Iintlobo lwesakhiwo kwizicwili nokusebenza

Xa abantu, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwithishyu. Bonke zidlala indima ebomini bethu. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ke kwizicwili. ubunzima bayo ethile yi malunga ne-50% ye-ubunzima babantu. It is a link ukuba ixhulumanisa ndawonye zonke izicwili zethu. Kuxhomekeke ngobume emininzi imisebenzi umzimba womntu. Ezi zilandelayo zithathwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nokuqina.

Overview

Nokuqina tissue, isakhiwo umsebenzi apho ziye zahlolwa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, linoxanduva umsebenzi amalungu kunye neenkqubo ezininzi. lamandla ayo nezikhethekileyo ukusuka kuma-60 ukuya kwi-90% sobunzima yabo. Yenza isakhelo inkxaso, kuthiwa stroma, kunye nemibutho integument, ebizwa dermis. mpawu ziphambili zale kwizicwili:

• imvelaphi olufanayo mesenchymal;
• ukufana kwesakhiwo;
• ekwenzeni imisebenzi yenkxaso.

Kwindawo engundoqo ye nyama eziqinileyo nokuqina ibhekisa uhlobo ezinezikhondo. It iqulathe kwimicu elastin kunye collagen. Kunye nale nyama epithelial nokuqina uyinxenye kwesikhumba. Ngelo xesha lumanyanisa kunye imicu kwezihlunu.

kwizicwili kwahlukile kwabanye ukuba thaca emzimbeni 4 ithi ezahlukeneyo:

• ifayibha (nemisipha, imisipha, ifascia);
• nzima (ithambo);
• gel (intlala, amalungu);
• ulwelo (nkovu, igazi, intercellular, lwamalunga, ulwelo fluid).

Kwakhona, abameli olu hlobo kwilaphu zezi: sarcolemma, nenqatha, matrix extracellular, samehlo, sclera, microglia.

Ubume kwizicwili

Oku kuquka iiseli ezinzileyo (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) ziquka izinto isiseko. Kwakhona unalo kumiswa ezinezikhondo. Zimele into intercellular. Ukongeza, iqulethe iiseli ezamahala ezahlukeneyo (amanqatha, nokutshutshiswa, sidudla kunye nabanye.). kwizicwili ubunjwe isizalo extracellular (isiseko). ukungaguquguquki jeli-ezifana ukwimo kungenxa nokubunjwa kwayo. Matrix ijeli hydrated kakhulu ukhandwa le khompawundi eliphezulu ubunzima eziphilayo. Benza phezulu malunga ne-30% ye-ubunzima kweziyobisi intercellular. Ngoko ke i-70% amanzi.

Ucalulo izicwili nokuqina

Ulwahlulo yale hlobo kwithishyu nzima ezahlukeneyo zabo. Ngoko ke, iintlobo zalo ziphambili yahlulwe, yena, kufuneka ukwahlula amaqela. Ukwahlula ndidi zilandelayo:

• Eneneni kwizicwili apho, iimpawu eyahlukileyo ezinezikhondo kunye ezithile ezahlukeneyo ezizodwa. Eyokuqala yahlulwe: loose kwaye ashinyeneyo (non-ukugxothwa kunye ukucoca), kwaye eyesibini - in nenqatha, reticular, yangaphakathi, mbala.
• Amathambo, nto leyo yahlulahlulwe intlala bone.
• Trophic, apho igazi nkovu.

Nayiphi kwizicwili imisela ingqibelelo ezisebenzayo kunye morphological kumzimba. Yena inemisebenzi iimpawu ezifana:

• ijwabu lunye;
• Ukukwazi;
• multifunctionality;
• nezimo;
• polymorphism kunye multicomponent.

imisebenzi ngokubanzi ye zomzimba nokuqina

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nokuqina yenze le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• zesakhiwo;
• ubonelelo balance ngamanzi-ityuwa;
• trophic;
• ukhuselo mechanical intamo;
• umqolo (umz, imilo iliso umiselwa sclera);
• ekuqinisekiseni Bonga esiqwini permeability;
• musculoskeletal ngoomatshini (intlala nethambo, imisipha kunye aponeuroses);
• zokuzikhusela (zizifo kunye phagocytosis);
• zeplastiki (ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha zokusingqongileyo, inxeba);
• homeostatic (ukuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo ibaluleke lomzimba).

Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi inyama nokuqina:

• belenza umzimba uzinzo imilo womntu, amandla;
• nokhuselo, kunye nambaxa ukutyabeka kwanangezibilini phakathi kwabo.

Umsebenzi main eziqulathwe kule kweziyobisi intercellular kwizicwili inkxaso. Isisekelo sakhe inikezela ukutya eqhelekileyo. Zobuchopho kwaye kwizicwili, yaye inika intsebenziswano iinkqubo omzimba ezahlukeneyo kunye ummiselo wabo.

Ubume kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo amalaphu

Ubume kwizicwili kuyahlukana nedlela hlobo yayo. It iqulathe iiseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nempahla intercellular. A isici esasenza eli laphu - umthamo high okungenisa. Lubonakala yi plasticity kunye ukuziqhelanisa ezilungileyo iimeko zokusingqongileyo ukutshintsha. Naluphi na uhlobo kwizicwili akhule nokuphuhlisa ngeendleko yokuzala kunye nenguqu iiseli abaselula undifferentiated. Bona efunyenwe mesenchyme, nto leyo emele izicwili osandul 'ukusekwa ukusuka mesoderm (ophakathi intsholongwane umaleko).

into Intercellular wabiza matrix extracellular, iqulethe ezininzi kuThixo iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo (ezingaphiliyo kunye organic). It is on ukwakhiwa kwawo kunye nobungakanani ixhomekeke consistency kwizicwili. izinto ezinjalo, njengokuba igazi kunye nkovu ziqulathe ukwakheka kweziyobisi yayo intercellular kwifomu elulwelo, ebizwa plasma. matrix intlala na uhlobo ijeli. Imicu bone into Intercellular kunye imicu eqinile ezingenakunyibilika.

Iqulathe iiproteni matrix extracellular ezifana elastin kunye collagen, proteoglycans kunye glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). isakhiwo sayo kungabandakanya zokusebenza iiproteni laminin kunye fibronectin.

Ezikhululekileyo kunye ashinyeneyo kwizicwili

Ezi ntlobo kwithishyu nokuqina ziqulathe iiseli isakhiwo matrix extracellular. Xa zawo eninzi ngaphezu kwintsunguzi. Kule yokugqibela longanyelwe ezahlukeneyo imicu. Imisebenzi ezi kwinyama ziqingwa umlinganiselo iiseli zingangeni intercellular. tissue lathamba-nokuqina owenza umsebenzi ikakhulu trophic. Kulo mzekelo, oko ebandakanyekileyo ekuxhaseni umsebenzi ngoomatshini. Intlala, ithambo kunye exineneyo zomzimba ezinezikhondo nokuqina emzimbeni asebenza umsebenzi musculoskeletal ngoomatshini. Abanye - trophic kunye zokhuselo.

inyama Okubi nokuqina

Ndiseyimbumba okubi ezinezikhondo nokuqina izihlunu, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi leyo ichazwe ngu zaso, ifumaneka kuzo zonke amalungu. Xa abaninzi kubo yakha isiseko (stroma). Le ibandakanya collagen kunye elastic zomzimba, fibroblasts, macrophage, iiseli plasma. Eli laphu ihamba izitya kwegazi. Ngenxa ifayibha yayo olukhululekileyo inkqubo iiseli igazi ukutya, ngexesha apho shintsho lwenzeka izondlo kulo esikule.

Le into intercellular na iintlobo 3 imicu:

• Collagen ukuba uhambe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi Imicu babe uhlobo iintambo ngqo kunye undulated (constrictions). ubukhulu yabo 1-4 microns.
• Ilastiki, imicu collagen ziyatyeba kancinci. ukuba bajoyine (anastomosed) kwezinye, ukwakha womnatha ngalinye shirokopletistuyu.
• Reticular esibonakala mncane zabo. Bona zimanyene kwi umnatha.

izinto zeselula evakalala izihlunu ezinezikhondo zezi:

• Fibroblasts, ezo zezona zininzi kakhulu. Zinelungelo imilo yokuluka. Abaninzi kubo zixhotyiswe nge spikes. Fibroblasts bakwazi nokuzala. Bona bathathe inxaxheba lokusekwa ubuncwane iphambili kolu hlobo ngelaphu, kuba sisiseko imicu yayo. Ezi seli ukuvelisa collagen kunye elastin, kwakunye nezinye izinto ze isizalo extracellular. fibroblasts Engasebenziyo ebizwa fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - iiseli ezinokuthi kwetyiswe kwaye ukufunxa matrix extracellular. Yokuba fibroblasts abaqolileyo.
• Macrophage, leyo uzakufakwa, side kunye zeemilo ezingaxhaphakanga. Ezi seli nga kwetyiswe kwaye ukufunxa izifo kunye izihlunu necrotic, yokungenelela abulale. Bona ababandakanyeka ngqo ekubunjweni sifo. Zahlula-hlulwe gistotsity (ukuba imeko quiescent) kunye (nokutshutshiswa) iiseli ezikhoyo. Macrophage ahluka ikhono lazo kwiintshukumo amoeboid. Ngokutsho imvelaphi yazo yokuba monocytes igazi.
• Iiseli ezityebileyo ziyakwazi ukuba yande xa kukho icytoplasm yesitokhwe egciniweyo ngohlobo kuncipha. Bona ungqukuva kwimilo kwaye bayakwazi ukuba asuse enye unit noshowo izicwili. Oku kwenza izihlunu ashinyeneyo adipose nokuqina. Ikhusela umzimba ukusuka ufudumele. Xa abantu, inyama adipose ikakhulu phantsi kwesikhumba phakathi enyama yangaphakathi, kwibhokisi Akunakuba. Yahlulahlulwe yaba omhlophe nomdaka.
• Iiseli plasma emzimbeni isisu, lomongo wethambo kunye zamanzi. Ezi yunithi ezincinane lwezakhiwo ahluka yi ngeenxa okanye imilo elimbhoxo. Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zomzimba wokhuselo. Ngokomzekelo, xa Yindibanisela lomzimba. iiseli Plasma ukuvelisa globulin igazi, anendima ebalulekileyo eqhelekileyo yokusebenza komzimba.
• iiseli Mast badla ngokuba basophils zeethishu luphawulwa ngokungena zabo. Xa kukho icytoplasm yabo iqulethe granules ezizodwa. Baya kuza iimilo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi seli izinze nezihlunu onke amalungu ukuba abe umaleko izihlunu evakalala nokuqina ndiseyimbumba. Le nto ndiyibhalayo kwezinto ezifana lweeHedfowuni, hyaluronic acid, histamine. Zabo ngqo injongo - le secretion ezi zinto kunye nokulawulwa kwe-microcirculation emzimbeni. Bona zithathwa iiseli omzimba olu hlobo yethishyu kwaye zinoxanduva naziphi nangokurhala, negazi. basophils zeethishu bebekelwa malunga imithambo yegazi kunye iindawo nkovu phantsi kwesikhumba kumongo amathambo ebomvu, udakada.
• iiseli sombala (melanocytes) ukuba ifomu kakhulu branched. Bona ziqulathe melanin. Ezi seli zifumaneka eluswini kunye iris iso. Ngu imvelaphi cell ukuba iiseli ectodermal, kwakunye avela ekuthiwa njalo-Crest uvaleke.
• iiseli Adveptitsialnye, ezithi zibekwe ecaleni imithambo yegazi (emithanjeni). Bona zizakubalulwa ukumila kwawo evuthelweyo kwaye kwiziko ongundoqo. Ezi yunithi zezakhiwo phinda kwaye akuguquki nezinye iindlela. Kwaba ngeendleko zabo kukho kugqitywe ziiseli ezifileyo ka nyama.

Ashinyeneyo inyama ezinezikhondo nokuqina

Kuba inyama nokuqina libhekisela ngelaphu:

• Ashinyeneyo ndiseyimbumba, nto leyo equka inani elikhulu Imisonto ezinabantu amalungiselelo. Oku kuquka inani elincinane iiseli ilahlwa therebetween.
• style ashinyeneyo, azakubalulwa kwelungiselelo elikhethekileyo Imisonto zeethishu nokuqina. Yeyona nemisipha zokwakha zamabanga aphantsi kunye nezinye izakhiwo emzimbeni. Umzekelo, imicu lisekwa kwimicu ngokusondeleyo bebekwe parallel puchochkami collagen, va apho izaliswe into ezingundoqo kunye uthungelwano obhityileyo elastic. Esinabantu ezinezikhondo kwizicwili yale hlobo iqulathe kuphela fibroblasts-iiseli.

Kubuyisela ngawo kusekho ifayibha ilastiki, enamakhulu iinyanda ezininzi (ilizwi). Kwezi, iqokobhe kwakhiwa iimpahla ngeenxa zonke, uqhoqhoqho kunye nodonga bronchi. Bona atshabalalisa okanye elirhangqiweyo imicu zamafu elastic ezi parallel, kwaye uninzi lwabo eyayizalwa. Isithuba phakathi kwabo kuthatha izihlunu evakalala engekho nokuqina.

intlala

iiseli coupling kwakhiwa inyama cartilaginous kwaye umthamo omkhulu ukwimo intercellular. Iyilelwe ukuba yenze imisebenzi mechanical. Kukho 2 iintlobo iiseli ezenza eli laphu:

1. Chondrocytes, nokuba seqanda kunye engundoqo. Bona afumaneka njengezingxobo, apho zisasazwa jikelele kweziyobisi intercellular.
2. Chondroblasts, ezo iiseli abaselula atshabalalisa. Bona kwimiphetho le intlala.

Iingcali uwahlule intlala ngeentlobo 3:

• Hyaline, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana iimbambo, amalungu, yomoya. into Intercellular le iyakhanya intlala. It has a uzinzo egudileyo. Hyaline intlala wambu perichondrium. It has umbala oluhlaza-emhlophe. Siqulathe amathambo mbungu.
• Ilastiki, nto leyo yokwakha kwingqula, epiglottis, zangaphandle iindonga indlebe kolunye, intlala le auricle inxalenye, bronchi encinane. imicu elastic siphuhliswa kweziyobisi yayo intercellular. Le intlala akukho calcium.
• Collagen, nto leyo isisiseko le IiCD intervertebral, menisci, le pubis symphysis, kunye namalunga sternoclavicular. matrix yayo extracellular iqulathe izihlunu ashinyeneyo ezinezikhondo nokuqina, eziquka ngaxeshanye imicu collagen puchochkov.

Olu hlobo kwizicwili, kungakhathaliseki ndawo umntu akuyo emzimbeni unalo kumthamo efanayo. Ibizwa ngokuba perichondrium. Le nto ndiyibhalayo izihlunu ashinyeneyo ezinezikhondo yabhalwa Imisonto elastic collagen. Kuye inani elikhulu luvo kunye imithambo yegazi. Intlala ukhula Bulelani inguqu eziqalelo noshowo le perichondrium. Ngelo xesha linye bayakwazi ukuguqula ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zinto zezakhiwo bayaguquka kwizisele intlala. Le Ilaphu iye awohluke yayo. Ngoko ke, lo matrix extracellular of intlala oqolileyo akanayo imithambo yegazi, ngoko oko kuxhaswa nge ukudibana kwezinto ukusuka perichondrium. Eli laphu luphawulwa bhetyebhetye yayo, oko iyamelana kwingcinezelo kwaye ukuthamba eyaneleyo.

Ukuqhagamshela ijwabu bone

Kokubonisa ithambo ingakumbi bobuso. Oku kubangelwa calcification wenkqu yayo intercellular. Eyona umsebenzi kwizicwili ngethambo - axhasayo-mechanical. Kulo wakha onke amathambo asemzimbeni. Iimpawu noshowo le web:

• Osteocytes (iiseli bone), apho kufuneka imilo Process ezintsonkothileyo. Zinelungelo engundoqo indawo ye ezikhanyayo nezimnyama. Ezi seli zifumaneka nemingxuma ithambo, usamile babe I iikhonto le osteocytes. into akulahle intercellular therebetween. Ezi seli abakwazi nokuzala.
• Osteoblasts, ithambo yinto isakhi. Zinelungelo imilo ngeenxa zonke. Kwezinye kubo kukho nuclei eziliqela. Osteoblasts abakulo periosteum.
• Osteoclasts, ezo iiseli ezinkulu multinucleated ababandakanyekayo ekutshatyalalisweni ithambo calcified kunye intlala. Kuyo yonke ebomini bomntu kukho utshintsho isakhiwo laphu. Ngelo xesha kunye nenkqubo ukuwa lwenziwa ukuyilwa izinto ezintsha ezivela endaweni yokubhubha, kwaye periosteum. Kulo complex ababandakanyekayo ukutshintshwa iiseli, osteoclasts kunye osteoblasts.

Bone inyama iquka ubuncwane intercellular equlathe kweziyobisi komhlaba amorphous. Kukho ifayibha osseinovye ukuba ayifumaneki kwi namanye amalungu. Kuba inyama nokuqina libhekisela ngelaphu:

• umxhesho ontlakantlaka-fibered enikwe kwi nombungu;
• leaf, efumaneka abantwana kunye nabantu abadala.

Olu hlobo kwilaphu akhiwa iiyunithi ezakhiweyo ezifana kwipleyiti ithambo. It ukhandwa iiseli, ukuba njengezingxobo ethile. Phakathi kwazo kukho into entle-fibered intercellular, oluqulathe calcium ityuwa. ngefayibha Osseinovye ukuba ubukhulu enkulu, xa iipleyiti ithambo foredeck isalamane eyayingqalene omnye komnye. Kubutha indlela ethile. In ekufuphi amacwecwe ithambo le Imicu nkqo ulwalathiso ezinye izinto. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla esikhulu eli laphu.

iipleyiti Bone ibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo omzimba zicwangciswe ngendlela ethile. Bona iibhloko zokwakha tyaba, tubular kunye namathambo exutyiweyo. Kwimeko nganye kwezi macwecwe lusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, eli ithambo tubular ubunjwe lamanqanaba 3:

• Zangaphandle, apho phezu komhlaba nembasa ziyadibana iiyunithi noshowo umaleko data elandelayo. Noko ke, musa zenze isangqa epheleleyo.
• osteons Middle kwakhiwa, apho amacwecwe ithambo akhiwa ngeenxa imithambo yegazi. Kulo mzekelo, ke zicwangciswe concentrically.
• Yangaphakathi, apho umaleko amacwecwe bone ithintela isithuba apho umongo wethambo.

Kwamathambo wambuyisela ngenxa egubungele kwabo kumphezulu olungaphandle periosteum equka kwizicwili kunye osteoblasts fibre entle. iityuwa Mineral ukugqiba amandla abo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala iivithamini kunye ukuphazamiseka kwamadlala isiqulatho calcium yehla kakhulu. Amathambo benza elimele. Xa amalungu zimele inkqubo musculoskeletal.

Izifo ezibangelwa nokuqina ubuthathaka inyama

amandla Ukunqongophala imicu collagen, bubuthathaka kwezixhobo ligamentous kunokubangela kwezifo ezifana zokufota, iflethi, amalungu hypermobility, amalungu prolapse, ngamava semehlo, izifo igazi, nokudumba, kwamathambo, osteochondrosis, babe nokudumba, samathambo, cellulitis. Iingcali ezininzi kwimeko zophendlo lwezifo kwithishyu nokuqina ziquka buthathaka amajoni omzimba, ekubeni unoxanduva iinkqubo igazi kunye emithanjeni.