periodicity, okt. E. uqhubeko kuphuhliso loluntu. Njengoko kuchaziwe yi-mbali enkulu owayephila uFernand Braudel, iziganeko zembali periodicity yinqobo kuye. Xa oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukususela ekuqaleni iinkqubo phambi uwagqibe.

Le periodicity yeenguqu waphawula ngeendlela ezimbini: identity systemic kunye nembali. utshintsho zentlalo ezenzeka kwi-sikhokelo kwemiqathango ethile esemgangathweni zibangela ukuba kubuzwe lo utshintsho qualitative ilandelayo. It kungabonakala ukuba ngenxa uzinzo frequency inikwa ubume ekuhlaleni.

Iifom kwimbali periodicity, ngokutsho izazinzulu, amanqanaba nophuhliso loluntu abantu, ingakumbi, uwele amacandelo zayo eziphathekayo edityanisiweyo ngexesha elithile aze aphele ukuba khona. Xa Uhlobo lokuboniswa periodicity kuxhomekeka phi kule nkqubo efakwe oko, pendulum (kwinkqubo elincinane), setyhula (xa ixabiso le nkqubo), lo lihlangana (kwiinkqubo ezinkulu), njalo-njalo. D.

Amathandabuzo malunga nenkqubela asbolyutno

Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili oluntu uhlobo omnye okanye omnye ezaziwayo ngabantu abaninzi, kodwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX ingakumbi kwinkulungwane XX waqalisa kuvela amathandabuzo malunga ingcamango okuhle inkqubela epheleleyo. Ukuze inkqubo inkqubela ngakwicala elinye nezikhokelela ukuhlehla komnye, yaye ngaloo ndlela ziyingozi isoyikiso kuphuhliso loluntu kunye nentlalo.

Namhlanje, yinxalenye yobomi bethu into efana imbali karhulumente. Ukuchaza ukuba musa babonakala esingenakubangela naliphi na iingxaki. Kodwa, njengokuba ubona, ibali nga ingabonwa evela kumacala eziliqela, yaye izimvo kulo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zitshintshile kakhulu. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala siye baziswa kule inzululwazi, xa sifika ngoSeptemba ukuya kwibanga 5. Imbali, iinkcazo ezo ngeli xesha abafundi abaqondanga nento lula. Kweli nqaku, siye saxubusha ingqiqo enzulu yaye ubhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Ngoku uya kuba nako ukuqaphela iimpawu uphawu imbali, ukuchaza. Imbali - inzululwazi umdla, nolwazi abaninzi bafuna ukuqhubeka nasemva kwesikolo.