Le mbali odumileyo French uFernand Braudel: biography, le ncwadi intle, kunye namanqaku anika umdla

UFernand Braudel - enye French ngembali edumileyo. ingcinga yakhe ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo iimeko zejografi nezoqoqosho xa ucinga ziinkqubo iye yaguqula inzululwazi. Uninzi Braudel wayenomdla ngokuzalwa inkqubo yobungxowankulu. Kwakhona, i-nzulu bangena "Annales" historiographical esikolweni, nto leyo wayenza izifundo ngezenzeko yezembali-Social Sciences.

biography

Wazalwa uFernand Braudel ngo-1902, ngoAgasti 24, e Lyumeville, kufuphi laseVerdun. Yena unyana utitshala lali, waza wachitha yinxalenye ebuntwaneni bakhe efama kunye nomakhulu wakhe. Kodwa ukuba emvelo-obufutshane - ngo-1908, Braudel afudukele Paris.

Ngowe-1913, umbhali-mbali elizayo iza kwi uVoltaire High School, eye waphumelela ngempumelelo ngo-1920 yaye waqhubeka izifundo zakhe Sorbonne. Oku kwaziwa-kakuhle University of Paris umfana izidanga ngo-1923. Ngeli xesha uye wagqiba ukunxibelelanisa nakwizibetho zabo kunye nemfundiso. Braudel wayefuna ngokwenene ukufumana indawo esikolweni eliphezulu Bar-le-Duc, owayegulela ekhayeni lakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ezi mathemba akuzange kube njalo. Kwaye uFernand waya sobutitshala College of Algeria. Eli xesha, waqhama kakhulu ngenxa yophando lwakhe lwesayensi kunye nephepha yakhe yokuqala zenzululwazi lwapapashwa ngo-1928. Ngeli xesha, wadibana ne-Paula, nomfazi wakhe elizayo. Ukongeza, le mbali kwafuneka ukuba baye emkhosini eJamani, iqela French of bahlaseli, ukususela 1925 ukuya 1926.

Sekunjalo, yena izibophelele umsebenzi yenzululwazi. Umbhali-mbali ugqiba ukubhala ukubhala kwimbali eSpeyin, nangona izindululo oonjingalwazi Sorbonne ukuba isihloko enxulumene eJamani. Ngowe-1927, ephanda Braudel iqala. Ethetha izinto zembali zigcinwa kwilayibrari ze Salamanca, ukutyelela iindawo adumileyo kwiMeditera, ezifana kwisixeko Dubrovnik eYugoslavia, nokushiye kakhulu ubungqina kwinkulungwane XVI.

Buyela eParis kunye intlanganiso ebalulekileyo

Ngowe-1932, uFernand Braudel wabuyela eParis waza waba umfundisi Lyceum Condorcet, yaye kamva - Lyceum of Henry IV. Ngelo xesha, ukuba uqala ubuhlobo eya kukhokelela kwintsebenziswano ixesha elide kunye neminye uprofesa imbali - Lucien Febvre. indima enkulu ekufuneka beyidlalile, neemagazini wadala yokugqibela ngo-1929, "yeembali ezimbalini zoqoqosho nezentlalo." Le nguqulo hayi nje lwezenzululwazi, kodwa uhlobo olululo, iindlela sele zihlaziyiwe uphando, izifundo kunye naye imbono yembali njenge inzululwazi. Febvre wacebisa, ukufunda imbali, nikelani ingqalelo iimfazwe kuphela kunye kwiikumkani, ujika ube phezu kwetrone, kodwa ke kubomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaqhelekileyo loxolo. Ezi banezimvo kwabuchaphazela Braudel nangeendlela ezininzi waba negalelo uphando yakhe.

Ngowe-1935 Braudel wafumana ithuba lokuba abe unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi São Paulo waza waya eBrazil. Noko ke, wahlala apho ixesha elifutshane yaye sele ngo-1937 wabuyela ekhaya, waza ke kunyaka olandelayo iphumelele indawo kwi- Paris École pratique des Hautes études. Ngeli xesha, ubukhula ubuhlobo bakhe Fevrenom, Braudel kwaye ugqiba ukubhala incwadi phantsi kolwalathiso omnye, azinikele ixesha aphakathi kwe lweMeditera. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwemfazwe kuthintele ezi zicwangciso.

Ngowe-1939 Braudel ukho umkhosi French. Waza ke kunyaka olandelayo, umbhali-mbali ifakiwe kwaye ichitha iminyaka imfazwe kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi, kuqala e Mainz, ngoko kwinkampu yoxinaniso kwi kwiBaltic kunxweme.

Le minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe

UFernand Braudel, namhlanje ogama iincwadi ezithandwa kungekuphela phakathi mbali kodwa phakathi abafundi eziqhelekileyo, wakhululwa kuphela emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yaye ngoko nangoko wabuyela eFransi. Apha, ekhaya, wamiselwa esiphezulu e Sorbonne. Ngowe-1947 Braudel umhlobo Febvre waseka icandelo yesine École pratique des Hautes études, inzululwazi zoqoqosho nezentlalo. icandelo base ngezimali Rockefeller Foundation. Le ngongoma ziya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo biography of Braudel.

Ngowe-1949, umbhali-mbali ushiya Sorbonne waza waba yintloko yesebe kule Kholeji de France. Apho wayesebenza ixesha elide.

Ngowe-1956 uyafa Lyusen Fevr, kunye Braudel waba ngumongameli umhlobo wakhe ezisekelwe icandelo yesine School Practical. Esi sithuba mbali okubamba de kwangowe-1973. Ngaphezu koko, Braudel abe umhleli oyintloko esekelwe Febvre, ngelo xesha ngokuba 'Annals. Economy. Company. Impucuko. "

neempapasho Okokuqala kunye "House of Science"

Ngowe-1958 Braudel yenza inqaku methodological, nto leyo eya kuba kubalulekile ukuze imfundiso yakhe. Le ncwadana ngokuba "Imbali kunye nenzululwazi ekuhlaleni."

Ngowe-1959, umbhali-mbali unalo ufifi ukuvula iziko lophando kunye nethala leencwadi. Wada weza igama lendawo - ". INdlu ngesayensi zabantu" Braudel ngokoqobo ikhanyisa lo mbono, kodwa ukuphunyezwa yayo kuyimfuneko ukufumana isixa esikhulu semali. Waphumelela kuphela ngo-1970 - waba abaxhasi Ford Foundation. Emva kokuba kuvulwe i "iNdlu" Braudel waba umlawuli oyintloko kwiziko.

It angazishiyi kunye nophando uFernand Braudel. Capitalism - kuba uthando lwakhe eziphambili iminyaka embalwa. Umbhali-mbali nomdla kakhulu kwi izizathu kule meko. Kwaye ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelele oku kukuba Braudel wabona lo mba kwi-engile engaqhelekanga. Njengesiqhelo ke, wahlawula mkhulu ixabiso "nomoya" ukuba iinkcukacha zenzululwazi yemveli - ubomi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ngowe-1967, ivela ezishelfini ze izithengisayo inxalenye yokuqala enye imisebenzi enkulu abo wabhala uFernand Braudel. "Impucuko Material" waba yimpumelelo phakathi mbali kodwa umbhali yena akazange aneliseke ngokupheleleyo inguqulo eshicilelwe. Ngoko ke, loo nto ithathwa ukuba kugqitywe le ncwadi. umsebenzi onzima iphela ngo-1979 Ukupapashwa inguqulelo yokugqibela yeTshata ye yonke imisebenzi volume ezintathu.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Ngowe-1970 Braudel ibhatyi "Annals" umhleli oyinhloko ngenxa bengavani abaqeshwa abatsha. Nguye kuphela ilungu qela esungulayo le iimpapasho. Noko ke, ufumana kwaoko ngokwakhe umsebenzi Andisafanele ngaphantsi uFernand Braudel. Iincwadi, amanqaku ezenzululwazi, ukulawulwa "House of Science" - oko kukuthi le mbali uyazinikezela lonke ixesha lakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, waqalisa ukusebenza umsebenzi multi-volume "Uchazo waseFransi." Noko ke, lo msebenzi, ngelishwa, akazange ukuphatha ukugqiba.

Le mbali odumileyo, waphumelela indlela yayo kumazantsi eFransi, kwidolophu encinane ebizwa ngokuba Cote d'-Azure,-28 Novemba 1985.

anika umdla

Ngoxa esekuthinjweni isiJamani, uFernand Braudel bakwazi ukugqiba ithisisi yakhe, elingcwele, ukuya kuthi xhaxhe ebudeni bolawulo uPhilip II. Lo msebenzi ukhuselwe yi-mbali ngo-1947 waza wavula indlela yokuba kuye leyona enkulu. kweminyaka emihlanu ekuthinjweni, wasebenza ngaphandle nayiphi imithombo zoncwadi, ngokuthatha amanqaku bechola-ephepheni.

Braudel waba isipho okufumana zesayensi abanetalente. Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi, singatsho ukuba zazise ezi abadumileyo ehlabathini lenzululwazi, njengoko M. Ferro, G. Duby, F. Fourier J. Rivelya njalo njalo.

UFernand Braudel: "Yintoni na France '

Lo msebenzi umsebenzi entsha mbali. Ngelo xesha linye ke naye wazalwa ekuqaleni uthotho elikhulu iincwadi ezinikelwe yakowabo France wakhe. Le yinxalenye yomjikelo yenziwa imiqulu emibini. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuba "Isithuba and History", okwesibini - "Abantu kunye Things".

Lo Braudel zomsebenzi ngokuba encyclopedia eyodwa France. Apha ungafumana ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga ngembali, inkcubeko kunye nobunjani lizwe, malunga umlinganiswa zesizwe kunye nokuba singobani abemi balo. Ukufunda le ncwadi, omnye sinokukhuthazwa kuphela ngokucokisekileyo indlela wafunda Braudel kwilizwe labo.

"Impucuko Izinto, uqoqosho kunye capitalism"

ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo Braudel, yelo xesha ixesha ukususela XV ukuya kwinkulungwane XVIII Oku kwaye ichaza kwimbali yoqoqosho yehlabathi. Lo mbali isincoko udumo. Ukongeza, imveliso kuthiwa impumelelo ephakamileyo yesikolo zembali French "Annals" kuba eziqulethwe kumgaqo esisiseko yesikolo - kuba ukufunda imbali kuyimfuneko ukuba nokulungelelanisa zonke iinkalo zoluntu.

Inxalenye yokuqala, "Iziseko yobomi bemihla ngemihla"

Kakade ke, lo msebenzi mkhulu asikwazanga ukhuphe incwadi enye, ngoko sazabela lona ibe ziingceba ezinkulu ezintathu uFernand Braudel. "Iziseko yobomi bemihla ngemihla" - eli gama ngumthamo lokuqala. Kukho isifundo oluneenkcukacha imiba yezoqoqosho ubomi abantu kwixesha utshintsho esibaluleke ukuvela ongxowankulu. Le ncwadi sizinikele ukuze ubomi eziphathekayo. Emva kokuyifunda, ungabona ababephila ngayo abantu ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi kunye yokuzalwa mihla, hayi kuphela eYurophu kodwa nangaphaya. I abayinyamekelayo imizekelo uFernand Braudel. "Iziseko yobomi bemihla ngemihla" niphuphuma uqinisekiso ezahlukeneyo nesiLatini azibhala yexesha, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kwaye yenza incwadi ifikeleleka uluhlu olubanzi kubafundi.

Inxalenye yesibini 'ukwabelana Game "

Le nxalenye lijongana ishishini kumaXesha Aphakathi. Braudel uchaza phantse yonke imiba esi yasendle: umsebenzi nabathengisi, ezichaphazela urhwebo ka-elide umgama, utshintshiselwano ngamazwe, cantors ngetyala. Umbhali-mbali igxile kwindlela umsebenzi wale mibutho ziphembelele ubomi kuluntu luphela. Le rhwebo - ukuba ngowona mxholo kule ncwadi.

Isahlulo sesithathu "World Time"

Le ncwadi isahlulo sesithathu trilogy odumileyo, ezibhalwe uFernand Braudel. "Ixesha Woxolo" - inkcazo kwimbali yoqoqosho yehlabathi. Umbhali uwusondeza ngokweesirisi eyahlukileyo-uzwi yoqoqosho, izinto ezo zidibene ngexesha elinye-isingqisho. Yena hlaziya ezibangela ngokuvela nokuwa kwezi zoqoqosho, kwaye ikwakhankanya yeengcinga eziphambili eziye ecetywayo iinxalenye ngaphambili.