Umgaqo nokufikeleleka pedagogy

Kukho imigaqo ethile ngokunxulumene kuyo yonke inkqubo yemfundo yakhiwa. Nokuba ukufunda esikolweni, isikolo yezandla okanye eyunivesithi, kukho ebalulekileyo ezithile ziqhelekilyo naliphi na inqanaba lemfundo. . Omnye wabo mithetho-siseko wokufikeleleka. Ntoni na nendlela kuqaliswa inkqubo yemfundo?

oosonzululwazi Soviet kunye neembono zabo ukufikelela kwimfundo

Uphuhliso lwemithetho kunye nokuqaliswa awo kwinkqubo yokufundisa ababandakanyekayo izazinzulu ezininzi. le KD Ushinsky, no NG Chernyshevsky and NA Dobrolyubov. Ngokubanzi kakhulu, umgaqo sobukho izinto ezifanelekileyo zoqeqesho baqeqeshwe ngokukhethekileyo. Imfundo kufuneka ibe umsebenzi ngengqondo, apho abafundi okanye abafundi benza imini yonke. Kodwa ke, kwelinye icala, lo msebenzi kufuneka zibe nokwenzeka ukuba umfundi - oko kufuneka ubashukumise umsebenzi ngakumbi, yaye oku akuyi kuba isizathu sokuba akukho ukufunda.

Abaphengululi ezahlukeneyo iinkcazo zabo eyenza umgaqo umgaqo nokufumaneka pedagogy. Abanye babeqinisekile ukuba kuhlangene kunye nobudala lomfundi, ngoko ukukhetha kwezinto kufuneka athathe indawo ngqo ngokwale njengekhrayitheriya. Abanye bacinga ukuba kubalulekile ke ubuchule kunye iitalente umntwana - enyanisweni eklasini enye nibe ngabantwana abaneminyaka ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kunye nobuchule eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ukufunda. Abanye kugxininisa kuphela umxholo, ezisetyenziswa njengangoku izifundo kunye neenzuzo ngababini.

Inkcazelo, nto leyo eye yaba Classic

Umdla ngumboniso evakaliswe IN Kazantsev ngo-1959. реализуется, прежде всего, в постоянном достижении границы умственных возможностей учащегося. Le ncwadi ihlelwe nguye "didactics" anokufunyanwa ingcamango yokuba umgaqo ubukho iphunyezwa kakhulu emdeni ngempumelelo amathuba rhoqo umfundi ngokwasengqondweni. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha ngalinye wenza umzamo, umfundi kwinkqubo yemfundo lonke ixesha ifikelela okanye ungaphezulu le zisembundwini wawo. Nangona LV Zankova siphakamiso yaye yaqalisa ingqiqo yemfundo kwinqanaba eliphezulu nokufumaneka kolwazi, enyanisweni, nkqu novoovvedeniya zakhe zibonise siseko lokufikelela yokufundisa.

Imbali ukuyilwa umgaqo nokufumaneka

Ukuqala ukuyilwa imithetho zingathathwa njengoko 60s kunye 70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Kwaba lelo xesha ke yamkela ingcaciso esisiseko apho siseko sobukho pedagogy esekelwe. Eli lixesha xa ezintsha Soviet, imizamo yokuphuhlisa imfundo, emva kwayo yonke le minyaka iye yafakwa kwifomu apho sibona namhlanje. Olu qeqesho bazibandakanye amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana, kunye nenkqubo iiklasi elinanye, kwaye enkalweni njengesenzo mveliso.

Abanye abaphengululi baye banikela ingqalelo eyodwa kulo mba, njengoko ukufaneleka wemfundo. Wonke umfundi azalelwe uhlala ngexesha elithile, xa yoluntu kwi kwisigaba ethile inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ngoko ke, asinakukwazi ngoyaba, kunye ubuchule umfundi, yaye le into. Kwakhona iquka okulindeleke zoluntu ngokunxulumene nomntwana. Awunako ukuba ngemihla elidlulileyo yiSoviet ngayo abafundi kunye nabafundi balindele iyafana naleyo abafundi namhlanje. zaphawula ezahlukeneyo kunye iingcamango athwale iimfuno ezithile - oku kusebenza kokubili umfundi kunye umfundi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.

Yintoni phula ukufumaneka izinto ongabonakaliyo

Asingabo bonke honours okanye isikolo horoshist. Kukho ubunzima obuthile, ngenxa apho yaphulwe umgaqo kokufumaneka in pedagogy. Umzekelo leyo elisombulula umfundi okanye ukuzilolonga Russian ulwimi, kwelinye icala, ukuba kube lula kakhulu kuye. Kwelinye icala, ntshikilelo neenzame yenqgondo kufuneka ukuba ikhokelele kokukhatywa umntwana kwesi sifundo. Enyanisweni, uninzi iinkalo zekharityhulam yesikolo ngenxa yesi sizathu kwaye babe umdla kumfundi. Edidekile amakhono abo, umzekelo, zokusombulula iingxaki e algebra, kuya kuba ngakumbi nangakumbi iya kuba mathidala ukuba le ncwadi. Ngamana sibe sibi kunye nesimo sengqondo utitshala ukuba umfundi lisasalele emva - kuba akukho mntu uluthandayo, xa ukungabikho kwakhe amandla iya kuboniswa phambi koontanga babo. . Kodwa ke eneneni, le meko ibonakala ephule apho, kuvela, kuxhomekeke kumgaqo wokufikeleleka.

Indlela yokusombulula ingxaki individualization yokufunda

Ngaxa lithile, kufuneka ubone ukuba yintoni na kwikharityhulam yenza kube nzima ukuba umfundi ukuba baqwalasele ngenyameko lo mba. Ngapha koko, uqeqesho kufuneka kusoloko kusenziwa babizwa ngokuba "ummandla wophuhliso proximal", oko kukuthi kancinane ngaphaya koko ngoku ezikhoyo ukuba umntwana. Ukusebenzisa eli lungelo practice, Noko ke, akusoloko kusenzeka. Ngapha koko, asinguye wonke utitshala uyakwazi okanye uzimisele ukuchonga ubunzima neengxaki ezijongene mba okanye loo mntwana. Kwakhona kuchaphazela inani labafundi - akusoloko inkqubo yokufunda sele uwedwa ngokufanelekileyo. Isisombululo iphambili kule ngxaki sele ethunyelwe ngabaphandi Russian. Umzekelo, abaphandi zendawo zi Kalmykov iceba ukudalwa zezifundo ezizodwa apho wonke umfundi uya kukwazi ukukhetha ngokwabo imisebenzi eyayiza kuba ezifanelekileyo kwinqanaba lakhe.

iikhrayitheriya Umgaqo ukucacisa ukufumaneka

Kwakhona, abaphengululi abaninzi lamathuba ezahlukeneyo ziye zaziswa iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo rule. Kuqala kwinto zonke, umgaqo kokufumaneka kufuneka ibe njengenqobo engundoqo ngayo izinto zokufundisa ekhethiweyo. Okwesibini, iincwadi kunye neencwadana kufuneka athathe ingqalelo inqanaba ukulungiselela abafundi okanye abafundi, ukuba ngomnye imisebenzi ephambili eyenziwa yi-siseko nokufumaneka pedagogy. Le nkcazelo, efana naleyo yangaphambili, iye yasetyenziswa kwimfundo owayephila Russian ngempumelelo. Okwesithathu, enye indima ebalulekileyo APHA kukuchonga iingxaki abajongene kwinkqubo yokufunda kuzo zonke nzulu.

Indlela yokubona ukuba izinto iyafumaneka ukuze umfundi

Le kwingongoma nganye ngokufumaneka kwezinto usoloko kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Ukuze kubonwe inqanaba le isalathiso, esebenzisa amatyala eziliqela. Okokuqala, ukufikelela unako kuvavanywa ngokubhekiselele umfundi owodwa kwaye wabagagamela evela yinto. Okwesibini, ingaba uvavanyo nekhono lomfundi okanye umfundi kukaZwilakhe kwiinkalo ezininzi eziyinxalenye anjengeenkqubo zezikolo okanye eyunivesithi yonke. Okwesithathu, uhlalutyo enokwenziwa ubuchule yonke iklasi okanye iqela lokufunda. Soloko kucacile ukuba izinto zokufundisa ifumaneka abafundi ukuba bafumane rating of "4" okanye "5". Ngoko ke ndaqonda ukuba umgaqo kokufumaneka in pedagogy. Ukuchongwa nokuchongwa kwangethuba iingxaki ezijongene ngabafundi, naye ngenxa umyalelo simo sabo. "BamaZwe" usoloko kubonisa iingxaki kunye nemfuneko ingqalelo ngenyameko izinto.