Impahla yodongwe: iipropati, iteknoloji lokuvelisa, isicelo

Ubumba yokuqala ukuvela elide phambi kokuba abantu bafunda ukuba lengca njani metal. iimbiza yamandulo iingqayi ukuba abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana kule mini, kukho ubungqina nto. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba impahla yodongwe iye iipropati ezizodwa ezenza kube kwezinye iindawo nje ezinye endaweni yazo. Makhe ndabelane nani ingakumbi iiseramikhi, thetha ngayo imveliso kunye neempawu zayo.

Overview

Iimveliso yodongwe ezifunyenwe sintering imixube nodongwe kunye nezongezelelo organic. Ngamanye amaxesha ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi oxide ezingaphiliyo. Inqaku lokuqala kula manqaku kwabonakala kwiminyaka 5000 eyadlulayo. Ngeli xesha, ubugcisa bemveliso kuye kwaphucuka, yaye namhlanje ukufikelela phezulu-amandla iimveliso yodongwe. Zisetyenziswa ekwakheni olungaphambili, imigangatho, amadonga yokwakha, njalo njalo. D.

Kukho ubumba kunye crocks ashinyeneyo kunye nakwamanye amazwe. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo bobabini kukuba crock tight waterproof. Le imveliso yephondo, ithayile floor, njl crock aneentunja - .. iithayile zophahla, ilitye yodongwe, imibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi kunye nangaphezulu.

Imbali ingenzeka

Igama elithi "iseramikhi" ngesiGrike lithetha "nodongwe". Ngokwendalo, ngokuba eyimveliso nayiphi na imveliso wasebenzisa uhlobo umxube. Kuyo yongeza izinto eziyimfuneko kuxhomekeka oko kufunekayo ukuze ekugqibeleni. Xa ngesandla yokuqala, kancinane emva koko, baze zomdongwe kumatshini ekhethekileyo saqhotyoshelwa ifomu ekhethekileyo. Kamva amanqaku yodongwe ukuba uyagxothwa eziko kubushushu eliphezulu.

Amazwe amaninzi basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yabo. Oku kusebenza kwinginginya zomdongwe, ukupeyinta, kunye Injengokubengezela. Ilizwe lokuqala liye lafikelela uphuhliso ebonakalayo lolu shishino, loo nto ithathwa eYiputa. Yeyona imveliso ukubumba wasekwa apho kwindawo yokuqala. Iimveliso zazenziwe udaka ezirhabaxa kwaye kakuhle engumxube, kodwa ukuphuculwa ubugcisa elizayo. Namhlanje izitena zenziwa ngodongwe etyheli, leyo kuthiwa ezazisetyenziswa ekwakhiweni iiphiramidi weMemphis.

Ukuvela porcelain

Kangangexesha elide eTshayina usebenzisa izinto ezifana jade. Bekumnandi, kodwa kakhulu ethe-ethe yaye kunzima ukumelana. Emva kweminyaka ekufuneni isisombululo wafunyanwa. Porcelain kulula ngakumbi ukuvelisa. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho ezinye bokuqonda. Umzekelo, mica kunye tsvaoku, apho ibekwe "amatye china", Wawucolwa ngumgubo ocoliweyo, igcinwe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-10. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto liye laba kakhulu oluthambileyo. I impahla porcelain yokuqala China yayingezonqanawa ephezulu evuthelweyo. Zinelungelo kumphezulu olukhazimlisiweyo kunye eblowu okanye emnyama eluhlaza. Lwakutsha nje eyaziswa kakhulu.

Namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba China lilizwe apho imveliso yephondo iye zasasazwa ngokubanzi. Oku kuyinyaniso, nangona kuye ithandwa eYurophu, kodwa kwabonakala kamva, nemveliso yayo iye yasungula elide.

Eyona eziphambili ze ukubumba

Okwangoku, iimveliso ingátsho kucalulo ebanzi. Ngoko ke, izinto zodongwe zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili:

• iiseramikhi unglazed (ubumba kunye zomdongwe);
• eyenziwe ngezitena (majolica, faience, imveliso yephondo, fireclay).

Ubumba - Italian for "umhlaba wazosa izonkana". Iimveliso ezenziwe ngodongwe elinombala kwaye nesakhiwo amazwe. Ubumba enze zitsha, izitya, kwakunye nezinto zokudlala nezinye iithayile.

ukubumba ubumba kunzima ngakumbi inkqubo. Ukuze ibe manzi, wokucoca kuyimfuneko. Ke imveliso phantsi gquma. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kuya kusala njengomsi weziko ashushu ukuze kuphole. Namhlanje, iintlobo ezininzi iiseramikhi, ngodongwe ngokukodwa, athandwa kakhulu. Lusetyenziswa amakhaya zisetyenziselwa ukugcina ubisi, izinto ezinkulu okanye uhombiso.

Ke ukuba udidi lwesibini - iiseramikhi eyenziwe ngezitena, apha China kakhulu ezithandwayo kunye zodongwe. Owayesakuba lubiza kakhulu kwaye nexesha elininzi ukuvelisa, owesibini - eluncedo kwaye sitshiphu. Ahluke phakathi kwabo yinyaniso yokuba iimveliso porcelain ziqulathe ngodongwe ngaphantsi kunye nezongezelelo ezininzi ezizodwa. Ngaphezu koko, imveliso esikhanyayo koko kukhanya, ngokungafani imveliso yephondo.

ku refractories

Products ngumxube we eliyinjubaqa nodongwe. Kuxhomekeka ngenjongo yokuba bakwazi ukumelana ubushushu-1 300 ukuya 2000 degrees Celsius, yaye ngaphezulu. somlilo elisetyenzisiwe ceramic ezizodwa. izinto eliyinjubaqa kwi nani likhulu asetyenziswe kwinkqubo metallurgical. Apho zisetyenziselwa ukwakha yamaziko udubulo kunye lokubolekwa.

Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuthi kunye ukwandisa lobushushu amandla eliyinjubaqa asilahlekanga, kodwa kunokuba ukwanda. Oku kuphunyezwa ngenxa yobukho kwi elinjubaqa oxides, silicates, kunye borides. Zisetyenziswa phantse kuyo yonke indawo, apho kukho iinkqubo-lobushushu eliphezulu. rhoqo ukuba zenzeka ezimilise, okt ekwimo imveliso ethile, nithi, isitena. Ngaphantsi kudinga ukusetyenziswa refractories unshaped njengoko ngumgubo.

Zeengqayi zokwakha

Izinto eziluncedo ze izinto yodongwe kukuba kumthi wabo abangekho kangako. Kunye lula ukuvelisa ihlala eliphezulu kwimveliso, ngoku sele kwishishini lokwakha. Ukuba uthatha izinto eludongeni, nto ithatha indawo ephambili apha yezitena zodaka.

Oku kusasebenza nakubanini-tiles yodongwe, leyo, nangona ukuvela Iipholima ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa emhlabeni. Yena basetyenziswa izixhobo isithuba nokufuma eliphezulu lobushushu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezijongene zeeteksi ibloko yokuqala eziphathekayo.

Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ukunyuka-4% ekuveliseni i-tile ngodongwe noshowo kunye yezitena. Manufacturing zabo ezifunekayo utshintsho kancinci mveliso ngezitena, apho iindleko ifunyanwe kunyaka wokuqala kwentengiso. Kwamanye ukubumba ezibuhlazarha yathatha kudala indawo ephambili kwaye wathengisa ngcono kakhulu kunokuba izitena kunesiqhelo.

izinto ezikhethekileyo ceramic

Iimveliso ezinjalo ziquka imibhobho zangasese kunye nogutyulo. Eyokuqala yahlulwe amaqela amakhulu amathathu:

• of porcelain nzima (crock misindo);
• porcelain sanitary (crock sintered);
• semiporcelain (crock semisintered).

Iimfuno eziphambili ukuya iimveliso yococeko - amelane umonakalo, ukumelana ubushushu. Ukuqulunqwa kufuneka igcinwe ukuze olungqongqo, oku kwenzeka ngokufanayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Isebenzisa kuphela iiseramikhi weziko ngobuchule kunye nomgangatho ophezulu izinto ekrwada. Kuba xa zishishina zisithengisela sanitary kufuneka ibandakanye olubi, izindlu zangasese, kwiibhafu, radiators, njl Indlela Qinisekisa ukungqinisisa umgangatho imveliso - .. A ukukhanya eskrinini igobhogobho. Isandi kufuneka zicoceke yaye ngaphandle ahambe. Oku kubonisa leHamas ikwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo kunye nokungabikho neentanda.

Ke ukuba imibhobho umjelo, kufuneka ashinyeneyo caked crock. ngemibhobho yodongwe zenziwa enobubanzi ka 150-600 mm. Ngokuqhelekileyo glaze zigqunywe ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Kuba ezi mveliso luphawulwa nokumelana eliphezulu baxilonga ndlongondlongo kunye ombane singawi. Yiba ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, nto leyo ebenza ukufikelela ngakumbi.

Iipropati Physicochemical of ukubumba

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, zonke iimveliso zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini ezibanzi: ashinyeneyo kunye nakwamanye amazwe. Ashinyeneyo ube umyinge wamanzi nokufunxwa ngaphantsi kwe-5%, aneentunja - 5% okanye ngaphezulu. izitena nodongwe (aneentunja kwaye kuthembeke), iiyunithi wokwakha ezibuhlazarha, iithayile, iithayile kuphandla: Iqela yokugqibela ziquka ezi mveliso zilandelayo. ezithengiswayo ashinyeneyo yodongwe - izitena yendlela kunye iithayile floor. Kwicandelo sanitary uhlangabezana zombini aneentunja kunye ashinyeneyo yodongwe.

Ukuthetha malunga neempawu zomzimba imichiza, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba yokusilela ngodongwe engundoqo. It iqulathe kwi brittleness kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto. Kunjalo, ukufumaneka aphezulu kunye Ukukwazi ukwenza izinto omnye ethandwa kumashishini amaninzi, kwaye nkqu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. ubuchwepheshe bale mihla ukuvumela ukuba ukufumana komhlaba ogudileyo ngoko nangoko emva ukudubula. Ukuba ufuna ukufikelela umbala othile, ongeze isahlulo oxides zentsimbi kunye ayibe.

Iimpawu emincinci

Phezu ukufudumeza ukubumba ngcembe uba ulwelo. It sibonisa inani elikhulu iikhompawundi alula nanzima. Xa apholisayo crystallization kwenzeka. Oku wabonakaliswa ilahleko ziikristale ehlambulukileyo apho ukwandisa ubukhulu. Xa ubunzima lukhuni, ubume wabumba mikrokonglomerat. Grain mullite ngesamente mass eqina. Kufuneka uhlawule ingqalelo yakho ukuba athom oxygen benza uhlobo matrix. Iqulethe atom zesinyithi encinane, ezo endaweni kwi interstices therebetween. Ngenxa yoko, kweli emincinci esilawulwa iibhondi ionic kwaye covalent thile ezincinane. uzinzo Chemical nozinzo afunyenwe bubukho iikhompawundi olomeleleyo elide ngamachiza.

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, ukusetyenziswa izinto yodongwe ulinganiselwe. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ziikristale abafezekanga. Ezikrobeni babe iziphene ezininzi: ubungakanani Pore zenyukliya, warping, njl Konke oku kuguga kakhulu kobulembu ... Noko ke, kukho apha bokuqonda yayo. Umzekelo, ubuchwepheshe ngokuxhomekeke ngexesha ukuzakhela uhlobo oluthile iseramikhi Kuyinto kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezintle ngamandla. Ngenxa yoku, kubalulekile ukuba ukuthobela amaqondo obushushu kunye nexesha iimveliso badubula.

Iimpawu kunye neempawu nodongwe

Clay - sedimentary eweni elizimeleyo ubume kunye nolwakhiwo iifom izinto zeplastiki xa idityaniswe namanzi. Emva beqhumisa - umzimba kamnevidnoe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lo mxube zamahlathi, ubukhulu becala akhiwa silicates aluminiyam. Amaninzi zifumaneka clays kunye rock ezifana zwi, feldspar, pyrites kunye hydroxides kunye carbonates icalcium, magnesium titanium kusitsha.

Kaolin - udongwe isulungekileyo, ezaziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. It iqulathe phantse nocatshulo kaolinite. Emva beqhumisa abe umbala omhlophe. Eziyimfuneko plasticity processing ifunyanwa bubukho iinkozo entle kubume izinto udongwe (0.005 mm). Ngokwendalo, kokukhona sakhiwa izinto ezinjalo, lo plasticity kulapha ngentla, kwaye vice versa.

Iimpawu eziphambili ngodongwe yodongwe kufuneka iquke:

• plasticity - deformation ngaphandle breakage;
• uqhagamshelwano;
• umoya nomlilo shrinkage;
• iyawulwa umlilo.

Namhlanje, kwezithako ezahlukeneyo ekhempini ekwandiseni ukuba guqula iipropati eziphathekayo kuyo naliphi icala. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni iimveliso yodongwe luya ixhaphake.

Manufacturing flowsheet

Abalinganiswa ngezinto yodongwe lubonisa ithuba ukusetyenziswa ngodongwe mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba kukho imfuneko enkulu, yaye ngenxa yoko, unikele ukwanda. Izityalo ekuveliseni uninzi umsebenzi scheme efanayo:

• Exploration;
• uqeqesho;
• ekubumbeni futhi omisa;
• kaJohn kunye ukukhululwa imveliso.

Ukunciphisa iindleko idla ngokuba mveliso yakhiwa kufutshane yedipozithi nodongwe. Ukukhutshwa ngendlela evulekileyo, ukuba kombiwe. Inyathelo elilandelayo zokuqeqesha ukukhulisa ubunzima. Le nkcazelo ekrwada is ahlanganiswe, nakhandiweyo kwaye oxutywe de egudileyo. Ekubumbeni Ikamva imveliso yodongwe ikhutshwa phandle iinkqubo emanzi neyomileyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, ubunzima humidified kwi-25%, kwaye yesibini - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-12%.

Ngaphambili wayedla yokomisa zendalo. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimozulu. Ngenxa yoko, kwisityalo ngqele nemvula okanye umi. Ngoko ke, notsala ezizodwa usebenzise (gas). Isigaba ibalulekileyo kaJohn. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bagcine iteknoloji, nto leyo intsonkothile kakhulu. Kuxhomekeka pholisa ceramic. Akukho lehle lobushushu ngesiquphe esinokubangela warping moya. Nguwe kuphela na ukuthengisa izinto yodongwe. kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa, njengokuba ubona, akukho lula, iqulathe izigaba ezininzi. Ngamnye kubo kufuneka ahlonitshwe. Ukuba oku akwenzeki, phezu ivenkile ezishelfini, sinako ukuhlangabezana emtshatweni.

A kangako iintsilelo ngodongwe

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ukwakhiwa umbandela yodongwe akukho mgaqweni. Ngokukodwa, oku kuchaphazela ngamandla imveliso ezenziwe ngodongwe. Nawuphi na umonakalo ngazo njengoko iitshiphusi, amathanda njalo njalo. N. Le iphutha iqhosha. Kodwa kukho ezinye izinto elibazisa ukusasazwa ngokubanzi umbandela phambi kwethu. Omnye wabo - iindleko eziphezulu. Umzekelo, iithayile yodongwe ukuba uphahla lwendlu yelizwe - lihle ukusuka kwindawo ubuhle kwimboniselo yesisombululo, kodwa iindleko Kuluvuyo eqolo.

Kulo mzekelo, inkangeleko yayo iya kuhlala akukho ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-5 unakekelwa efanelekileyo. Ukongeza kukho ebunayo, kokuvela moss phezu komhlaba kunye m. N. Ukongeza, le brittleness kunye brittleness kukhokelela into yokuba nawuphi na umonakalo kunokubangela ukuvuza kwendlu, kwaye sele bambalwa kakhulu abantu. Kakade ke, izinto yodongwe mihla ikhangeleka gqitha, nto leyo kufezekiswe ngesicwangciso esisekelwe imibala texture ebanzi imveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa kubalulekile kodwa nangoku kubiza, ngokufuthi kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokufaneleka kwalo ukhetho.

Ngamafuphi

Siye sahlolisisa iimpawu ezisisiseko izinto yodongwe. Ngokusekelwe zonke ngentla, omnye sinokugqiba ukuba iimveliso anjalo ubunjalo ethile. kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba ukungabikho umonakalo, baya zihlala ixesha elide kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, i yodongwe ezibonakalayo ukuze Ukugxothwa etyhidiweyo izityalo nayo buyafuneka, ngokuba ukumelana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Njengokuba kude nje kubomi bemihla ngemihla, apha iiseramikhi sibe luncedo kakhulu. Izixhobo kunye nempahla upheka eziko, nangona itshintshe inkangeleko yayo kule minyaka, kodwa nangoku owenziwe le nto. Porcelain, nangona iindleko yayo ephezulu, abe ujongo amahle, elikholekileyo nje iliso. Oku kukwasebenza imveliso yephondo, abathi uphumezo efanelekileyo kunzima ukwahlula evela eTshayina.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko kuyimfuneko ukuba usebenzise impahla yodongwe. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu zolondolozo ezinkulu nodongwe zendalo. ngokwenene iqashiso layo, yaye nyaka ngamnye liphuhlise iikwari ngakumbi kule lwezibonelelo zendalo. Into ebalulekileyo yesibini - nobuhlobo lokusingqongileyo. Ngaphambili, abantu abazange babe ithuba lokusebenzisa nayiphi ongeziweyo eziyingozi ukuphucula iimpawu amandla imveliso. Namhlanje le meko utshintshile, nangona ebaluleke kakhulu. tile bokusebenzisa, ngokungafaniyo zokwenziwa ezo engenabungozi empilweni. Oku kukwasebenza izitya ezenziwe ngodongwe, apho, xa kuthelekiswa ne-plastiki, ingakumbi xa yokugqibela itshiswa, akukho ngozi kwaphela.