Iklasi ingozi lweNkunkuma 1-4: indawo yokuhlala kunye nokusetyenziswa

Waste 1 - 4 udidi ingozi ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye oluntu kunye nesilwanyana kufuneka igcinwe kakuhle ilahlwe. Zonke iimveliso ibe nempembelelo engentle kummandla we ecosystem, yahlulwe iiklasi 5, kodwa kuyingozi kakhulu ke ezine zokuqala, njengoko ngenyanga yesihlanu yileyo isetyenziswa leyo inokuphinda irisayikilishwe kwakhona.

grade 5

Lo mgangatho nqanaba lisezantsi lobungozi. Amaninzi, sithetha malunga inkunkuma enkulu-ubungakanani yangaphakathi: ifenitshala endala kunye nezinto, iimveliso ezenziwe zeplastiki okanye iglasi, iphepha kunye nenkunkuma ukutya.

grade 4

Waste 1 - 4 udidi ingozi zihlelwa ngokungqinelana iqondo sesichengeni. Grade 4 nje kuquka iimveliso ukuba ingozi ephantsi kokusingqongileyo. umonakalo Repair evela okubi kunokuba kwiminyaka emithathu. inkunkuma enkulu indlu ngaphandle, eli qela nayo ibandakanya inkunkuma yokwakha: iintsalela ngezitena, amaqhekeza, intsimbi, iiglasi ezaphukileyo, iinkuni engeyomfuneko.

Olu didi lubandakanya, kunye nokutya ezinamafutha ukuba kuvela ngenxa yokwakhiwa amaqula kunye nophuhliso entsimini. Ukulahlwa kobungozi inkunkuma class-4, ingakumbi abo apho kukho ioli, kufuneka athobele imiqathango yomthetho.

grade 3

Olu udidi ingozi yabelwa iimveliso kunye nezinto ezinobungozi kokusingqongileyo. Indawo yoBuyiselo-ithatha iminyaka emalunga ne-10. Le iklasi samkelwe ukuba inkunkuma yokwakha, inkunkuma imveliso ngohlobo zokusebenza, imitha irabha, oyile ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, asidi alkalis. ibibangela ungcoliso kulo mzekelo amaziko zokwakha, kuquka iziza zokwakha engagqitywanga, izityalo mveliso.

2 iklasi

inkunkuma eyingozi 1 - iiklasi 4 ezisetyenziselwe ixesha elide - ubuncinane iminyaka emithathu. umngcipheko High wabelwa ukuba iimpahla, iimveliso ezivela kwiklasi yesibini. Ezi elimi bayakwazi lokutshintsha lizama sezinto eziphilayo, kwaye uza kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka engama-30 ukuze kubuyiselwe imimandla ingcolisekile. Kule klasi elulolwakhe iimveliso izityalo eziyingozi, isixhobo idilikile, ezo zililo imichiza - oyile, alkalis, asidi. enokumenza asuleleke ke amashishini mveliso. Kule yesibini udidi ingozi kwaye kuquka neebhetri, ezibangela umonakalo noqhekeko-bume ngenxa eziyityhefu asidi kwaye bakhokele. yokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ngokutsho imigaqo, kufuneka ezakuphumezwa kwisikhongozeli yokuzinikela.

grade 1

Eli izinto kakhulu yingozi ezinobungozi, ubukho apho kwindalo kunokubangela imiphumo ebuhlungu nentshabalalo phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba zibuye. Eli qela ibandakanya inkunkuma yemizi-mveliso. iiseli galvanic, kwiithemometha, mercury isibane okanye ezijiko esekelwe izixhobo ezahlukeneyo - yonke le nkcitho -1 udidi ingozi. Olu luhlu luquka lokuqala lwazo zonke izinto mercury aqulethe, kuba etyhidiweyo iya kukhululwa ngokukhawuleza kwi kokusingqongileyo kunye ebangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuya eziphilayo.

Iimfuno lo mthetho bathi kwiklasi yokuqala lwenkunkuma kufuneka kuqokelelwa yodwa ingadityaniswa nezinye iimveliso ukuphakheja ekhethekileyo. Njengomgaqo, wadala ngensimbi kwalenza, ekubeni inkunkuma engenakuphinde isetyenziswe. Ukulahlwa kobungozi inkunkuma iklasi 1, ingakumbi imetyhuri izinto radioactive kunye zinambuzane wenziwa kuphela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizodwa. Le nkqubo ngokwayo ikhutshwa phandle ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: nokolula, amandla microwave okanye okusindisa zokuyilahla ezizodwa. A kwiindlela zakudala eluvundwini, umzekelo, kuphela ukongeza zingcolise okusingqongileyo.

Indlela ukunciphisa ubungozi?

Njengokuba besesitshilo, inkunkuma 1 - 4 udidi kobungozi kunokubangela umonakalo noqhekeko-bume. Inkqubo yolawulo eyodwa ukukhusela oku kungenzeki, kumisa, sivumele ubuninzi ukwenza inkunkuma nokuqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa. Kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye eRashiya ngakumbi, baye bamkela imithetho, njengako apho inkunkuma kufuneka phantsi:

• ziphilise;
• usetyenzwe;
• kuhlelo.

Iindlela zokulahla: ukutshisa

Ukwenza ntsha kwakhona 1 - 4 grade badla oko kwenziwa ngokugcina okanye ovuthayo. Indlela yokuqala etiphini eqhelekileyo, kunjalo, ukunciphisa umonakalo kwimvelo ecwangciswe ngayo kwi zomhlaba oludongwe ukuba lukhuni geosynthetics ezahlukeneyo. umsebenzi wabo - ukunqanda ukuvuza kwezinto ezinobungozi kokusingqongileyo.

Ukutshisa - uyakwazi ukunciphisa inani e kugcwaliswa amadama ngamanzi, kodwa le nkqubo yimisi eziyingozi izinto eziyingozi. Ukuba ufuna ukunciphisa umonakalo kokusingqongileyo, imveliso zitshabalale kwizityalo ukutshisa, apho mayixhotyiswe inkqubo air entlambululo multi-eqongeni.

Waste 1 - 4 udidi ingozi yokuba nga ri na isetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo, zibe kutshiswa kufuneka ndingcwatyelwe khona. Xa uyila ext kwingxelo zejoloji kusetyenziswa amatanki - lenyengane, abangelwe, gypsum, kodwa kule meko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula ezinye iimeko.

1. Ingaphandle kufuneka angahlalwa manzi kunye namanzi ngokuzala iyaxela kufuneka zibekwe ngaphantsi.
2. Kunyanzelekile okokuba abo deformation enokubangelwa yi shear phantsi kwempembelelo imiba eyahlukeneyo.

Ukuba usebenzisa kulahlwa komhlaba kwenkunkuma, ngoko ke kwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa izingxobo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukulahlwa iimveliso eziyingozi

Ukulahlwa kobungozi inkunkuma iklasi 1 - umlinganiselo kakhulu. Umzekelo, kunilungele ukugcina izinto eziqhumayo kwamatanki ezizodwa komhlaba ekufuneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko eliphezulu.

1. Inkunkuma obekwe kwi Tarah, ngubani na oya kuba nako ukumelana umthwalo ezahlukeneyo - imisinga umothuko ngoomatshini.
2. izinto Ukubeka kunilungele kude imigca ngamandla.
3. Kuyinto nokugcina olusisinyanzelo yokugcina kubushushu obuphantsi kunye nemithi ukukhusela inkunkuma evela intsebenziswano yamachiza kunye ngamacandelwana eseleyo.

Okanye ri?

Ulawulo lweNkunkuma intsonkothile kuphela kufuneka ukuhlela kunye nokuqokelelwa eyahlukileyo. Kodwa ke isicombululo inengqondo le ngxaki. Abaninzi inkunkuma 1 - class 3 ingozi kakhulu ezifanelekileyo kwakhona. Sithetha iiplastiki, iibhetri, yintlama ngandlela zonke. Kakade ke, le nkqubo ifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu, ningenzi okwenkawu kumazwe aseYurophu, kodwa eRashiya olu hlobo zisetyenziswa kangangoko asizizo zonke inkampani ukufumana iindlela zokulahla inkunkuma kwimveliso.

Indlela ukujongana ityhefu?

inkunkuma eyingozi 1 - 4 iiklasi, leyo iqanjwa ityhefu, ngokufuthi bangabi ngeendlela thermal. Bona apho eninzi.

• Ulwelo-phase igcwala isetyenziselwa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma kwisigaba engamanzi kunye ehlele abakulo amdaka. Le ndlela iquka ukusebenza kwiqondo elithile kunye noxinzelelo, ebonakala Ilahleko ye-eneji okungenamsebenzi, kodwa ngexesha lenkqubo kwi ubushushu kumphezulu umhlwa ibunjiwe, yaye le ethile engundoqo.
• catalysis owahlukeneyo. Isetyenziswa xa kufuneka Nokwethisa inkunkuma yorhwebo kwisigaba sukube okanye engamanzi.
• Pyrolysis, leyo yinto oxidizing okanye owomileyo. pyrolysis Oxidative - ke yokubola wobushushu eziyimveliso yeekhemikhali eziyingozi, xa itshiswe okanye ngokungaphelelanga, okanye ukuqhagamshelana neemveliso ezibangelwa ukutshiswa zepetroli. Indlela iyilungele elitshisiweyo, iiplastiki, oyile, ukungcola amafutha. Xa iimveliso pyrolysis eyomileyo ukubola thermally kodwa ingekho i-oksijini. Ngenxa ukusebenza eliphezulu kwaye non inkunkuma-, obu bugcisa kwemfuno enkulu.
• Gasification - enye indlela ngokurisayikilisha. Izinto eziluncedo yale ndlela kukuba abunjwe ngexesha iigesi ezinokutsha ingasetyenziswa njengako amafutha, kunye nentlaka - njenge feedstock imichiza.
• Elisezantsi lobushushu-plasma. Le nqubo kuluncedo xa ufuna ukulahla inkunkuma ityhefu.

komphutha weekhemikhali

Ukuze kuquka ingozi inkunkuma yemichiza eziyingozi iklasi 1, uluhlu ebandakanya wemagniziyam sulfate, iikhompawundi zinc, phosphate. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi amanxuwa eyenziwe ngenxa yenkqubo ayinto of nokwandiswa izimbiwa kunye amine. Ukuba le uthuli ingena emzimbeni, kuba kukho iingxaki neempahla bronchi negazi.

Eyona yingozi iquka inkunkuma, eziqulathe imetyhuri khompawundi zayo, chloride mercuric, kwistibhiya potassium benqanda. Ukuba umntu ngesiquphe wadliswa ezi izinto, yonke luvo, izintso ukuze ongenakuchukumiseka, njengesiphumo - ukufa. Kungenxa yoko le nto Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma (4 udidi lwengozi kuquka) - inkqubo uxanduva.

Kutheni Kufuneka mna yokundwendwela?

Waste naluphi na udidi ingozi efunekayo uphuhliso yokundwendwela, olusekelwe phezu kwinani lwamaxwebhu. Ukuba le yokundwendwela ayikho, inkampani lijongene isohlwayo enkulu, ukongeza, imisebenzi yaso isenokumiswa okwexeshana. Inyaniso ukuba ukungabi kho kwalo xwebhu ithathwa njenge kophulwa yokhuseleko yendalo engqongileyo. Uqulunqa yokundwendwela kubandakanya inani izigaba - ukusuka inventri imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ukuba kwiilebhu zophando kunye nokubalwa ekhethekileyo kwiklasi ingozi inkunkuma.

iziphumo

Nokurisayikilisha inkunkuma - umba Ukwacinga izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke isizukulwana ngaphezu kwesinye. Ubunzima ukuba akukho iphuhlise inkqubo emanyeneyo iimveliso ishishini elihambisayo, kananjalo asizizo zonke lizwe waqonda ukuba inkunkuma yezoshishino nezinokuphinda kusetyenziswa. Kakade ke, kukho izixhobo ezintsha, iindlela kunye nezixhobo ezivumela ubuncinane kancinci ukuphucula imeko eziphila mihla, kodwa yokunqongophala kwemali ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi ezinjalo kudala ingozi kuluntu.