Charles Sanders Peirce - umseki ebambekayo kunye semiotics: ibhayografi, imisebenzi ezinkulu

Charles Sanders Peirce - American sobulumko, logician, ingcali yezibalo,-nzulu, apho abanye baye ngokuba "nguyise ebambekayo". Yena wafumana imfundo yakhe wayengusokhemisti wayesebenza sesayensi kweminyaka engama-30. Kuya kuthakazelelwa ukuba igalelo lakhe logic, imathematika, intanda kunye semiotics. Kwakhona Isazinzulu ethandwayo American ubeke phambili izibonelelo eziphambili wefilosofi yangoku - ebambekayo.

ukuqaphela

Charlz Pirs - i ngumsunguli kwimathematika, amanani, intanda, kwakunye ezinye iindlela zophando zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo. ingqalelo Pierce ngokwakhe logician kuqala. Wenza negalelo elikhulu kule isayensi. Kwangaxeshanye, oko kwavula-logic indlela izinto ezintsha kunye nezigqibo. Wabona logic njengesebe esesikweni semiotics, umseki kwawo. Ukongezelela, Charlz Pirs lichazwa umba yokuqiqa abductive, kwakunye yoqheliso wayenza ngokungqongqo zemathematika nokuqiqa aqale. Sele 1886 wabona ukuba imisebenzi ubhalo na kwenziwa iisekethe utshintshayo zombane. Ingcamango efanayo yasetyenziselwa eminyaka kamva ukuba imveliso kweekhompyutha digital.

Yintoni ebambekayo?

Ebambekayo - Umkhuba bulumko eziqale eUnited States ngowama-1870. Ebambekayo ubona wacinga njengesixhobo nolwemozulu kunye ingxaki ingxaki inyathelo, kwaye kananjalo iyayikhaba ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi ingqondo yomntu ezinxulumene ezikhona kwaye izinto abstract njengoba iqiniso ukufana kunye nefuthe isiphelo yezobuntlola ngaphezulu. Pragmatists athi inyaniso yinto kuphela enika iziphumo ezisebenzayo luncedo. Ebambekayo Charles Peirce ichaza "yonke iyatshintsha", lo gama emihle, njengokuba zinjalo kunye Thomists (abalandeli yengcinga Catholic) uluvo "wendalo engatshintshiyo." Ebambekayo - yinto bulumko, yaye kuchasene zonke iinzame ukucacisa ezikhona kwaye uyayityeshela nayiphi inyaniso indlela ethile ukuya kwisivumelwano yethutyana phakathi kwabantu kule ndawo yophando.

Yintoni semiotics?

Semiotics - ukufunda intsingiselo zokubonisa iinkqubo. Oku kuquka ukufunda iimpawu iinkqubo semiotic, imiyalelo yazo ibhalwe ukufana, Isifaniso, zokuthetha, isikweko kunye umqondiso. Olu phando uphonononga inzululwazi iimpawu kunye nemiqondiso njengenxalenye lonxibelelwano. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, Ezolimi, semiotics nako liphonononga iinkqubo uphawu non-yeelwimi.

Semiotika uNjingalwazi uCharles S. Peirce

Le semiotics kaCharles Peirce ichonge inani neengqikelelo ezingundoqo (ingqikelelo kwemiqondiso, iintsingiselo zazo kunye nolwalamano zokomfuziselo). Wayesazi ukuba le ndawo zophando kufuneka ibe inzululwazi enobunye - semiotics. Ngoko ke, Pierce ichonge iingqiqo ezisisiseko semiotics, ukuba yokuhlelwa yayo;

• Iimpawu icons: Iimpawu graphic, nto leyo ithetha ebalulekileyo kwaye ube semthethweni eqhelekileyo esemantiki. Umzekelo omnye umqondiso isilumkiso "Isilumkiso: Abantwana", nto leyo ebonisa abantwana aphilileyo. Oku kubangela umqondiso wendlela ukunciphisa isantya endleleni kwaye ibekwe kufutshane nezikolo, abancinane eziguqulweyo, amacandelo zemidlalo junior (okanye amagcisa), njalo-njalo. D.
• Iimpawu ekwandiseni: kuthetha naye uthetha into (okanye izenzo) ezinxulumene noko kumgama ixesha okanye indawo. Omnye umzekelo kwimiqondiso phezu iindlela, leyo ukunika ulwazi umhambi malunga igama, ulwalathiso umgama ukuya kwilali elandelayo. Kwakhona, iimpawu ezibonwayo, nto leyo ebonisa, umzekelo, zobuso - ingqalelo umqondiso-index, kuba idluliselwe imeko yomntu ngokwasemoyeni (kulo mzekelo - umsindo).
• Iimpawu-iisimboli: i ndazisiwe kwaye signifier zizinto uphawu olunye phantsi bemilo of a පිළිතුරු iimpendulo ethile (kufika pre-iindibano). Uyakwazi ungenise umzekelo uphawu kwindlela ebonisa "flip" unxantathu. Adlulisele uphawu elithetha - i "ukunika indlela", kodwa nesikhundla yawo akunanto yakwenza inyathelo ekhuthazayo, kuba zocaphulo nje unxantathu. Phantsi bemilo efanayo iwela imiqondiso yesizwe, apho into umfanekiso buciko bonke. Ezi mpawu kuba onke amazwi iilwimi ezikhoyo, kodwa kuluhlu ngaphandle bafumana gama-oosinga (ezifana "croak", "Meow", "ibhodle", "Urhashaza phezu" kunye like).

Charlz Pirs: biography

Wazalwa ngo September 10, 1839 kunyaka Cambridge (Massachusetts), unyana ka sezibalo American adumileyo kunye ngeenkwenkwezi Benjamin Peirce. UCharles waphila ubomi ekuqaleni nelungelo: Abazali wala yokuqeqesha bafundise abantwana babo ngenxa yokoyika ukuba zokuyifihla ubuntu babo. Ukongezelela, umoya academic neengqondi ye ikhaya losapho, nto leyo edla ezityelelwe iindwalutho ngokomoya yaye kubaluleke kakhulu, Pierce akazange avumele ukukhetha i eyahlukileyo endleleni lwazi. Phakathi iindwendwe ngokufuthi zezibalo ezibalaseleyo kunye izazinzulu, iimbongi, amagqwetha kunye nabezopolitiko. Kule meko, Charles oselula Pierce wakwazi ukugcina intuthuzelo kunye nenzala.

Pierce waye wesibini umntwana ezintlanu entsatsheni. Kwakufuneka abazalwana abane abanetalente nabo ngokuyinxenye edityaniswe ubomi babo kunye namagosa inzululwazi esiphezulu. Dzheyms Mills Peirce (umkhuluwa) ilandelwe uyise eHarvard University, apho wayefunda imathematika ngokunzulu.

Omnye umzalwana, uHerbert uHenry Pierce, iye yaba umsebenzi neliqaqambileyo inkonzo yezobuntlola i yoMphathiswa Foreign. Lo mzalwana uBhenjamin Mills Peirce, wafunda zobunjineli yaba yimpumelelo, kodwa wafa abatsha kule ndawo. abazalwana Italente, ingakumbi uCharles, ubukhulu becala ezinxulumene ubukrelekrele omkhulu kunye nempembelelo kayise, kwakunye ne emoyeni ubomi-intellectual ngokubanzi ezenzeka njalo.

Charlz Pirs: Iincwadi, amaphepha enzululwazi

Ezithandwayo igama Pierce ikakhulu ngokusekelwe kwinani layo inamaphepha enzululwazi epapashwe kwiijenali zenzululwazi American. Iincwadi zakhe tyhutyheni "American Academy of Arts and Science", kwi "National Academy of Sciences" kwi Journal of kwerandi Philosophy Popular Science Monthly. imisebenzi Scientific kaCharles Sanders Peirce kwimathematika bulumko zahlulwe nezigaba ezibini: epapashwe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe yaye emva kokufa kwakhe.

Iincwadi Pierce ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi

• Incwadi ethi "Izifundo photometric"-1878. ngodaba iphepha-181 ekusetyenzisweni iindlela spectrographic ngeenkwenkwezi.
• Le ncwadi "Studies in Logic Johns Hopkins, 1883. Ukuqokelelwa imisebenzi yenzululwazi abafundi iziqu kunye noogqirha, kuquka naye, Charles Pierce, kwinkalo ekuqiqeni.

Main ncwadi Kubala

University Harvard efunyenwe amaxwebhu zakhe ezininzi umfazi Pierce emva kokufa kwakhe (1914). Kwi-ofisi yakhe bafumana malunga 1650-ngqangi lushicilelwe e abangama-iphepha-100 000. anthology kupapashwa kuqala amanqaku Pierce yaba incwadi-volume one osihloko sithi "Chance, Uthando Logic:. isincoko yentanda" nakwezinye Work, ihlelwe yi Morris Raphael Cohen ngo-1923. Kamva yaqala ukuvela kunye nezinye anthologies neempapasho ezibe ngo-1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 no-2009.

Uninzi-ngqangi Pierce sele ishicilelwe, kodwa kukho ezinye iziganeko ukuba abazi ukukhanya namaxwebhu asanelanga.

• 1931-58: "A ingqokelela amanqaku ngu Charles Sanders Peirce" imithamo 8. Nazi wonke umsebenzi wakhe kwixesha ukususela 1860 ukuya 1913. Noko ke, lo msebenzi omkhulu kunye neziqhamo ukuqalisa ngo-1893. Ekuqaleni, amanqaku abazange yakhiwe kwaye ziyahluka ubukhulu, ngoko kwakufuneka umhleli ukuya kunikezela uhlobo echanekileyo. Ukususela ngosuku lokuqala ukuya umqulu wesithandathu ehlelwe Charles Hartshorne, kwaye yesixhenxe neyesibhozo - Arturom Burkom.
• 1975-87: "UCharles Sanders Peirce: igalelo kwisizwe" - imiqulu 4. Le ngqokelela iye ncomo ngaphezu kwama-300 kunye namanqaku Pierce, apapashwa ngokungagqibelelanga ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe kwisithuba ukususela 1869 ukuya 1908. Ukuqokelelwa amaphepha enzululwazi ziye zapapashwa, ihlelwe uKenneth Lane ikhaliphe kunye noYakobi Edvarda Kuka.
• 1976 - ngoku: "Elements Elitsha beMathematika uCharles S. Peirce" - imiqulu 5. Apha ashicilelwe kakhulu onemveliso ukusebenza Pierce kwimathematika. Yomhleli - Kerolin Eyzele. Inqanaba le projekthi engekude uhlala "kuphuhliso."
• 1977 - ngoku: "Imbalelwano phakathi uCharles S. Peirce kunye Viktoriey Uelbi ukususela 1903 ukuya th-1912."
• 1982 - ngoku: "IZibhalo of uCharles S. Peirce - Nkulumo Edition". Le projekthi yokuqala yaba ncwadi ngo-2010, kodwa ke umsebenzi uyaqhubeka unanamhla. Okokuqala ashicilelwe Imiqulu 6 egubungele ubomi zezenzululwazi kwixesha ukususela 1859 ukuya 1889.
• 1985 - ngoku: "Imbali iimbono zenzululwazi Pierce: imbali inzululwazi" - imiqulu 2. Yahlelwa Kerolin Eyzele.
• 1992 - ngoku: "Intetho kulandelelwano yezinto" - intetho nguNjingalwazi pier ngonyaka th 1898. Uhlaziyo: Kenneth Lane Kinner wathi Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: Kubalulekile Peirce - imiqulu-2. imizekelo ebalulekileyo imisebenzi bulumko Charles Pierce. Yahlelwa Nathan Hauser (umqulu 1) kunye Clausel Christian (lokunyusa ivolyum 2nd).
• 1997 - ngoku: "ebambekayo njengoko umgaqo kunye nendlela yokucinga oluchanekileyo." Pierce Ukuqokelelwa izifundo kwi ebambekayo kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard ngokohlobo neempapasho zemfundo ngokufutshane. Yomhleli: Patricia Ann Turis.
• 2010 - ngoku: "I Ifilosofi kwiMathematika: Imisebenzi ezikhethiweyo." Kuphela, ngaphambili zange lupapashwe, umsebenzi Pierce entsimini lwemathematika. Uhlaziyo: Metyu waphi.

Igalelo-nzulu kakhulu kwinzululwazi

UCharles S. Peirce wenza uthotho obafunyanwa othusayo ubuhlakani esesikweni, imathematika esisiseko. Kwakhona, umphengululi American ngumseki of ebambekayo kunye semiotics. Uninzi umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi ke kakhulu de emva kokufa kwakhe. Scientist wafa nge-19 Apreli 1914.